309 research outputs found

    Promotion de l'ExpĂ©rimentation et l'Innovation Paysannes au Sahel (‘PROFEIS')

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    The main objective of APPRI Workshop was to analyse conditions for implementing alternative action-research practices in partnership for development, taking into account the difficulties of "official" research and of the rural world, faced with the major challenges of sustainable development in the South. One originality of APPRI was to compare experiences from rural zones of Africa, with those of the UNICAMPO Peasants' University set up 10 years ago in the Brazilian Nordeste, a semi-arid region where small holders' farms exhibit some major similarities with those in Drylands Africa. The "Peasants' University" concept was unanimously chosen as a place to unify partnership initiatives bringing together research, rural development officers, farmer's organizations and rural communities. These Peasants' Universities will be places of learning where a common vision is shared for implementing development and environmental improvement activities. The APPRI group unanimously accepted that technical and institutional innovation in partnership is paramount. It needs to be co-constructed from local know-how and scientific and technical knowledge. Information and communication between all those involved in development needs to be revised and strengthened for ore interactivity and efficiency in order to contribute to cultural recognition and social economic transformation of rural communities. L'objectif de l'atelier APPRI Ă©tait principalement d'analyser les conditions de mise en Ɠuvre de pratiques alternatives de recherche-action en partenariat pour le dĂ©veloppement, prenant en compte les difficultĂ©s de la recherche «officielle» et du monde rural face aux grands enjeux du dĂ©veloppement durable au Sud. Une originalitĂ© d'APPRI Ă©tait de confronter les expĂ©riences des zones rurales africaines Ă  celles de l'UniversitĂ© Paysanne UNICAMPO mise en place depuis 10 ans dans le Nordeste brĂ©silien, rĂ©gion semi-aride oĂč les petites exploitations familiales prĂ©sentent de grandes similitudes avec celles des zones sĂšches d'Afrique. Le concept d' «UniversitĂ© Paysanne» a Ă©tĂ© retenu Ă  l'unanimitĂ© comme lieu de fĂ©dĂ©ration d'initiatives en partenariat regroupant la recherche, les agents du dĂ©veloppement rural, les organisations et groupements de producteurs et les communautĂ©s rurales. Ces universitĂ©s paysannes seront des lieux d'apprentissage oĂč se partage une vision commune pour la mise en Ɠuvre d'actions de dĂ©veloppement et de valorisation du milieu destinĂ©es. De façon unanime, le groupe APPRI2008 admet que l'innovation technique et institutionnelle en partenariat est centrale. Elle doit ĂȘtre co-construite Ă  partir des savoirs locaux et de la connaissance scientifique et technique. L'information et la communication entre tous les acteurs du dĂ©veloppement doivent ĂȘtre repensĂ©es et renforcĂ©es pour ĂȘtre plus interactives et plus efficaces afin de participer Ă  la reconnaissance culturelle et la transformation sociale et Ă©conomique des communautĂ©s rurales

    Fistule IlĂ©o-VĂ©sicale Sur Phyto-BĂ©zoard : À Propos D’une Observation Et Revue De La LittĂ©rature

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    Le bĂ©zoard est un diagnostic rare d’abdomen chirurgical. Un homme de 43 ans a Ă©tĂ© reçu dans un tableau de syndrome occlusif. Une tomodensitomĂ©trie abdominale a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e et objectivait un obstacle endoluminale du grĂȘle. L’exploration chirurgicale avait retrouvĂ© une occlusion grĂȘlique associĂ©e Ă  une fistule ilĂ©o-vĂ©sicale. La brĂšche vĂ©sicale a alors Ă©tĂ© fermĂ©e, un bĂ©zoard extrait et une rĂ©section-anastomose a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e sur le segment du grĂȘle perforĂ©. La stratĂ©gie diagnostique et la prise en charge sont discutĂ©es. The bezoar is a rare diagnosis of surgical abdomen. A 43-year-old man was admitted with an occlusive syndrom. An abdominal scan was performed and an endo-luminal obstruction of the small bowel was objectified. Surgical exploration shows a bowel obstruction to be associated with an ileo-vesical fistula. The bladder breach was then closed, a bezoar extracted, and a resection-anastomosis was performed on the perforated small bowel segment. The diagnostic strategy and management was also discussed

