59 research outputs found

    Acoustodynamometry : An innovating non-invasive technique used to measure tendon load during movement

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    A novel technique was developed to measure the tendon load in people and in horses in motion. This non-invasive technique is based on a relation, demonstrated experimentally in vitro on isolated tendons and limbs, between the velocity of ultrasound in the tendon and the load to which it is subjected. A prototype was created to examine the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. The reproducibility of these measurements assessed in five horses was very good in a given subject, but marked differences were observed between the animals, in terms of plot shape and ultrasound velocity. These differences appeared directly related to the horse’s digital standing conformation. The technique thus validated was then used to examine the effect of four types of orthopaedic shoes compared to a standard shoe, on hard as well as soft ground.Un procĂ©dĂ© original de mesure de la force qui s'exerce dans un tendon, chez le Cheval ou l'Homme en mouvement, a Ă©tĂ© mis au point. Cette technique non-invasive repose sur une relation, dĂ©montrĂ©e expĂ©rimentalement in vitro, sur tendons et membres isolĂ©s, entre la vitesse des ultrasons dans un tendon et la force qui s'applique sur celui-ci. Un prototype adaptĂ© au tendon flĂ©chisseur superficiel du doigt du cheval a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©. La reproductibilitĂ© des mesures, Ă©valuĂ©e chez cinq chevaux, au pas et au trot, est trĂšs bonne chez un mĂȘme individu, mais il existe des diffĂ©rences nettes entre sujets, Ă  la fois dans la forme des tracĂ©s et dans les niveaux de vitesse des ultrasons observĂ©s. Ces diffĂ©rences sont apparues Ă©troitement liĂ©es Ă  l'aplomb digital des chevaux. Le procĂ©dĂ© ainsi validĂ© a permis d'Ă©valuer l'effet de quatre types de ferrures correctrices, comparĂ©es Ă  un fer standard, sur sol dur et sur sol meuble

    COMPARISON OF TWO PREPARATION PROCEDURES (HARROWING VS. ROLLING) APPLIED TO AN EQUESTRIAN SPORT ARENA: EFFECTS ON THE DYNAMIC VARIABLES IN 3 HORSES LANDING AFTER A JUMP

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    The purpose of this study was to compare the dynamic variables recorded on 3 horses landing after a jump on an arena surface (sand & fibre mix) after application of two classical preparation procedures: harrowing and rolling. Each horse, equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and an accelerometer on its right forehoof, performed 6 jumps alternatively on each prepared surface, landing alternatively at right and left lead. The maximal vertical deceleration and the energy of vibrations (>50Hz) at impact significantly decreased with harrowing, on both limbs. The braking force and braking loading rate were greater on the rolled surface but only in the leading limb. The vertical loading rate and, in the leading limb only, the maximal vertical force, were significantly larger on the rolled surface, which suggests that preparation affected the surface deeper than expected

    The Yin-Yang of the Green Fluorescent Protein:Impact on Saccharomyces cerevisiae stress resistance

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    International audienceAlthough fluorescent proteins are widely used as biomarkers (Yin), no study focuses on their influence on the microbial stress response. Here, the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) was fused to two proteins of interest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pab1p and Sur7p, respectively involved in stress granules structure and in Can1 membrane domains. These were chosen since questions remain regarding the understanding of the behavior of S. cerevisiae facing different heat kinetics or oxidative stresses. The main results showed that Pab1p-GFP fluorescent mutant displayed a higher resistance than that of the wild type under a heat shock. Moreover, fluorescent mutants exposed to oxidative stresses displayed changes in the cultivability compared to the wild type strain. In silico approaches showed that the presence of the GFP did not influence the structure and so the functionality of the tagged proteins meaning that changes in yeast resistance were certainly related to GFP ROS-scavenging ability (Yang)

    The Sequisol project: biomechanical eval uation of the effects of equestrian track surfaces on the equine locomotor system

