Topological reason in Bachelard and surroundings : Kurt Gödel

This short piece aims to clarify, in the light of a comparative methodology, some aspects of the philosophical topology put forward by Gaston Bachelard in one of his final epistemological works, with the objective of making clear one of the many 'philosophical souls' - to use an expression of Moritz Schlick - which can be found nestled in the sciences and in particular in the mathematical corpus of his time. At the same time, this piece aims to show how this need of a topology or topological reason finds analogy with that path of a more philosophical nature that characterized the final activities of Kurt Gödel in the 1950's, as can be seen in his rich, articulate and now available Nachlass - his attempt to classify the different philosophies of mathematics. This makes it possible to show that different paths, despite having emerged in cultural contexts far from each other, but all oriented towards understanding the 'reasoning of science' of their time - to use an expression of Federigo Enriques - sometimes come to very similar results, such as the need for a new non-analytical philosophy of mathematics

Su alcuni possibili percorsi della filosofia della scienza

Diversi sono gli itinerari di ricerca in corso nell'ambito della filosofia della scienza, la cui strutturale natura metacognitiva si è sempre innervata sullo status quaestionis delle problematiche scientifiche con lo scopo di individuarne alcuni punti fermi; ma data l'enorme espansione del patrimonio tecnico-scientifico in corso, essa viene a presentarsi sempre più come la coscienza critica del fatto che le scienze sono il prodotto della presa in carico delle "infinite ragioni" del reale, per usare un'espressione di Leonardo Da Vinci, o sua complessità. Si intendono affrontare alcuni temi che, pur sembrando per così dire laterali e a volte latenti nel corso della sua stessa e ancora breve storia concettuale, possono costituire dei possibili itinerari di ricerca meritevoli di essere presi in debita considerazione con l'obiettivo strategico di considerare la scienza come pensiero tout court

Su alcuni possibili percorsi della filosofia della scienza

Diversi sono gli itinerari di ricerca in corso nell'ambito della filosofia della scienza, la cui strutturale natura metacognitiva si è sempre innervata sullo status quaestionis delle problematiche scientifiche con lo scopo di individuarne alcuni punti fermi; ma data l'enorme espansione del patrimonio tecnico-scientifico in corso, essa viene a presentarsi sempre più come la coscienza critica del fatto che le scienze sono il prodotto della presa in carico delle "infinite ragioni" del reale, per usare un'espressione di Leonardo Da Vinci, o sua complessità. Si intendono affrontare alcuni temi che, pur sembrando per così dire laterali e a volte latenti nel corso della sua stessa e ancora breve storia concettuale, possono costituire dei possibili itinerari di ricerca meritevoli di essere presi in debita considerazione con l'obiettivo strategico di considerare la scienza come pensiero tout court

Federigo Enriques et le nouveau statut épistémique de la certitude

F. Enriques (1871-1946), scientist, philosopher and historian of the science, he has given in the first years of the 20th century us a run of epistemological search directed to protect the objectivity and the knowledge dimension of the science; in this run, he is been found to face the problem of the certainty after their convulsions and he has elaborated a theoretical strategy founded upon a historical consideration of the scientific rationality. Enriques has freed the notion of the certainty from the antological renderings of the traditional gnoseology and he has furnished a epistemic statute founded on the own historicity of it of the sciences, favors to the elaboration of distinctive ermeneutical categories (correzione, cettualizzazione progressiva, modificazioni successive, razionalismo sperimentale).F. Enriques (1871-1946), scientist, philosopher and historian of the science, he has given in the first years of the 20th century us a run of epistemological search directed to protect the objectivity and the knowledge dimension of the science; in this run, he is been found to face the problem of the certainty after their convulsions and he has elaborated a theoretical strategy founded upon a historical consideration of the scientific rationality. Enriques has freed the notion of the certainty from the antological renderings of the traditional gnoseology and he has furnished a epistemic statute founded on the own historicity of it of the sciences, favors to the elaboration of distinctive ermeneutical categories (correzione, cettualizzazione progressiva, modificazioni successive, razionalismo sperimentale)

Préface

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Federigo Enriques et la méthode historico-critique

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Bruno Widmar interprete di Antonio Labriola. L'Introduzione alle Lettere

