Figural roman bone handles from Mursa

El artículo analiza cuatro mangos figurativos de la Colección de objetos romanos de hueso del Museo Arqueológico de Osijek, Croacia. Esta Colección consiste en 19 mangos de hueso romanos divididos en cuatro tipos diferentes: mangos figurativos, mangos de cuchillos de doble filo, varios mangos completos y mangos cilíndricos. Tres de los mangos figurativas de hueso son mangos de cuchillos de resorte (cultellus) y en dos de ellos aparecen representaciones antropomórficas – un gladiador murmillo y Hércules, y en el tercero aparece una representación zoomórfica de un cerdo. Los tres objetos están hechos de tejido óseo compacto de hueso largo de mamíferos medianos o grandes. El cuarto artefacto, probablemente un mango patera con la cabeza de león en la punta, también está hecho de tejido óseo compacto de hueso largo de mamíferos de tamaño medio y grande. Este artefacto es obviamente una pieza de alta calidad y creemos que llegó a Mursa como una importación, mientras los otros mangos podrían haber sido manufacturados localmente.This paper deals with four figural handles from the Collection of Roman Bone Objects of the Archaeological Museum Osijek, Croatia. This Collection holds 19 Roman bone handles divided in four different types: Figural handles, Double-sided knife handles, Various full handles and Cylindrical handles. Three figural bone handles are clasp-knife handles (cultellus) and anthropomorphic displays are featured on two of them – murmillo gladiator and Hercules, with a zoomorphic representation of a pig on the third one. All three objects are made of compact long bone tissue of medium-sized or large mammals. The fourth artefact, probably a patera handle with a lion’s head terminal, is also made of compact long bone tissue of a medium-sized or large mammal. This artefact is clearly a high-quality piece and we believe the object came to Mursa as an import, while the other handles may have been manufactured locally

Why dr. Danica Pinterović is the most significant cultural worker from Osijek

Dr. Danica Pinterović dedicated her whole sixty-six-year long career to her hometown of Osijek. When she started working in the Museum of Slavonia in 1941, she became dr. Josip Bösendorfer’s right hand in everyday museum work and in the field. In 1945 and 1946, dr. Pinterović was a member of the Committee for the Collection and Preservation of Cultural Monuments and Antiquities (KOMZA) in Socialist Republic of Croatia, which recorded and salvaged the endangered cultural and historical material from Osijek and Slavonian castles. Dr. Pinterović started systematically writing Work Diaries, in which we can find an abundance of data related to everyday work of the Museum, but also the events in the city, museum exhibitions, visits, fieldwork, and research. She also arranged the first permanent exhibitions of certain Museum departments and initiated their foundation by working on the materials. In 1948, dr. Pinterović became the honorary conservator of Osijek city and district, and her great contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage of Osijek became obvious in the making of the first Ordinance on the Preservation of Antiquities of the City of Osijek after the War. She became the director of the Museum of Slavonia in 1949, as the first woman in the history of the Museum in that position. During her term, the number of curators systematically grew, which led to higher staff specialization and a growing number of professional and scientific papers. At first, her areas of interest were ethnology and arts and crafts, but after 1953, she became almost fully dedicated to archaeology. For a long period, she was committed to maintaining the relationships with national and international experts from various areas, with whom she exchanged professional information, literature, arranged meetings and social gatherings, and went to scientific conferences. We can see how engaged she was in the museum work from her numerous memberships in different societies in Croatia and abroad. After she retired in 1961, dr. Pinterović continued to actively pursue scientific work as a freelance research associate in the Museum, the position she held until 1974. Since she was an established expert for Roman provincial archaeology, the Interacademic Committee assigned her the role of the leader of the Croatian limes research, of an associate for drafting Tabula Imperii Romani and for studying epigraphs from Slavonia and Baranya area. In cooperation with an American team of archaeologists, led by dr. Stephan Foltiny, she was the leader of archaeological excavation team in Batina. When Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts opened the Center for Scientific and Artistic Work in Osijek in 1974, dr. Pinterović became their external research associate and remained in that position until 1985. Under the auspices of the Institute, dr. Pinterović published her most important work, Mursa i njeno područje u antičko doba (Mursa and Its Surroundings in the Time of Antiquity) in 1978. This work was the crown of her long and fruitful career. The same year, dr. Pinterović received the highest state award – the State Award for Scientific Research in the Field of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology (Lifetime Achievement Award). Apart from that award, the most significant one for her work, dr. Pinterović received numerous other awards. Her name is a constant in professional and scientific circles, not only in Osijek, since Mursa i njeno područje u antičko doba is still the most often cited work in scientific papers about the Roman town of Mursa, and it is still a piece of literature used in universities. Dr. Danica Pinterović, with her dedicated and systematic work and, above all, her organizational skills in museum collections processing and constituting, laid the foundations of today’s work of the Museum of Slavonia, the largest complex museum in the Republic of Croatia