    Outils d'enquĂȘte alimentaire par entretien : Ă©laboration au SĂ©nĂ©gal

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    Dans beaucoup de pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne, au SĂ©nĂ©gal en particulier, les enquĂȘtes alimentaires quantitatives sont rares tandis que les besoins en information sur la consommation alimentaire sont grands. Alors que les enquĂȘtes par pesĂ©e des aliments sont fastidieuses et coĂ»teuses, les enquĂȘtes par entretien prĂ©sentent l'avantage d'ĂȘtre rapides, Ă  condition toutefois de disposer d'outils permettant de traduire en poids les quantitĂ©s d'aliments simples ou de plats cuisinĂ©s annoncĂ©es par les sujets interrogĂ©s. On trouvera dans cet ouvrage une mĂ©thodologie de mise au point des principaux outils utilisĂ©s dans les enquĂȘtes alimentaires par entretien en milieu sub-saharien : mesures mĂ©nagĂšres, poids moyen, prix des aliments Ă  l'achat, proportions de dĂ©chets, recettes quantitatives, humiditĂ© et masse volumique des aliments prĂ©parĂ©s. L'ouvrage prĂ©sente les outils dĂ©veloppĂ©s au SĂ©nĂ©gal, qui permettent de quantifier la consommation d'une centaine d'aliments simples et de vingt-cinq plats cuisinĂ©s courants en Afrique de l'Ouest. En dehors de son intĂ©rĂȘt pour la rĂ©alisation d'enquĂȘtes alimentaires, l'ouvrage intĂ©ressera les diĂ©tĂ©ticiens, les agronomes, les Ă©conomistes et les anthropologues en charge d'Ă©tudier et d'amĂ©liorer l'alimentation des populations de la zone sub-saharienne

    Simulation numĂ©rique des aires d'alimentation sous l'influence d'une interface d'eau salĂ©e : Île du Cap aux Meules, Îles-de-la-Madeleine, QuĂ©bec, Canada