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    The quality of ground surfaces conditions equine locomotion and can be a risk factor for osteoarticular and tendinous lesions. A novel protocol of biomechanical measurements has been developed to characterize the effects of ground surfaces on the locomotor system and locomotion of harnessed trotter horses under training conditions. This protocol is based on the simultaneous use of a 3D dynamometric horseshoe, a 3D accelerometer, a superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon force ultrasonic sensor, inertial measurement units, and a high-speed camera. Three French trotters were used to compare two tracks at the Grosbois training centre (crushed sand and all-weather waxed track) ; biomechanical measurements were performed at a standardized speed (9.7 m/s, i.e. 35 km/h). The all-weather waxed track appeared as the most damping (shock absorbing), i.e. lesser impact deceleration and braking force and lesser maximal loading rate of the SDF tendon. However, the horse’s locomotor comfort (determined by the stride length) did not seem to be greater. The preliminary results of the tests performed since October 2006 as part of the Sequisol project (10 tracks tested on 5 different sites) confirm superior shock-absorbing properties as well as a “slower” characteristic during the braking phase for the all-weather waxed tracks, and generally speaking, the strong influence of maintenance conditions of the surfaces on the biomechanical results.La qualitĂ© du sol conditionne la locomotion d'un cheval, et peut aussi ĂȘtre un facteur de risque de lĂ©sions ostĂ©o-articulaires et tendineuses. Un protocole original de mesures biomĂ©caniques a Ă©tĂ© mis au point afin de caractĂ©riser l'effet des sols sur l'appareil locomoteur et la locomotion, chez le trotteur attelĂ©, dans les conditions de l'entraĂźnement. Ce protocole repose sur l'utilisation simultanĂ©e d'un fer dynamomĂ©trique 3D, d'un accĂ©lĂ©romĂštre 3D, d'un capteur ultrasonore de force dans le tendon flĂ©chisseur superficiel du doigt (perforĂ©), de centrales de mesure inertielle et d'une camĂ©ra haute frĂ©quence. Trois chevaux trotteurs français ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour comparer deux pistes du centre d'entraĂźnement de Grosbois (sable concassĂ© et sable fibrĂ©-huilĂ©); les mesures biomĂ©caniques ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©es Ă  vitesse standardisĂ©e (9,7 m/s, soit 35 km/h). La piste en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© prĂ©sente des propriĂ©tĂ©s d'amortissement plus importantes que la piste en sable concassĂ©: la dĂ©cĂ©lĂ©ration Ă  l'impact, la force de freinage et la vitesse de mise en tension maximale du tendon perforĂ© sont plus faibles. En revanche, le confort locomoteur du cheval, apprĂ©ciĂ© notamment par la longueur de la foulĂ©e, n'est pas supĂ©rieur. Le bilan prĂ©liminaire des tests rĂ©alisĂ©s depuis octobre 2006 dans le cadre du projet Sequisol (dix pistes testĂ©es sur cinq sites diffĂ©rents) confirme le caractĂšre plus amortissant mais aussi plus « lent », lors du freinage, des pistes en fibrĂ©-huilĂ© et, plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement, l'influence forte des conditions d'entretien des sols sur les rĂ©sultats biomĂ©caniques

    Implication de l’appareil de Golgi et de l’ubiquitination dans l’activation de TBK1 aprĂšs dĂ©tection des ARNs viraux