ItBruno Widmar (Trieste 1913-Roma 1980), storico della filosofia, intellettuale e filosofo italiano del Novecento, ha partecipato alla resistenza antifascista nel Partito d'Azione, al fianco di Norberto Bobbio, e ha coniugato filosofia, scienza e impegno civile con l'intenzione di rinnovare culturalmente la società. Il suo eccellente punto di riferimento intellettuale e morale è Antonio Labriola, protagonista critico e intransigente della cultura italiana di fine Ottocento, nonché fondatore del marxismo teorico in Italia. Widmar condivide la vocazione antimetafisica, antisistematica e antideterministica del pensiero di Labriola, la cui filosofia della praxis è regolata dal metodo genetico, che chiarisce più adeguatamente la relazione tra il mondo naturale, il mondo artificiale e il pensiero dell'uomo, poiché riconosce la positività della scienza storicamente determinata dalla storia umana. L'originalità dell'interpretazione di Widmar consiste nell'applicare, in modo trasversale su tutta l'opera di Labriola, una metodologia marxista, che la libera dall'analisi neoidealistica di Benedetto Croce e di tutti quegli studiosi che, successivamente, hanno seguito lo stesso orientamento. A partire dalla seconda metà degli anni Settanta, Widmar si accingeva a realizzare la pubblicazione delle Lettere di Labriola, ma la morte, cogliendolo prematuramente nel 1980, gli impedì di portare a termine il suo lavoro. Del progetto editoriale, previsto in due volumi e interrotto nella fase preliminare, resta solo L'Introduzione al Primo volume che l'Autore aveva già dato alle stampe sulla rivista «Il Protagora» da lui fondata nel 1959; una prima versione più breve risale al 1976, mentre una seconda più ampia e definitiva è del 1978. Rispetto a quelle già pubblicate, la versione ora proposta contiene alcune parti, omesse dallo stesso Autore, che aiutano a comprendere la struttura dell'opera mai realizzata, ma soprattutto l'elaborazione del percorso intellettuale, attraverso il quale Widmar ha maturato la sua interpretazione di Labriola.Bruno Widmar (Trieste 1913-Rome 1980), an Italian historian of the philosophy and an intellectual of the 20th century, participated in the antifascist Resistance in the Party of Action, alongside Norberto Bobbio, and combined philosophy, science and civil commitment with the intent on cultural renewal of society. His excellent intellectual and moral reference point is Antonio Labriola, the critical and uncompromising protagonist of Italian culture at the end of the 19th century, as well as the founder of theoretical Marxism in Italy. Widmar shares the antimetaphysical, antisistematic and antideterministic vocation of Labriola's thought. His philosophy of praxis is governed by the genetic method, which more appropriately clarifies the relationship between the natural world, the artificial world and man's thinking, as it recognizes the positivity of the science historically determined by human history. The originality of Widmar's interpretation consists in applying transversally throughout Labriola's work a Marxist methodology that frees it from the neo-idealist analysis of Benedetto Croce and all those scholars who subsequently followed his same orientation. From the latest 1970s, Widmar was to publish the Lettere by Labriola, but Death, seizing him prematurely in 1980, prevented him from completing his work. Of the editorial project, planned in two volumes and interrupted in the preliminary phase, only remains L'introduzione (The Introduction) that the author had already given to the magazine «Il Protagora», which he founded in 1959; a shorter version dates back to 1976, while a second broader and more definitive, to 1978. Compared to the ones already published, the now-proposed version contains some parts, omitted by the author himself, which help to understand the structure of the work ever made, but above all the elaboration of the intellectual path through which Widmar has developed his interpretation of Labriola

Design and experimental validation of OPERA_MET-A panel for deep methylation analysis by next generation sequencing

DNA methylation is the most recognized epigenetic mark that leads to a massive distortion in cancer cells. It has been observed that a large number of DNA aberrant methylation events occur simultaneously in a group of genes, thus providing a growth advantage to the cell in promoting cell differentiation and neoplastic transformation. Due to this reason, methylation profiles have been suggested as promising cancer biomarkers. Here, we designed and performed a first step of validation of a novel targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) panel for methylation analysis, which can simultaneously evaluate the methylation levels at CpG sites of multiple cancer-related genes. The OPERA_MET-A methylation panel was designed using the Ion AmpliSeq (TM) technology to amplify 155 regions with 125-175 bp mean length and covers a total of 1107 CpGs of 18 cancer-related genes. The performance of the panel was assessed by running commercially available fully methylated and unmethylated control human genomic DNA (gDNA) samples and a variable mixture of them. The libraries were run on Ion Torrent platform and the sequencing output was analyzed using the "methylation_analysis" plugin. DNA methylation calls on both Watson (W) and Crick (C) strands and methylated:unmethylated ratio for each CpG site were obtained. Cell lines, fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) lung cancer tissues were tested. The OPERA_MET-A panel allows to run a minimum of 6 samples/530 chip to reach an observed mean target depth >= 2,500X (W and C strands) and an average number of mapped reads >750,000/sample. The conversion efficiency, determined by spiking-in unmethylated Lambda DNA into each sample before the bisulfite conversion process, was >97% for all samples. The observed percentage of global methylation for all CpGs was >95% and <5% for fully methylated and unmethylated gDNA samples, respectively, and the observed results for the variable mixtures were in agreement with what was expected. Methylation-specific NGS analysis represents a feasible method for a fast and multiplexed screening of cancer patients by a high-throughput approach. Moreover, it offers the opportunity to construct a more robust algorithm for disease prediction in cancer patients having a low quantity of biological material available