The meaning of adherence when behavioral risk patterns vary : obscured use- and method-effectiveness in HIV-prevention trials

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The effects of demand characteristics on research participant behaviours in non-laboratory settings: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The concept of demand characteristics, which involves research participants being aware of what the researcher is investigating, is well known and widely used within psychology, particularly in laboratory-based studies. Studies of this phenomenon may make a useful contribution to broader consideration of the effects of taking part in research on participant behaviour. This systematic review seeks to summarise data from studies of the effects of demand characteristics on participant behaviours in non-laboratory settings. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Electronic databases were searched to identify eligible studies. These had to be purposely designed to evaluate possible effects of demand characteristics on at least one behavioural outcome under the autonomous control of the participants and use longitudinal study designs. Only 7 studies were included, 6 providing observational data and 1 experimental study, with 5 studies involving examination of possible effects on health behaviours. Although studies provided some evidence of effects of demand characteristics on participant behaviour, heterogeneous operationalisation of the construct, the limited number of studies and poor quality of study designs made synthesis and interpretation of study findings challenging. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although widely accepted as important in psychology, there have been few dedicated studies of the effects of demand characteristics on research participant behaviours outside laboratory settings. This body of literature does not currently contribute to the wider study of research participation effects. A systematic review of data from laboratory-based studies is needed, as are high-quality primary studies in non-laboratory settings. We suggest that unqualified use of the term demand characteristics should be abandoned

Everything should be as simple as possible, but this will still be complex : a reply to various commentaries on IPEBA

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Using air quality monitoring to reduce second-hand smoke exposure in homes : the AFRESH feasibility study

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council’s Public Health Intervention Development scheme. The research team would like to thank Christine Foster and the staff and volunteers of Healthy Valleys, Lanarkshire, for their support in carrying out this work, and Beverley Scheepers and Joanne Buchan of ASH Scotland for their assistance in developing training material. FUNDING Medical Research Council PHIND Grant MR/M026159/1.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Illness perceptions and illness behaviours in back pain : A cross-sectional cluster analysis

Funding sources: The data contained herein were provided by the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) project C45810/A17927 at the University of Aberdeen. This secondary analysis was undertaken as part of L. Morton’s doctoral studentship which was supported by the Versus Arthritis/Medical Research Council Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work (grant number: 20665). Acknowledgements: The data contained herein were provided by the Cancer Research UK (CRUK) project C45810/A17927 at the University of Aberdeen. We would like to thank Peter Murchie and Phil Hannaford at the University of Aberdeen who facilitated access to the USEFUL Study dataset for this secondary analysis. This work was undertaken as part of L. Morton’s doctoral studentship which was supported by the Versus Arthritis/Medical Research Council Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work (grant number: 20665).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Mapping the Asthma Care Process : Implications for Research and Practice

The authors would like to thank the participants to the Respiratory Effectiveness Group Adherence symposium for their comments on the model overview presented during this meeting, members of the ASTRO-LAB consortium for collaborative work on reviewing literature and performing qualitative interviews, and patients and clinicians that shared valuable insights into asthma management during the telephone interviews. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community's 7th Framework (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no. 282593.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Estimating the impact of COVID-19 self-test availability and modifications in test-strategy on overall test uptake using an experimental vignette study

To inform future Dutch COVID-19 testing policies we did an experimental vignette study to investigate whether inclusion of the less reliable lateral flow tests (self-tests) would change test-uptake sufficiently to improve population-level test sensitivity. A representative sample (n = 3,270) participated in a 2-by-2 online experiment to evaluate the effects of test-guidelines including self-testing advice (IV1), and the effects of self-test availability (IV2) on expected test uptake (PCR test, self-test or no test) and sensitivity of the overall test strategy (primary outcome). Across four scenarios, changing test advice did not affect expected testing behaviour. Self-test availability, however, increased the timeliness of testing, the number of people testing, and overall test strategy sensitivity. Based on these findings, we recommend that (national) policy facilitates a supply of self-tests at home, for example through free and pro-active distribution of test-kits during a pandemic. This could substantially enhance the chances of timely detecting and isolating patients

Cost-effectiveness of a nurse-based intervention (AIMS) to improve adherence among HIV-infected patients : Design of a multi-centre randomised controlled trial

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High Current CD4+ T cell count predicts suboptimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy

Date of Acceptance: 30/09/2015 Funding: A.O.P. is financially supported by the Dutch AIDS Fonds (http://www.aidsfonds.nl/), grant nrs. 2011020 and 2012025. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effectiveness and Content Analysis of Interventions to Enhance Oral Antidiabetic Drug Adherence in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes : Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

We thank Frederic Bergeron, information scientist, for assistance in search strategies. We thank American Journal Experts for editing the text. Source of financial support: This study was funded by the Laval University Chair on Adherence to Treatments. This Chair is supported by nonrestricted grants from AstraZeneca Canada, Merck Canada, Sanofi Canada, and Pfizer Canada and from the Prends soin de toi program (a Quebec provincial program for the improvement of public health).Peer reviewedPostprin