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    Type-I interferons (IFN-α/ÎČ) production and release is a major event in innate antiviral immunity. IFN production depends on the interaction between viral structures and their corresponding cellular sensors. RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) and Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) sense dsRNAs in the cytosol and endosomes respectively. Stimulation of these receptors by their ligands promotes a signal transduction leading to the activation of the transcription factors NF-ÎșB and IRF3, and consequently to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and Type I Interferons (IFN-I). TBK1 (TANK-Binding Kinase 1), plays a crucial role in antiviral innate immunity, by phosphorylating the transcription factor IRF3, required for the production of type I IFNs. Although many studies have shown the critical role of this kinase in antiviral signaling, the molecular mechanism of its activation are largely unknown. We report here the localization of the ubiquitinated and phosphorylated active form of TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus after the stimulation of RLRs or TLR3, due to TBK1 ubiquitination on lysine residues 30 and 401. The ubiquitin-binding protein optineurin (OPTN) recruits ubiquitinated TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus, leading to the formation of complexes in which TBK1 is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. We also found that a viral protein binds OPTN at the Golgi apparatus, neutralizing its activity and thereby decreasing TBK1 activation and downstream signaling.L’immunitĂ© innĂ©e antivirale repose en grande partie sur la production des interfĂ©rons de type I (IFN-α/ÎČ) par les cellules infectĂ©es et les cellules immunitaires. Cette synthĂšse rĂ©sulte de la reconnaissance de motifs viraux caractĂ©ristiques par des rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires, parmi lesquels les RIG-I-Like RĂ©cepteurs (RLR) et le Toll-Like RĂ©cepteur 3 (TLR3) dĂ©tectent l’ARN viral respectivement au niveau du cytosol et des endosomes. La signalisation induite par les RLRs et TLR3 conduit Ă  l’activation d’IRF3 et de NF-ÎșB, deux facteurs de transcription impliquĂ©s respectivement dans la production d’IFN-α/ÎČ et de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. TBK1 (TANK-Binding Kinase 1) joue un rĂŽle essentiel dans l’immunitĂ© innĂ©e antivirale, de par la phosphorylation du facteur de transcription IRF3, nĂ©cessaire Ă  la production des IFNs de type I. Bien que de nombreuses Ă©tudes aient montrĂ© le rĂŽle crucial de cette kinase dans la signalisation antivirale, le processus entrainant son activation est encore mal dĂ©terminĂ© Ă  ce jour. Lors de cette Ă©tude nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© que suite Ă  la stimulation du TLR3 et des RLRs, la forme active, ubiquitinylĂ©e et phosphorylĂ©e, de TBK1 se relocalise au niveau de l’appareil de golgi, grĂące Ă  son ubiquitination sur les rĂ©sidus K30 et K401. Ce mĂ©canisme implique la reconnaissance des chaines d’ubiquitines associĂ©es Ă  TBK1 par l’Optineurine (OPTN), permettant la formation d’un complexe autorisant le rapprochement des molĂ©cules de TBK1 puis la trans-autophosphorylation au niveau de l’appareil de Golgi. Au cours de ce travail nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©couvert qu’OPTN est la cible d’une protĂ©ine virale, la protĂ©ine NS3 du BTV (Bluetongue Virus), qui neutralise son activitĂ© et diminue ainsi l’activation de TBK1 et la signalisation responsable de la sĂ©crĂ©tion de cytokines antivirales

    The Role of Optineurin in Antiviral Type I Interferon Production

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    After a viral infection and the stimulation of some pattern-recognition receptors as the toll-like receptor 3 in the endosomes or the RIG-I-like receptors in the cytosol, activation of the IKK-related kinase TBK1 leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) after phosphorylation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Recent findings indicate an involvement of K63-linked polyubiquitination and of the Golgi-localized protein optineurin (OPTN) in the activation of this crucial kinase involved in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarizes the sensing of viruses and the signaling leading to type I IFN production following TBK1 activation through its ubiquitination and the sensing of ubiquitin chains by OPTN at the Golgi apparatus

    The VP3 Protein of Bluetongue Virus Associates with the MAVS Complex and Interferes with the RIG-I-Signaling Pathway

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    Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is a major concern of wild and domestic ruminants. While BTV induces type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/ÎČ]) production in infected cells, several reports have described evasion strategies elaborated by this virus to dampen this intrinsic, innate response. In the present study, we suggest that BTV VP3 is a new viral antagonist of the IFN-ÎČ synthesis. Indeed, using split luciferase and coprecipitation assays, we report an interaction between VP3 and both the mitochondrial adapter protein MAVS and the IRF3-kinase IKKΔ. Overall, this study describes a putative role for the BTV structural protein VP3 in the control of the antiviral response

    Involvement of Golgi apparatus and ubiquitination in TBK1 activation after viral RNAs detection