Typology and technology of Roman bone object manufacture in the Lower Pannonia area based on Mursa findings

U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji obradit ćemo 1222 predmeta iz Murse, izrađena od koštane sirovine (kost, rog, rogovlje i bjelokost), koji se čuvaju u Zbirci rimskih koštanih predmeta Muzeja Slavonije u Osijeku. Zbirka se najvećim dijelom sastoji od ukosnica i različitih tipova igala, kao što je to slučaj na većini rimskih lokaliteta. Zatim slijede žetoni, spatule i štapići, drške noževa i ostalih kućanskih utenzilija, pribor za tkanje, dijelovi namještaja, češljevi, sirovina, poluproizvodi i otpaci od proizvodnje i dr. Ova disertacija imala je dva primarna i jedan sekundarni cilj. Prvi primarni cilj je bila izrada tipologije gore spomenutih rimskih koštanih nalaza iz Murse i to na osnovu korištenja komparativne metode koja se uspješno koristi u arheološkoj znanosti. Nakon detaljnog pregleda materijal smo podijelili u 11 grupa prema funkciji, unutar kojih su predmeti podijeljeni prema tipu predmeta. Kataloškom, a potom i statističkom, obradom nalaza došli smo do rezultata kako je najbrojnija grupa nalaza ona Nakita, koja čini 52,54% obrađenih nalaza iz Murse, zatim slijedi grupa Predmeta za obradu tekstila s 20,05% zastupljenosti, dok je treća najveća grupa ona Igala ili ukosnica neutvrđene tipološke pripadnosti (12,52%). Drugi primarni cilj je bila analiza tehnologije proizvodnje, gdje smo se posebno osvrnuli na analitičku tehniku chaîne opératoire tzv. lanac operacija, koja rekonstruira proizvodni proces predmeta od nabave sirovine, pripreme sirovine, preko obrade, korištenja finalnog proizvoda pa sve do odbacivanja predmeta. Ovom smo se analitičkom tehnikom i mi služili pri analizi koštanih nalaza iz Murse. Posebno smo poglavlje posvetili radionicama za obradu kosti s naglaskom na one u Donjoj Panoniji. Kronološki smo identificirali većinu predmeta te zaključili kako najveći broj tipova započinje u 1. stoljeću s trajanjem do u 5. stoljeće, s izuzetkom češljeva čija se tipologija nastavlja duboko u srednji vijek. Provedbom prethodno spomenutih ciljeva mogao se ostvariti uvjet za postavljanje hipoteze o postojanju radionica/e za obradu kosti u Mursi. Brojnost nalaza iz Murse nije dovoljna kako bi se na jednom mjestu ubicirala radionica, jer svi poluproizvodi nisu pronađeni na istome mjestu, nisu utvrđeni arheološki dokazi o lokaciji radionice/a za obradu kosti u vidu ostataka građevina, a uz sirovinu i poluproizvode nije pronađen alat, ognjišta ili otpadne jame s radioničkim otpadom. No brojnost obrađenih predmeta iznimno je visok što samo po sebi implicira postojanje lokalne radionice za obradu koštanih predmeta čija je produkcija bila namjenjena uporabi među lokalnom populacijom.Analysis of Roman bone finds, regardless of whether they were discovered during old or more recent research, is categorised as a more complex type of analysis of archaeological finds. Due to the lack of relevant literature and the inability to differentiate between raw material before processing, half-products and workshop waste in our area, not a single bone processing workshop has been confirmed with certainty in the Croatian part of the Lower Pannonia province. The situation is not drastically different in the rest of the province, so an inconsiderable number of bone workshops has been determined in Lower Pannonia province – in Gorsium (Tác), Intercisa (Dunapentele) and Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica). This doctoral thesis deals with Roman bone objects from Mursa (present-day Osijek). It includes the analysis of 1222 objects made of bone material from actual or supposed Mursa sites. All the bone finds are kept at the Collection of Roman Bone Objects of the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek. The Collection is mostly composed of hairpins and different types of sewing, knitting and embroidery needles, as is the case with most Roman sites. Then, there are tokens, spatulas and sticks, knife handles and other house utensils, weaving utensils, parts of furniture, combs, half-products, workshop waste, etc. There is a considerable amount of objects of undeterminable typology due to fractures at the head, which belong to hairpins and textile needles. These objects were used as a statistical indicator of considerable bone production in Mursa. The finds were brought into the Museum of Slavonia in the late 19th and the first half of the 20th century as purchases, random finds, donations, while a smaller number was discovered during rescue archaeological excavations in the second half of the 20th century. These are mostly older excavations which do not provide elaborate information about the context of the finds. It has to be said that this is not unusual when it comes to analysis of individual bone objects and museum collections, on the contrary, this happens rather often, but this does not undermine neither the relevance nor the need for a detailed scientific analysis of these types of finds. However, this certainly poses a challenge for the scientist to find other ways of gathering data about the objects. While studying non-contextual finds, the first attempt is to determine the typology of the finds, and then the production technology. This typological determinations of the finds is quite demanding because it relies upon the general chronological framework of a certain type. This implies comprehensive and in-depth research into a variety of published literature, but it also presents itself as the only solution in such a case. This dissertation had two main objectives and a secondary objective. The first main objective was to determine the typology of the aforementioned Roman bone finds from Mursa on the basis of a comparative method which is successfully used in archaeology. After a detailed overview, we divided the material into 11 groups according to function, and then subdivided the objects according to type (e.g., group: Jewellery, category: Hairpins and type: Type 1 – 19 plus Typologically undetermined hairpins). After cataloguing and statistical analysis, the results showed that the most numerous group of finds is Jewellery, a total of 52.54% of analysed Mursa finds, followed by Objects for textile processing with 20.05%, while the third largest group is Typologically undetermined