Modeling light dispersion in the printing substrate within the Monte Carlo method

Proizvodni značaj optičkih svojstava papira motivirao nas je na izgradnju teorijskog pristupa koji se može koristiti za određivanje refleksije i disperzije svjetla od površine papira. U radu smo prezentirali metodu temeljenu na Monte Carlo modelu raspršenja svjetlosti za bolje razumijevanje nastanka optičkog prirasta rastertonskih vrijednosti, te kako bi osigurali realističniji opis medija u kojem se raspršenje svjetlosti događa. Monte Carlo metoda je služila kao okvir unutar kojeg smo bili u mogućnosti opisati difuzno raspršenje svjetlosti koja doživljava višestruke podpovršinske refleksije i apsorpcije na komponentama od kojih je papir sačinjen. Naše simulacije pružaju fleksibilan i u isto vrijeme, strog pristup transportu svjetlosti u mediju kao što je papir. Numerički smo istražili učinke modelirane površine na optička svojstva papira zbog podpovršinskog raspršenja svjetlosti.Manufacturing significance of optical properties of paper motivated us to construct a theoretical approach which could be used to determine the reflection and dispersion of light from paper surface. We introduced a method based on the Monte Carlo model of light scattering in paper for better understanding the origin of optical screen values gain and to provide a more realistic description of the medium in which light scattering occurs. The Monte Carlo method was used as a frame within which we were able to describe the diffuse scattering of light which suffers multiple subsurface reflections. Our simulation provides a flexible and at the same time rigorous approach to the transport of light in a medium such as paper. We numerically investigated the effects of the modeled surface on the optical properties of paper throughout subsurface light scattering

One Markup to Rule Them All: Taxation by Liquor Pricing Regulation

Commodity taxation often involves uniform tax rates. We use alcohol laws that tax differentiated spirits with a comprehensive uniform markup to evaluate redistribution generated by such simple tax policy. We document preference heterogeneity among consumers, variation in product demand elasticities, and market power among producers with heterogeneous product portfolios. Relative to more flexible product-level markups recognizing demand heterogeneity and strategic price responses of firms, we find that the uniform markup underprices less elastic spirits, implicitly subsidizing low-income and less educated residents. The uniform markup grants additional market power to small specialized firms whose product positioning benefits from the policy

Testing the Impact of Paper Characteristics on a Parameter w of the Lorentz Shaped Point Spread Function

Potpovršinsko raspršenje svjetlosti u papiru (tekstilu ili drugim transparentnim materijalima) ovdje je izračunato u okviru Monte Carlo simulacije, što je kao rezultat dalo funkciju razmazivanja točke (PSF) Lorentzove forme. Papir je bio modeliran s obzirom na različite parametre opisa papira: premazanost, sastav i komponente papira te valne duljine svjetlosti kojom je papir obasjavan. S obzirom na to da je Lorentzova raspodjela parametarska, izračunate su ovisnosti parametra w Lorentzove raspodjele o debljini premaza papira o faktoru asimetrije celuloznih vlakana kao sastavnica papira, te o valnoj duljini svjetlosti koja pada na papir. Pokazalo se da osim celuloznih vlakana ostale komponente papira nemaju utjecaj na parametar w. Rezultati su pokazali da je parametar w manji za premazani papir, za manje asimetrične sastavnice papira i za manju valnu duljinu svjetlosti, što je u ovisnosti koeficijenata apsorpcije, odnosno raspršenja svjetlosti u papiru, i valne duljine svjetlosti.Subsurface scattering of light in paper (fabric or other transparent material) has been calculated in the framework of Monte Carlo simulation, which has given the Lorentz shaped point spread function (PSF) as the result. The paper was modelled with respect to various parameters of the paper description: coating, the composition of paper, and a dependence on the wavelength of the light by which the paper was illuminated. Given the fact that the Lorentz distribution is parametric, the following was calculated: the dependence of the Lorentz distribution parameter w on the thickness of paper coating, on the asymmetry factor of cellulose fibres as a component of paper, and on the wavelength of the light that falls onto the paper. It has been shown that in addition to cellulose fibres, other components of paper have no influence on the parameter w. The results have shown that the parameter w is smaller for coated paper, for less asymmetric components of paper and a smaller wavelength of light, which depends on the absorption coefficients and scattering of light in a paper and on the wavelength of light

Akaike information criterion in the edge analysis of the screen element

Analiza ruba rasterskog elementa temelji se na odabiru otisnutog linijskog uzorka na sustavu papir - boja i usporedbi modela i stvarnosti. Iako su Yule i Nielsen predložili Gaussovu raspodjelu za opis funkcije razmazivanja linije, naš model, temeljen na stohastičkom pristupu podpovršinskog raspršenja svjetlosti u papiru, daje cjelovit opis pomoću Lorentzove raspodjele. Da bi utvrdili koji od dva predložena modela, Gaussov ili Lorentzov, daje bolju aproksimaciju s obzirom na mjerene podatke, bio je korišten Akaikeov kriterij informacije. Kako su promatrani profili asimetrični, analizirana su oba ruba. Pri tome nije bilo moguće razlučiti koji model bolje opisuje rezultate eksperimenta, zbog iznimno visoke vrijednosti koeficijenta korelacije za oba modela. Stoga je korištena AIC metoda pomoću rutine u programu Origin 8.5 koji je korišten za analizu izmjerenih podataka. Akaikeova težina pokazuje da Lorentzov model bolje opisuje LSF od Gaussovog modela.The analysis of the edge of the screen element is based on the selection of the linear sample on the paper – ink system in comparing models and reality. Although Yule and Nielsen suggested the Gaussian distribution for the description of the line spread function, our model, based on the stochastic approach of subsurface light scattering in paper, gives the complete description with the Lorentzian distribution. To determine which of the two proposed models, Gaussian or Lorentzian, gives a better approximation with respect to the measured data, Akaike information criterion has been used. As the observed profiles are asymmetric, both edges have been analyzed. It was not possible to distinguish which model better describes the resulting measurements, because of the extremely high value of the correlation coefficient for both models. Therefore the AIC method was applied using the routines in Origin 8.5 that was used to analyze the measured data. The Akaike weight demonstrates that the Lorentzian model better describes the LSF than the Gaussian model