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    Cette Ă©tude s'intĂ©resse sur la simulation numĂ©rique des aires d'alimentation des puits d'eau potable sous l'influence d'une interface eau douce-eau salĂ©e (SWI), aux Îles-de-la-Madeleine, au QuĂ©bec. Trois approches sont Ă©tudiĂ©es pour reprĂ©senter l'interface, une entiĂšrement dispersĂ©e (ID) considĂ©rant l'Ă©coulement des eaux souterraines Ă  densitĂ© variable et le transport advectif-dispersif, et les approches simplifiĂ©es de l'interface horizontale (IH et MODFLOW) et de Ghyben-Herzberg (GH). Le modĂšle d'Ă©lĂ©ments finis 3D SALTFLOW est utilisĂ© pour toutes les simulations, en appliquant l'approche de la probabilitĂ© de captage (CP), basĂ©e sur le transport advectif-dispersif en mode arriĂšre, pour dĂ©finir les aires. Une analyse de sensibilitĂ© est d'abord appliquĂ©e Ă  un domaine rectangulaire 3D simplifiĂ© avec un puits de pompage forĂ© dans un aquifĂšre de grĂšs hautement permĂ©able. Cette Ă©tude d'analyse de sensibilitĂ© porte sur l'influence de la conductivitĂ© hydraulique, la profondeur de la crĂ©pine et l'augmentation du taux de pompage sur la taille et la forme des aires. Les aires d'alimentation dĂ©finies avec l'approche de CP sont comparĂ©es selon les diffĂ©rentes reprĂ©sentations de l'interface eau douce-eau salĂ©e Ă©noncĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude. L'approche est ensuite appliquĂ©e Ă  un sous-domaine 3D hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne sur l'Île du Cap aux Meules, qui comprend dix puits de pompage. Pour les conditions considĂ©rĂ©es dans cette Ă©tude, les aires de CP dĂ©limitĂ©es avec l'IH ou GH sont approximativement Ă©gales Ă  5% des aires simulĂ©es avec l'ID. Cependant, les aires ID sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement plus grandes comparĂ©es Ă  celles simulĂ©es avec le traçage de particules basĂ© sur le modĂšle MODFLOW, en raison des diffĂ©rences dans le modĂšle conceptuel et l'effet de la dispersion hydrodynamique dans l'approche de CP. L'effet du type d'interface diminue en s'Ă©loignant du littoral. Le CP est une approche potentiellement utile pour dĂ©finir les aires des aquifĂšres insulaires avec l'intrusion d'eau salĂ©e. L'avantage de cette approche de CP est qu'elle inclut les incertitudes Ă  travers le terme de dispersion permettant aux dĂ©cideurs de choisir des niveaux de risques acceptables.This study focusses on the numerical simulation of water well capture zones under the influence of a freshwater-saltwater interface (SWI), in the context of groundwater protection on the Magdalen Islands, QuĂ©bec. Three approaches for representing the interface are investigated, a fully dispersed interface considering density-dependent groundwater flow and advective-dispersive transport, as well as the simplified approaches of a Ghyben-Herzberg interface and a horizontal interface. The 3D finite element model SALTFLOW is used for all simulations, including application of the capture probability (CP) approach, based on backward-in-time advective-dispersive transport, for defining the capture zones. A sensitivity analysis is first applied to a simplified 3D rectangular domain with a single well pumping within a highly permeable sandstone aquifer. Probability capture zones are compared under the different representations of the saltwater interface, highlighting the influence of hydraulic conductivity, the depth of the well screen, and an increase of the pumping rate on the capture zone size and shape. The approach is then applied to a 3D sub-domain of the Island of Cap aux Meules, including ten pumping wells within a heterogeneous system. For the conditions considered in this study, capture zones predicted using the capture probability approach assuming a Ghyben-Herzberg or horizontal interface had surface areas within about 5% of the capture zones simulated using a dispersed interface. These capture zones, however, were generally larger compared to those simulated using advective particle tracks based on a MODFLOW model, due to differences in the conceptual model and to the effect of hydrodynamic dispersion in the CP approach. The effect of the type of interface on the capture zone decreased away from the coastline. Capture probability is a potentially useful approach for defining capture zones in island aquifers under saltwater intrusion as it includes uncertainty through dispersion allowing decision-makers to choose acceptable levels of risk. It is concluded that the Ghyben-Herzberg and horizontale Interface simplifications are acceptable approaches, considering the inherent uncertainties in the conceptual models

    Chemical Composition of Distilled Essential Oils and Hydrosols of Four Senegalese Citrus and Enantiomeric Characterization of Chiral Compounds

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    Peels of four local Citrus species (Citrus sinensis L. Obsbeck, Citrus reticulata Blanco, Citrus maxima Burm. and Citrus aurantifolia christm.) grown in a same locality under the same climatic conditions were subjected to steam distillation. The essential oils and floral waters obtained were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (CPG-FID) and by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (CPG-MS). The essential oils yields were ranged between 0.2 and 0.7 %. The qualitative and quantitative analyses show 74 compounds in all oils samples. The oils were largely dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes with limonene as major compound (91.5-94.0 %; 90.4-93.4 %; 77.7-93.7 % and 34.8-51.2 %) in oils from Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia, respectively. In addition to limonene, oils of Citrus aurantifolia contained high amounts of ÎČ-pinene (6.8-14.4 %), pcymene (5.8-12.2 %), Îł-terpinene (0.3 -7.4 %), neral (1.5-9.4 %), geraniol (1.9-12.7 %). Although presenting the same major compound (limonene), the oils had compositions that were qualitatively and quantitatively different. The enantiomeric analyses showed that the chiral major compounds were (R) - (+) - limonene, (S) - (-) – limonene, (1S) - (-) -ÎČ-pinene, (1R)-(+)-ÎČ-pinene and (S) - (+) - carvone. The hydrosols analyzed were composed of oxygenated compounds and did not have the same major compound. A qualitative and quantitative difference in chemical composition was noted between the Hydrosols.WBI-SĂ©nĂ©gal n ° 2: Production d’huiles essentielles Ă  partir des plantes locales: expĂ©rimentation, adaptation et diffusion de technologies »

    Report of a clinic case of a double system ectopic ureterocele in an African infant