needles and hairpins (12.52%), which is actually a combination of the first and second group, but the objects cannot be attributed to any type due to breakage at the head or the needle's eye. This data completely correlates with the data from other Roman sites, not only in Lower Pannonia, but in other provinces as well, where hairpins and needles are usually the most numerous finds in the Roman horizon. Apart from that, the largest presence at the sites is for tokens, which can be found in our Objects for fun and games group (6.79%), as the most frequent objects of the group with 78 finds. If we consider all four major groups, we can see they include 91.9% of the objects in the Collection, with 79.38% of objects whose typology can be determined. All the groups and types are described in detail in the chapter Typology of Bone Objects of the Collection of Roman Bone Objects of the Museum o Slavonia, catalogued and statistically analysed. The second main objective of this dissertation was the analysis of production technology, more specifically, the production process. The study of production technology has become increasingly relevant in recent years, which is a significant change in relation to before when this aspect of studying archaeological material had been overlooked. A growing importance has been assigned to the analytical method of chaîne opératoire, i.e., the operational chain, established by André Leroi-Gourhan to reconstruct the production process from the supply of the raw material, preparation of the raw material, processing, use of the final product to discarding of the object. This analytical method will be used in our ninth chapter Technology of Bone Object Production from the Collection of Roman Bone Objects of the Museum of Slavonia, where we analysed the production steps in the processing of the objects, the tools and techniques used, as well as the decorative repertoire of Mursa finds. A detailed look into the material allowed us to determine that the tools and processing techniques applied in Mursa were the same as in other provinces in the Roman Empire. Various types of knives, saws, files, chisels, augers, burins and mechanised devices, such as, lathes were used to process raw bone material. Among 1222 items in the Collection of Roman Bone Objects we did not observe any deviations from the regular applications of tools and techniques used to process raw bone material. The raw material exhibits the usual traces of knife and saw cutting, half-products have visible kife cuts and traces of filing, and production waste reveals repetitive tool markings at the same spots and visible breaks and blows in certain places, which ultimately resulted in discarding of these objects. Traces of filing, i.e., finishing touches are visible on particular finds, but it is important to point out that most objects are very well polished in the finishing phase, so these objects provide very little information about the processing methods in the operational chain. Mursa finds are particularly interesting because of the finishing traces on the objects, that is, the decorative repertoire which is executed with hand tools and machines. Out of 1222 objects, 184 of them feature some form of decoration. These bone finds were divided in three major groups according to the type of decoration. First, there are objects with geometric decoration, either made with hand tools, such as, knives and augers or a machine, such as a lathe. This is the largest group of objects, representing 90.74% of all decorated finds in the Collection. Then, there are objects with figurative representations, divided into zoomorphic and anthropomorphic motives, a total of 4.89% of decorated finds, while the last group are objects with vegetative decoration, with the smallest number of only 2 finds, that is, 1.09% of the total decorated Collection. After reaching these two primary goals, we were able to also achieve the secondary objective, which was the chronological determination of the majority of the objects. There is only a small number of objects from closed units, such as, graves, attributed via coins or other materials and previously published. Other objects were dated using a comparative method on the basis of the above mentioned relevant literature. Most of the types date back to the 1st century, and continue to the 5th century, with the exception of combs, whose typology persists all the way to the Middle Ages. To a lesser extent, there are types which appear in the 2nd and 3rd century until the 5th century, with the exception of hairpins Type 4, 5 and 6, which disappeared from use in the 3rd century. The implementation of the aforementioned objectives enabled the putting forward of a hypothesis regarding the existence of workshop/s for processing bone material in Mursa. The numerous Mursa finds are not enough to determine a workshop at a particular spot in Mursa, because not all half-products were found at the same location. Moreover, no archaeological evidence has been determined about the location of the Mursa workshop/s in the form of building remains. Nevertheless, even though no tools, hearth or waste pits with workshop waste have been found next to the raw material and half-products, the impressive number of finds alone implies the existence of a local bone processing workshop. Moreover, on the basis of our research, we believe that the objects analysed in this dissertation were made in the Roman colony of Mursa to meet the demand of the local population. Additionally, the variety of types and the number of finds, as well as evidence that a certain number of objects were made and decorated by a lathe, all point strongly towards the conclusion that at least one specialised workshop for processing bone objects in a Roman colony of that size and rank more than likely existed. Having said that, this paper also aims to contribute to a more careful and dedicated collection of bone finds, not only of finished products, but also of raw bone materials, halfproducts and workshop waste. We also hope that this dissertation will draw attention to raw bone material as something extremely interesting and valuable, something which opens up new possibilities for scientific interpretation and breaks new ground for systematic study of Roman bone finds in Croatian museums