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    L’immunitĂ© innĂ©e antivirale repose en grande partie sur la production des interfĂ©rons de type I (IFN-α/ÎČ) par les cellules infectĂ©es et les cellules immunitaires. Cette synthĂšse rĂ©sulte de la reconnaissance de motifs viraux caractĂ©ristiques par des rĂ©cepteurs cellulaires, parmi lesquels les RIG-I-Like RĂ©cepteurs (RLR) et le Toll-Like RĂ©cepteur 3 (TLR3) dĂ©tectent l’ARN viral respectivement au niveau du cytosol et des endosomes. La signalisation induite par les RLRs et TLR3 conduit Ă  l’activation d’IRF3 et de NF-ÎșB, deux facteurs de transcription impliquĂ©s respectivement dans la production d’IFN-α/ÎČ et de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. TBK1 (TANK-Binding Kinase 1) joue un rĂŽle essentiel dans l’immunitĂ© innĂ©e antivirale, de par la phosphorylation du facteur de transcription IRF3, nĂ©cessaire Ă  la production des IFNs de type I. Bien que de nombreuses Ă©tudes aient montrĂ© le rĂŽle crucial de cette kinase dans la signalisation antivirale, le processus entrainant son activation est encore mal dĂ©terminĂ© Ă  ce jour. Lors de cette Ă©tude nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© que suite Ă  la stimulation du TLR3 et des RLRs, la forme active, ubiquitinylĂ©e et phosphorylĂ©e, de TBK1 se relocalise au niveau de l’appareil de golgi, grĂące Ă  son ubiquitination sur les rĂ©sidus K30 et K401. Ce mĂ©canisme implique la reconnaissance des chaines d’ubiquitines associĂ©es Ă  TBK1 par l’Optineurine (OPTN), permettant la formation d’un complexe autorisant le rapprochement des molĂ©cules de TBK1 puis la trans-autophosphorylation au niveau de l’appareil de Golgi. Au cours de ce travail nous avons Ă©galement dĂ©couvert qu’OPTN est la cible d’une protĂ©ine virale, la protĂ©ine NS3 du BTV (Bluetongue Virus), qui neutralise son activitĂ© et diminue ainsi l’activation de TBK1 et la signalisation responsable de la sĂ©crĂ©tion de cytokines antivirales.Type-I interferons (IFN-α/ÎČ) production and release is a major event in innate antiviral immunity. IFN production depends on the interaction between viral structures and their corresponding cellular sensors. RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) and Toll-Like Receptor 3 (TLR3) sense dsRNAs in the cytosol and endosomes respectively. Stimulation of these receptors by their ligands promotes a signal transduction leading to the activation of the transcription factors NF-ÎșB and IRF3, and consequently to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and Type I Interferons (IFN-I). TBK1 (TANK-Binding Kinase 1), plays a crucial role in antiviral innate immunity, by phosphorylating the transcription factor IRF3, required for the production of type I IFNs. Although many studies have shown the critical role of this kinase in antiviral signaling, the molecular mechanism of its activation are largely unknown. We report here the localization of the ubiquitinated and phosphorylated active form of TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus after the stimulation of RLRs or TLR3, due to TBK1 ubiquitination on lysine residues 30 and 401. The ubiquitin-binding protein optineurin (OPTN) recruits ubiquitinated TBK1 to the Golgi apparatus, leading to the formation of complexes in which TBK1 is activated by trans-autophosphorylation. We also found that a viral protein binds OPTN at the Golgi apparatus, neutralizing its activity and thereby decreasing TBK1 activation and downstream signaling

    The role of optineurin in antiviral type I interferon production

    No full text
    After a viral infection and the stimulation of some pattern-recognition receptors as the toll-like receptor 3 in the endosomes or the RIG-I-like receptors in the cytosol, activation of the IKK-related kinase TBK1 leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs) after phosphorylation of the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Recent findings indicate an involvement of K63-linked polyubiquitination and of the Golgi-localized protein optineurin (OPTN) in the activation of this crucial kinase involved in innate antiviral immunity. This review summarizes the sensing of viruses and the signaling leading to type I IFN production following TBK1 activation through its ubiquitination and the sensing of ubiquitin chains by OPTN at the Golgi apparatus
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