The international criminal court and its implementation in Bolivia

La teoría de la jerarquía normativa del conocido teórico del derecho Hans Kelsen, se expresa en una jerarquía normativa, que expresa la prelación de normas, que debe respetarse, para fines de sometimiento de normas de inferior alcance o referencia, con normas más generales o de carácter más amplio. En el caso boliviano, desde la vigencia de la nueva Constitución Política del Estado, del 2009, se tiene una equivalencia normativa, entre los distintos tipos de Autonomías, que tiene cualidad legislativa, que son la Autonomía Departamental, la Municipal y la Indígena originario campesina. Por tanto, se debate si la pirámide de Kelsen o jerarquía normativa sigue vigente en el caso boliviano, o se debe adecuar a esta nueva realidad constitucional.The theory of the normative hierarchy of the well-known legal theorist Hans Kelsen is expressed in a normative hierarchy, which expresses the priority of norms, which must be respected, for the purpose of submitting norms of lesser scope or reference, with more general norms or standards. broader character. In the Bolivian case, from the validity of the new Political Constitution of the State, of 2009, there is a normative equivalence, between the different types of Autonomies, which has legislative quality, which are the Departmental Autonomy, the Municipal and the original indigenous peasant. Therefore, it is debated whether the Kelsen pyramid or normative hierarchy is still valid in the Bolivian case, or should be adapted to this new constitutional reality.Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociale

Antimicrobial Resistance in <em>Escherichia coli</em>

In the last decades, antimicrobial resistance has become a global threat to public health systems worldwide. Among those bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health because of its growing resistance to antibiotics are the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, particularly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Among the different antibiotic-resistant mechanisms developed by bacteria, the ones found in Enterobacteriaceae are more diverse than those in other families and include resistance to different antibiotic groups, advantages that partially explain why these microorganisms are among the most common causes of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections in humans. Due to the continuously increasing number of infections caused by multidrug-resistant E. coli due to its ease of transmission via the fecal-oral route among humans and from environmental sources, the understanding of the epidemiology of these strains and their mechanisms of resistance are key components in the fight against these infections

Data modeling dealing with uncertainty in fuzzy logic

This paper shows models of data description that incorporate uncertainty like models of data extension EER, IFO among others. These database modeling tools are compared with the pattern FuzzyEER proposed by us, which is an extension of the EER model in order to manage uncertainty with fuzzy logic in fuzzy databases. Finally, a table shows the components of EER tool with the representation of all the revised models.The past and the future of information systems: 1976-2006 and beyondRed de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

Derecho ambiental en Colombia: incidencia de los grupos guerrilleros en los daños ambientales

Artículo de investigaciónLograr una protección real de la biodiversidad nacional y una efectiva implementación del derecho ambiental en Colombia presenta bastantes obstáculos. Muchos de estos problemas tienen, paradójicamente su origen en iniciativas políticas y económicas de los gobiernos de las últimas décadas. Por otro lado, factores como el conflicto armado interno, la corrupción social e institucional, o presiones económicas internacionales son los elementos que mas inciden en la explotación indiscriminada de recursos naturales los cuales no respetan las condiciones sociales y ambientales tanto de las poblaciones vulnerables como las de los ecosistemas.63 p.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. CONCEPTOS AMBIENTALES 2. NORMATIVIDAD AMBIENTAL COLOMBIANA 3. CASOS DETERMINANTES DE CONTAMINACIÓN AMBIENTAL POR GRUPOS GUERRILLEROS CON OCASIÓN DEL CONFLICTO ARMADO. 4. DELITOS AMBIENTALES Y LA JUSTICIA ESPECIAL PARA LA PAZ. CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIASPregradoAbogad

New chromium doped powellite (Cr–CaMoO4) yellow ceramic pigment

A new chromium doped powellite (Cr–CaMoO4) yellow ceramic pigment alternative to yellow of praseodymium-zircon has been synthesised and characterised in order to analyse: (a) the stoichiometry of the solid solution, (b) the effect of the dopant concentration under the pigmenting properties, (c) the effect of the chromium precursor and mineralizers addition, (d) the effect of the synthesis method. The composition CrxCaMo1−xO4x=0.075 using K2Cr2O7 or Cr2O3 as chromium precursors fired at 1000–1100 °C produces a yellow colour, slightly lower in intensity than the commercial praseodymium-zircon yellow pigment in double (1000 °C) or single firing (monoporosa—1080 °C or porcelainized stoneware—1200 °C) ceramic glazes. By a coprecipitation method with ammonia, and firing at 950 °C, the yellow ceramic pigment glazed in a conventional CaO–ZnO–SiO2 glaze (monoporosa glaze, 1080 °C) shows a yellow colour similar to the commercial praseodymium-zircon yellow pigment. However the release and possible mobilization of the Cr (VI) should be controlled in order to get its industrial implementation.Authors acknowledge the financial support given by MEC (MAT2012-36988-C02-01 project)