The Rhetorical Form of Blessing

Blagoslov je kulturna ili obredna riječ ili niz riječi kojima se izriče zaštita ili se zaziva pomoć božanstva za moć plodnosti i života, za materijalno obilje i društveni položaj itd. Blagoslovi se uvelike razlikuju jedan od drugih, ovisno o svojoj namjeni, kontekstu u kojemu se nalaze i ovisno o tome tko ih udjeljuje. Mogu se promatrati kao dio liturgije, kao dio pučke književnosti i kao performativi

Modeling and design of responsive web page

U ovom radu izrađena je responzivna stranica i blog za veterinarsku ambulantu pomoću HTML, CSS, JavaScript i PHP tehnologija te Bootstrap framework-a. Također je dan opis navedenih tehnologija i objašnjenje najvažnijih linija kôda, dok su slikama prikazani dobiveni rezultati u pregledniku. Glavni fokus stavljen je na rješavanje problema prilagodbe stranice različitim veličinama ekrana. Bootstrap framework najviše doprinosi responzivnosti svojom popularnom stupćastom mrežom koja omogućuje developeru da organizira elemente stranice za svaki uređaj. Korištenjem PHP-a i baze podataka moguće je učiniti blog i admin sučelje dinamičnim. Unutar baze podataka nalaze se informacije o objavama, kategorijama, komentarima na objave te podaci registriranih administratora koje su unesene preko admin sučelja. PHP kôd implementiran je unutar HTML elemenata te je to omogućilo prikazivanje podataka iz baze na pripadajućim dijelovima stranica. U današnje vrijeme ljudi koriste više blog platforme kao što je WordPress, Wix, Weebly itd. umjesto da kreiraju cijeli sustav bloga od samog početka. Razlozi uporabe blog platformi su mogućnost korištenja različitih ugrađenih funkcionalnosti, bolje organiziran sigurnosni sustav, korisnik ne mora imati svoj vlastiti server te može birati između velikog broja predlošaka za izgled svog bloga.In this paper a responsive website and a blog for veterinary clinic have been created using HTML, CSS, JavaScript and PHP technologies and the Bootstrap framework. There is also a description of above-mentioned technologies and an explanation of the most important lines of code, while the images show results displayed in the browser. The main focus of this paper is solving the problem of page customization on different screen sizes. What contributes the most to the page responsivness is Bootstrap framework with its popular column grid system, which allows the developer to organize page elements for every device view. By using PHP and database it is possible to make the blog and admin interface dynamic. Database contains information about posts, categories, post comments as well as registered admin data which are submitted via admin dashboard. PHP code that was implemented within HTML elements made it possible to display database data on the appropriate page. Today people usually use blog platforms such as WordPress, Wix, Weebly etc instead of creating a blog system from scratch. Reasons why people choose blogging platforms over creating a blog from scratch is that blogging platforms offer different integrations, functionalities, better security system and user doesn't have to host their own server and can choose from variety of templates

The selection of bone hairpins from the holdings of the Museum of Slavonia Osijek