Testing the Impact of Paper Characteristics on a Parameter w of the Lorentz Shaped Point Spread Function

Potpovršinsko raspršenje svjetlosti u papiru (tekstilu ili drugim transparentnim materijalima) ovdje je izračunato u okviru Monte Carlo simulacije, što je kao rezultat dalo funkciju razmazivanja točke (PSF) Lorentzove forme. Papir je bio modeliran s obzirom na različite parametre opisa papira: premazanost, sastav i komponente papira te valne duljine svjetlosti kojom je papir obasjavan. S obzirom na to da je Lorentzova raspodjela parametarska, izračunate su ovisnosti parametra w Lorentzove raspodjele o debljini premaza papira o faktoru asimetrije celuloznih vlakana kao sastavnica papira, te o valnoj duljini svjetlosti koja pada na papir. Pokazalo se da osim celuloznih vlakana ostale komponente papira nemaju utjecaj na parametar w. Rezultati su pokazali da je parametar w manji za premazani papir, za manje asimetrične sastavnice papira i za manju valnu duljinu svjetlosti, što je u ovisnosti koeficijenata apsorpcije, odnosno raspršenja svjetlosti u papiru, i valne duljine svjetlosti.Subsurface scattering of light in paper (fabric or other transparent material) has been calculated in the framework of Monte Carlo simulation, which has given the Lorentz shaped point spread function (PSF) as the result. The paper was modelled with respect to various parameters of the paper description: coating, the composition of paper, and a dependence on the wavelength of the light by which the paper was illuminated. Given the fact that the Lorentz distribution is parametric, the following was calculated: the dependence of the Lorentz distribution parameter w on the thickness of paper coating, on the asymmetry factor of cellulose fibres as a component of paper, and on the wavelength of the light that falls onto the paper. It has been shown that in addition to cellulose fibres, other components of paper have no influence on the parameter w. The results have shown that the parameter w is smaller for coated paper, for less asymmetric components of paper and a smaller wavelength of light, which depends on the absorption coefficients and scattering of light in a paper and on the wavelength of light

Asymptotic Dynamics of Breathers in Fermi-Pasta-Ulam Chains

We study the asymptotic dynamics of breathers in finite Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains at zero and non-zero temperatures. While such breathers are essentially stationary and very long-lived at zero temperature, thermal fluctuations tend to lead to breather motion and more rapid decay

Energy Relaxation in Nonlinear One-Dimensional Lattices

We study energy relaxation in thermalized one-dimensional nonlinear arrays of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam type. The ends of the thermalized systems are placed in contact with a zero-temperature reservoir via damping forces. Harmonic arrays relax by sequential phonon decay into the cold reservoir, the lower frequency modes relaxing first. The relaxation pathway for purely anharmonic arrays involves the degradation of higher-energy nonlinear modes into lower energy ones. The lowest energy modes are absorbed by the cold reservoir, but a small amount of energy is persistently left behind in the array in the form of almost stationary low-frequency localized modes. Arrays with interactions that contain both a harmonic and an anharmonic contribution exhibit behavior that involves the interplay of phonon modes and breather modes. At long times relaxation is extremely slow due to the spontaneous appearance and persistence of energetic high-frequency stationary breathers. Breather behavior is further ascertained by explicitly injecting a localized excitation into the thermalized array and observing the relaxation behavior

ICES Viewpoint background document: Impact from exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers) on the marine environment (Ad hoc).

Shipping is a diverse industry that connects the world. The distribution and intensity of commercial shipping is increasing and there is a growing need to assess and mitigate the impacts of vessel activities on the marine environment. New global standards on sulphur content in marine fuels have led to an increasing number of ships installing exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS), also known as scrubbers, to reduce their emissions of sulphur oxides to the atmosphere. Ships equipped with a scrubber can continue to use heavy fuel oil, and the process results in discharges of large volumes of acidified water that contain a mix of contaminants, such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil residues, and nitrates. For the most common type of scrubber, open loop, this polluted water is directly discharged back to the sea, trading reductions in air pollution for increased water pollution. The scrubber discharge mixture has demonstrated toxic effects in laboratory studies, causing immediate mortality in plankton and exhibiting negative synergistic effects. The substances found in scrubber discharge water are likely to have further impacts in the marine environment through bioaccumulation, acidification and eutrophication. The impacts of scrubber discharge water can be completely avoided through the use of alternative fuels, such as distilled low sulphur fuels. Distilled fuels have the added benefit that they remove the threat of heavy fuel oil spills from shipping activities. If the use of alternative fuels is not adopted, and scrubbers continue to be considered an equivalent method to meet the sulphur emissions limits, then there is urgent need for:1) significant investment in technological advances and port reception facilities to allow zero discharge closed loop scrubber systems;2) improved protocols and standards for measuring, monitoring and reporting on scrubber discharge water acidity and pollutants;3) evidence-based regulations on scrubber water discharge limits that consider the full suite of contaminants

R-Bendamustine in the treatment of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma

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