Registros corporales producidos por el deporte de alto rendimiento

Es ampliamente aceptado por el público en general, que quien realiza ejercicio regularmente es más saludable y menos propenso a enfermarse que quien no realiza actividad física. En el deporte de alto rendimiento no es siempre válida esta afirmación, y bien podría decirse lo contrario a causa de las consecuencias de la gran exigencia a que son sometidos los organismos de los deportistas. Miles de ellos hoy maldicen el deporte que antaño amaron, pues, debido a las lesiones adquiridas en su práctica, no pueden disfrutar hoy de una vida completamente saludable. El objetivo de todos los deportistas de alto rendimiento es alcanzar el máximo rendimiento individual posible durante las competencias. Los científicos del entrenamiento buscan, por su parte, contribuir desde su conocimiento al logro de tal objetivo. Esto se consigue tras varios años de entrenamiento arduo y continuo en los que los entrenadores aplican métodos de preparación corporal y síquica que mantienen sometid

Photocatalytic Glazed Tiles

A parent glass in the SiO2–CaO–ZnO–B2O3–K2O–Al2O3 system, deposited and processed by the monoporosa firing method (1085 °C), was coated using a sol–gel procedure and by serigraphy with silica, bismuth oxide, zirconia, and anatase with thermal treatment at 600 °C. The photocata- lytic activity of the samples determined by degradation in the Orange II dye test shows that a first-order reaction according to the Langmuir- Hinshelwood model is followed. From the UV-Vis-NIR results the band gap calculated is around 3.5 eV for the parent glass and that with a silica coating, and slightly lower for the other coatings. The needle-shaped microstructure of the parent glass shows the best photocatalytic results in agreement with the literature. The preserved zircon microstructure can explain the relatively high results for the silica coating, which unexpect- edly showed better results than both the anatase and tetragonal zirconia coatings. Finally, the interaction with the parent glass can explain the relatively high results of the bismuth oxide sampl

New chromium-calcium titanate red ceramic pigment

Synthesis and characterization of a new chromium- calcium titanate red ceramic pigment is described in this communication. The pigment is based on the solid solution of chromium (IV) in calcium titanate and was characterized as red-brown pigment in a CaO- ZnO-SiO2 transparent glaze used for ceramic tiles (1080oC). XRD, UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy and CIE-L*a*b* techniques of characterization have been employed. The L*a*b* valour of the optimal pigment with 0,015 mol/mol of chromium fired at 1100oC with a soaking time of 3 hours and 5% weight added to the transparent glaze is 59.3/12.5/9.5. Likewise 5%w. addition of NHCl used as flux agent increase b* and decrease L* valour (L*a*b*=45.2/15.3/5.3)

Iron and chromium doped perovskite (CaMO3 M = Ti, Zr) ceramic pigments, effect of mineralizer

Solid solutions Ca(DxM1−x)O3 (M = Ti, Zr and D = Fe,Cr), have been studied as ceramic pigment in conventional ceramic glazes using 0.5 mol/mol of NH4Cl as flux agent by solid state reaction and by ammonia coprecipitation route. Ca(CrxTi1−x)O3 compositions obtained without addition of NH4Cl as mineralizer, produce pink color in glazes at low x but CaCrO4 crystallizes when x increases, producing undesired green colors. The crystallization of chromates can be avoided using NH4Cl as mineralizer, giving a complete solid solution that produce pink color in glazes at low x and dark blue shades at high x. Coprecipitated sample produce blue colors at low x and at low temperature than ceramic sample (1000 °C instead 1200 °C for CE sample). Cr4+ ion acts as red chromophore, but at higher x values (blue samples) Cr3+ ion entrance affects the color. Ca(FexTi1−x)O3 system crystallizes perovskite CaTiO3 and pseudobrookite Fe2TiO5 together with rutile as residual crystalline phase, glazed samples change from a yellow to a pink color associated to the increase of pseudobrookite with firing temperature. Ca(FexTi1−x)O3 and Ca(CrxZr1−x)O3 systems crystallize perovskite CaZrO3 and zirconia (ZrO2) in both monoclinic and cubic polymorphs, but iron or chromium oxides are not detected in the powders. Coprecipitated sample stabilises cubic form. The solid solution is not reached completely in these samples and is not stable in glaze