Archaeological items made of bone have been systematically neglected in literature for years, however this has changed for the last 30 years. The prevailing attitude was that bone items are not appropriate for the chronology observation. This may be partially true if we take into consideration only the utility purpose items that essentially have not changed in the course of the history. The attitude that bone items are inappropriate for creating chronology is unsustainable when it comes to decorative items of everyday use, which can be seen on hairpins whose basic forms and ornaments have changed over centuries from the simpler to more complex ones. This paper deals with Roman bone hairpins from the holdings of the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek making the Collection of bone items donated by the city and citizens of Osijek mostly late in the 19th and the mid 20th centuries. The paper processes the catalogue of 105 hairpins all of which originate, except for Mursa, from unknown sites. Resulting from unsystematic research other data are missing i.e. because all these donated collection items reached the Musem as chance finds. Since their archaeological context is missing, the hairpins can in this paper refer only to a general chronological frame of certain types. The use of wild and domestic animals bones as materials for the making of items of everyday use is very old. In the Roman period a number of items were made of bone since this was an easily available, easy to process and cheap raw material. These were mostly bones of bovine, horses, deer or goats but also antlers, oxen, billy-goat and bovine horns. Bones are easy to process, more durable and resistant than wood, of which only few items have been preserved. Items of every day use as well as decorative items were made of bones. The process of making bone items is very similar to that of making wooden items, it is even presumed that the same craftsmen processes both sorts of raw material. The same tools and procedures are used such as: cutting, sawing, filing, carving and polishing. The difference between these two sorts of raw material is that bone is treated in a special way before processing in order to improve its features, which required a special technology. Bone was prepared so that it was separated from flesh and then it simmered in water. The purpose of simmering was to extract bone marrow and grease. Before processing bones were put in water and would be cooked again to soften. Other procedure was steam treatment in special stoves at 120°C. As a result of cooking the bone was elastic, which made cutting and shaping of the bone easier as well as the yellowish colour of the bone that could be bleached. After having prepared the bone in this way the items were made according to moulds that were either drawn or made of clay or wax. The bone was then cut with either a knife or a saw while joints were disposed of. The next step was cutting smaller pieces out of which half-finished products were made in order to finish them as items used in everyday life. Half-finished products were finished by filing and polished by abrasion. Written sources offer few data on bone items processing in workshops in which cutters, turners and carvers worked (eborarii processing ebony). Some handicrafts-men specialized in processing and made only one sort of items e.g. fabri pectinarii (comb-makers) and tesserarii (tesserae and tokens). Handicrafts-men in provinces made items by hand upon the copies of items from great workshops so that items all differ, they are all unique items. The quality of handmade items depended not only on the skill of the handicrafts- man but also on the quality of the model. Carving workshops used turning-lathe, which enabled mass production. Machines in the workshops enables making of copies of an item but created also a lot of similar items. In large series from cheaper raw materials they made copies of expensive and luxurious items, which lowered their price and made them generally available. In this way bone as the cheapest raw material made fashion accessible to the public. Human aspiration for beaty has always dictated the trends. In ancient times men and especially women paid great attention to hygiene in order to improve the looks. Close attention was given to hairdo wcoma) not only among women but men as well. Women would fasten their braids and buns with metal or bone hairpins. More decorative hairpins were decoration in hair fastening at the same time ribbons, nets, coronets and hair jewellery. They were popular in Roman times when besides shaping, fastening and decorating they served as cosmetics (putting on a parfume and make-up). The purpose of hairpins and sewing needle has not changed for centuries. Various ancient authors used various notions for a hairpin: acus crinalis, acus crinale, acus comatoria, acus discerniculum or acus discriminalis. It was only that when adjectives were added to the noun acus that their purpose and function became clear. Simpler hairpins without decoration served for curling, straigthening and parting hair (discernere) and for that reason they were called acus discerniculum and acus discriminalis. Hairpins with a decorative head were used to fasten and decorate the hairdo and were referred to as acus crinale or acus comatoria. There was also a bigger hairpin calamistrum that was heated and was then used for hair curling. Decoration of hair with more complicated hairdo was regarded art. Hairpins typology is determined according to their most characteristic part-the head. The main division is into hairpins with a simple not-decorated head and hairpins with a decorated head. Most authors dealing with bone hairpins make two basic groups (and then group them according to types) or types. This paper has not taken into consideration any of these in their entirety but refers to the typology by S. Petković that deals with hairpins from Moesia Superior and less to the typology established by V. Šaranović-Svetek for sites in Syrmia. These two typologies have been chosen for the vicinity of the site that processed finds originated from (Pannonia Secunda and Moesia Superior). The paper conveys 12 types of hairpins from the area of Mursa with parallels throughout Pannonia and Mesia. Type 1 (catalogue nr. 1-4) comprises hairpins with the head in form of more or less regular cylinder while the body is spindle-shaped. It appears all along the Empire period (1st-5th centuries) so that some authors classify it to the chronologically insensitive type. Type 2 (catalogue nr. 5-20) comprises hairpins with an oval shaped head while the body is spindle-shaped. This type dates back to the 1st to 5th centuries. This type is considered to comprise the subtype of hairpins with a pointed oval head, Type 2a shape (catalogue nr. 16-20). Type 3 (catalogue nr. 21) comprises hairpins with a head that is a combination of the two previous types, i.e. cylinder and oval, while the body of the hairpin is spindleshaped. This type dates back to the time from the 1st to 5th centuries. Type 4 (catalogue nr. 22-40) comprises hairpins with a flattened head the body of which slightly narrowed from the head to the top. These hairpins served for parting and curling of locks (acus discerniculum) but also for colouring eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. These hairpins date back to the 2nd to 3rd centuries. Type 5 (catalogue nr. 41-65) comprise hairpins with a conical head the body of which slightly narrowing from the head to the top. This type of hairpins just like the previous one was used for hair parting (acus discerniculum) and for colouring eyelashes, eyebrows and eyelids. These hairpins date back to the 2nd to 3rd centuries, too. Type 6 (catalogue nr. 66-67) comprises hairpins in form of rimmed cone the body of which slightly narrowed from the head to the top. Just like the previous two types these hairpins served for parting (acus discerniculum) but also for colouring eyebrows, eyelashes and eyelids. This type of hairpins dates back to the 2nd to 3rd centuries. Type 7 (catalogue nr. 68-88) comprises hairpins with spherical head and spindel-shaped body. In this paper 20 hairpins are subdivided into three subtypes: Type 7a (catalogue nr. 68-74) - hairpins with a bigger spherical head; Type 7b (75-84) – hairpins with a smaller spherical head; Type 7c (85-88) – hairpins with a spherical pointed head. The hairpins date back to the 3rd to 4th centuries and the Type 7b possibly to the 2nd century. Type 8 (catalogue nr. 89) comprises hairpins with a multipart head that can include various geometrical shapes (sphere, halph-sphere, cylinder, cube) that are separated by flutes and ring-shaped plastic highlights. These hairpins were made on turning lathe and were decorated by flutings. The type dates back to the 2nd to 4th centuries. Type 9 (catalogue nr. 90-91) comprises hairpins with a cone-shaped head separated by fluting or ring-shaped plastic highlights from the body of the hairpin. The cones are of various shapes (from round to conical) and can be decorated by carved spirals and nets or remain undecorated. They date back to the Severian period, the end of the 2nd and the first half of the 3rd centuries and possibly to the 5th century. Tape 10 (catalogue nr. 92-93) comprises hairpins with a bulb-shaped head. M. T. Biro considers the bulb-shaped head hairpins to be formed as bulb-shaped fibulae (typical for the 4th century). This hairpin type appears rarely since it was produced in small quantites just like the ones with a conical-shaped head (our type 12). Type 11 (catalogue nr. 94-97) comprises hairpins with a polyhedron-shaped head. This type dates back to the second half of the 3rd until the 4th century but poorer samples are considered to date back to the 5th century. Tape 12 (98-99) comprises conical-shaped head hairpins that is separated from the body by fluting and plastic ring-shaped highlights. These hairpins served to fasten hair in a bun at the back of the head and could stand horizontally or vertically depending on the type of hairdo they supported. The conical-shaped head hairpins are similar to hairpins with both ends processed not only in dimension but its purpose also (supporting the bun). This type of hairpins dates back to the 3rd to the 4th centuries. The catalogue nr. 100-105 comprises hairpins with considerable damages. Damages appear in form of broken point and head of the hairpin. The biggest problem in analysing the type of the hairpin according to the head is when the head is missing. The Collection of items made of bones in the Museum of Slavonia is big (generally speaking there are 1000 hairpins excluding the research for the last ten years) and they were collected by purchase and systematic protective research. The original site of the purchased hairpins is unknown and those that originate from protective research site have been identified exactly (Toplana, Topnička vojarna, Vijenac narodnih heroja Slavonije, Oreškovićeva ulica etc.). They all originate from the area of the Lower Town where Roman Mursa was determined by Katančić and many other to come after him. Reviewing the material of the Collection of bone items we have noted a particular amount of other types of hairpins that do not appear in donations (hairpins with an animal-shaped head, hairpins with a female breast shaped head, an animal-hoof shaped or Sabasius hand-shaped hairpin, a nail-shaped head hairpin, hairpins with both-end decoration etc.) that shoud be dealt with in papers to come. A great amount of bone material (old holdings of the Museum and more recent preservation research in the area of Osijek) and not only of hairpins are a great incentive for systematic research of bone material. This processing and data received through recent research shall bring results that will confirm the existence of a bigger provincial bone-cutting workshop in Mursa

Contributions of dr. Danica Pinterović to Roman provincial archaeology in Croatia

Dr. Danica Pinterović spent the fi rst several years in the Museum of Slavonia working mostly on organizing the library materials, and since she started working, she conducted fieldwork and rescue excavations in Osijek and its surroundings. From her Work Diaries, in which she recorded the museum events from January 1, 1947 to June 1, 1974, it can be concluded that almost daily, the Museum got news about archaeological finds in earthworks in different building sites in the city (in the area of Ljevaonica, Ciglana, steam-powered mill “Croatia”), house building sites in Donji grad or from the infrastructure network works. All those meticulously collected field data proved helpful to dr. Pinterović in writing numerous popular, professional, and scientific papers in the years that followed. We have divided her works into eight groups: 1. Works and reports related to field research in the area of Roman Mursa; 2. Works related to the processing of archaeological finds from the area of Roman Mursa; 3. Works and reports related to field research, finds, and the historical development of the Osijek area and other parts of Slavonia; 4. Works related to limes in Croatia; 5. Reflections on Mursa/Mursa in a wider context; 6. Monographs; 7. Reviews, depictions and encyclopedia entries; 8. Archaeological reports in daily newspapers. In our review of dr. Pinterović’s scientifi c production in the field of archaeology, we discovered two areas of interest. The first one, that is also predominant, is related to the research of Roman Mursa, while the second one is limes. But, her contribution to Roman provincial archaeology does not stop at rich professional and scientific production of papers. Dr. Pinterović participated in several archaeological excavations in Našice, Batina, Beli Manastir and in numerous rescue archaeological excavations in Osijek. She was also the first archaeologist who initiated systematic research of the Croatian section of limes (Batina, 1970). As such she was fully dedicated to organising archaeological finds from Mursa kept at the Museum of Slavonia, surveying and reviewing resources and the corresponding scientific literature. She summed up the many years of work related to the archeological heritage of Mursa in her magnum opus, the monograph Mursa i njeno područje u antičko doba (Mursa and Its Surroundings in the Time of Antiquity), which is at the same time the crown of her long and prolific career. The best proof of the value of the monograph is its amended and expanded, now trilingual, edition published by the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2014. This monograph remains, from its first publication to the present day, an indispensable piece of literature at Croatian universities

Roman bone tokens and dice from the old holdings at the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek

ROMAN BONE TOKENS AND DICE FROM THE OLD HOLDINGS AT THE MUSEUM OF SLAVONIA IN OSIJEK Bone tokens and dice presented in this paper were donated by the citizens of Osijek to the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek mostly by the end of the 19th century and in the second half of the 20th century and also by their repurchasing. The donators of the analysed tokens and dice here are: Carl Franz Nuber, Dorde Radanovic, Ladislav Pinter and Josip Sap. This paper deals with the catalogue 74 Roman bone playing items (tokens and dice) analysis. Besides notification of Mursa site almost all of them have an unknown site written as a description of the nearest discovery site except for several items that were found in the Lower Town, on a sand-bank by the Nikola Tesla square. The only exception is a single die that was brought to the museum from Solin and it carries no detailed data. Lack of other data is a consequence of unsystematic research, i.e. the result of which all items came to collections as chance finds. Due to lack of archaelogical context, bone playing items can only rely on a general chronological frame of particular types. The phenomenon of game has emerged in human past since its beginning and it has influenced the mere development of culture and human civilization in general. Latin name for dice game derives from the name for a rough sheep or goat bone - from astragal and since the animal ankle in Latin is called talus, thus dice games are called tali. Dice games and token games were played not only by adults but also children in order to develop their intelligence so that dice games were a part of general education (but it did not include gambling for money). A wide-spread prevalence of dice games and their unfavourable impacts on state incited resistance of secular and ecclesiastic authorities which imposed a ban on games on chance. This law is known as Lex Talaria (Law on gambling). The law on banning the gambling did not adhere only to Saturnalia (in the month of December). Bone tokens were made of transversely cut animal bones and ivory. Most Roman tokens were made of bone and mainly on a lathe or with an auger. The bulk had a cut underneath made by a scrub plane. Bone playing tokens are circular or slightly oval slabs mostly in a two-cm diameter and their both sides can be flat or one flat and the other bulgy or dented. Tokens can be decorated by an impressed dot, concentrated circles, concentrated circles with dot in the middle (“eye”) or various notches that represent numerical values. Tokens can also be unadorned. Apart from bones, tokens were made of stone, glass paste, wood or clay. They emerged in all Roman periods and they are chronologically unaffected and can be dated from the 1st century until the mid 5th century. Bone pawns were also used in games especially on boards such as ludus latronculorum. The pawns were mostly of a calotte or cylinder shape. Since bone tokens and pawns were used in board games and had the same purpose, we have made a typology for both item sorts. The typology has been determined according to shape and decoration on a token obverse. It is possible that, except for game, some tokens were used in trade or as theatre tickets. There are eleven types presented in the paper. Type 1 (cat.no. 1-3, T. 1,1-3). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with flat obverse and reverse. They are biconic or straight cut on rims. This type of tokens has a dot as a decoration impressed in the middle of the token. They frequently have a bright glitter from polishing. The author A. St. Clair confirms that these tokens are determined in the context of the 1st and 2nd century during researches on the eastern part of Palatine. Type 2 (cat.no. 4, T. 1,4). This type makes the tokens of circular or oval diameter with flat obverse and reverse and the rim is serrate. In cross-section they are rounded on rims. The serrate rim serves as a decoration to this token type. Type 3 (cat.no. 5, T. 1,5). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with the obverse that has a dent in the middle of the token with an impressed dot and between centre and rim is a plastic annular bulge. The token’s reverse is flat. In cross-section they are rounded, flat or biconic on rims. The author A. St. Clair confirms that these tokens are determined in the context of the 3rd and 4th century during researches on the eastern part of Palatine. Type 4 (cat.no. 6, T. 1,6; T. 8,71). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with flat obverse and reverse. In cross-section they are biconic, rounded or straight cut on rims. This type of tokens has no decoration. Type 5 (cat.no. 7-37, T. 1,7-9, T. 2,10-18, T. 3, 19-27, T. 4,28-36, T. 5,37). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with the obverse that has a dent in the middle of the token with an impressed dot and between centre and rim there is a flat ring of different width. The token reverse is flat. In cross- section they are biconic, rounded or straight cut on rims. This type of tokens has a dot as a decoration impressed in the middle of the token. Type 6 (cat.no. 38-41, T. 5, 38-41). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with the obverse in the middle of the token having a bigger or smaller perforation around it which could or could not be in the decoration such as concentrated circles or a peripheral ring. The tokens reverse is flat. In cross-section they are biconic, rounded or flat on rims. Type 7 (cat.no. 42-63, T. 5, 42-45, T 6,46-54, T 7,55-63). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with the obverse on which there is a decoration such as concentrated circles. The number varies from token to token and a dot is impressed in the middle of the token. They were made on lathe. In cross-section they are biconic, rounded or flat on rims. Some authors such as M. T. Biro consider a different number of concentrated circles to be the mark of value the possibility of which should not be denied. Type 8 (cat.no. 64, T. 8,64). This type makes the tokens of circular diameter with the obverse that has a dent in the middle of the token with an elevated relief ring and a circle in the centre and there are concentrated circles around the rim. Only the rim is serrate. The reverse is flat. Type makes the tokens of circular diameter with a convex obverse that has a diverse decorative content comprised of different circles with dots in the centre - "eyes”. In the middle of the token there is one or more circles with dots in the centre with a different number of circles with a dot. The reverse is flat. They are semicircular in cross-section. Type 10 (cat.no. 67, T. 8,67). This type of playing item is a token although it might be a pawn that is extraordinarily higher than an average token and the cross-section is conical. There are no decorations on obverse and the reverse is flat. Type 11 (cat.no. 68-70,72, T. 8,66-70, 72). This type makes the tokens of the circular diameter with a slightly convex obverse that has an impressed dot in the centre and the reverse is flat. They are semicircular in cross-section. A die was not originally used for games but it had the role of prophecy. Bone dice were found in large numbers on Roman sites and they were much like dice of today. Six-sided dice were made in various sizes. Only dots were impressed on smaller dice and the values were marked with "eyes” on bigger ones representing numbers (values) from 1 to 6 - a type tessera or those which opposite sides were marked with numbers 4,5 or 6 - a type talus. The sum of opposite sides was 7 by the dice of type tessera. Dice were furthermore made of stone, metal, wood and clay. Sometimes numerous marks on sides were not notched but coloured. Dice were deposited in a specially made saving boxes that were used also for the throwing the dice. Saving boxes (pyrgus, turricula, phirius or fritillus), three dice were put in for the throwing and the best result was three six. These dice boxes were used in order to prevent cheating while throwing. There are two dice (cat.no. 73 and 74, T9,73-74) in our catalogue of the same type. Dice are of irregular square shape with concentrated circles inside of which there is an impressed dot - "eyes”

Roman bone needles for sewing, knitting and embroidering from the collection of bone items at the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek

U čuvaonicama Muzeja Slavonije u Osijeku pohranjen je veliki broj rimskih koštanih predmeta među kojima su i igle za šivanje, pletenje i vezenje. Ove su igle pohranjene u Pododjelu antičke arheologije Arheološkog odjela i čine dio Zbirke koštanih predmeta. Igle prezentirane u ovome radu dospjele su u Muzej krajem 19. i u prvoj polovini 20. stoljeća. Zbog nepostojanja arheološkog konteksta, igle se u radu oslanjaju na generalni kronološki okvir pojedinih tipova. Rad kataloški obrađuje 163 rimske koštane igle pronađene na području antičke Murse.The storerooms of the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek hold a large number of Roman bone objects, among which are needles for sewing, knitting and embroidering. These needles are stored in the Antiquity Subdivision of the Archaeological Department and form part of the Collection of Bone Items. The needles presented in this paper were acquired by the Museum at the end of the 19th and in the first half of the 20th century. Since there is no archaeological context for them, the needle analysis here relies on a general chronological framework of the certain types. This paper analyzes 163 Roman bone needles from the area of ancient Mursa in catalog form