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    AbstractWe report on the observation of a 30-month-old female newborn that was treated for a urinary infection. The medical imaging revealed the existence of a right double system ureterocele with vesicorenal reflux on the ureter of the upper pyelon and a bifid left ureter. The treatment consisted in an ureterocelectomy, a reimplantation of the two right ureters and a repair of the vesical floor. The external drainage of the upper pyelon allowed us to make sure of its functionality that was about 15% of the full renal function. The post-op follow-ups have been simple and thirteen months later, the newborn is doing well and does not present any sign of urinary infection

    Facteurs associés à la dissociation immunovirologique chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1 sous traitement antirétroviral hautement actif au Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire (CTA) de Dakar

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    Introduction: L'objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer les diffĂ©rents facteurs associĂ©s Ă  la dissociation immunovirologique malgrĂ© un traitement antirĂ©troviral hautement actif et efficace.MĂ©thodes: Il s'agissait d'une Ă©tude de cohorte historique, descriptive et analytique faite Ă  partir de dossiers de patients infectĂ©s par le VIH-1; sous traitement antirĂ©troviral depuis au moins 12 mois, suivis dans la cohorte du CTA de 2001 Ă  2011 et ayant une charge virale indĂ©tectable depuis 6 mois.RĂ©sultats: Durant cette pĂ©riode d'Ă©tude de 10 ans, la prĂ©valence de la DIV Ă©tait de 19,3%. Le sexe fĂ©minin Ă©tait prĂ©dominant avec un sexe ratio de 1,9. La dissociation immunovirologique a Ă©tĂ© plus frĂ©quemment rencontrĂ©e chez les patients de sexe masculin (29,7% vs 14,1%) avec une diffĂ©rence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00006). L'Ăąge mĂ©dian Ă©tait de 44 ans ± 10 ans. Un antĂ©cĂ©dent de tuberculose a Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ© dans environ un tiers des cas (31,4%). La dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tait significativement plus frĂ©quente chez les patients ayant un antĂ©cĂ©dent de tuberculose (p = 0,00005). La plupart des patients (68%) Ă©tait au stade SIDA 3 ou 4 de l'OMS. Les patients ayant une dissociation immunovirologique Ă©taient plus souvent aux stades 3 et 4 de l'OMS (p = 0,0001). La dĂ©nutrition a Ă©tĂ© notĂ©e dans plus de la moitiĂ© des cas (56,2%) et la dissociation immunovirologique prĂ©dominait chez les patients dĂ©nutris (p=0,005). Le taux moyen de lymphocytes TCD4+ Ă©tait de 86,7± 83 cellules / mm3. La dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tait plus frĂ©quente chez les patients ayant un taux de lymphocytes TCD4 bas Ă  l'initiation avec une diffĂ©rence statistiquement significative (p = 0,00000). En analyse multivariĂ©e; Seuls l'Ăąge supĂ©rieur ou Ă©gal Ă  43 ans, le taux de CD4 initial < 100 c/mm3 et le sexe masculin Ă©taient significativement associĂ©s Ă  cette dissociation immunovirologique.Conclusion: Les principaux facteurs associĂ©s Ă  la dissociation immunovirologique Ă©tant Ă©valuĂ©s, d'autres Ă©tudes portant sur ce groupe mĂ©riteraient d'ĂȘtre envisagĂ©es afin de connaitre l'impact de cette rĂ©ponse immunologique partielle sur la survenue d'infections opportunistes ou bien la mise en place d'une trithĂ©rapie spĂ©cifique uniquement dans le but d'avoir une restauration immunologique optimale.Mots clĂ©s: Dissociation, immunovirologique, VIH, DakarEnglish Title: Factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation in HIV-1-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy in the Ambulatory Treatment Center (ATC) in DakarEnglish AbstractIntroduction: the objective of this work is to evaluate the different factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation despite highly active and effective antiretroviral treatment.Methods: we conducted a retrospective, cohort, descriptive and analytical study of the medical records of HIV-1 infected patients having received at least 12 months of antiretroviral therapy, followed in the ATC cohort from 2001 to 2011 and with undetectable viral load in the last 6 months.Results: during this 10-year study period, the prevalence of IVD was 19.3%. Female sex was predominant, with a sex ratio of 1.9. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in male patients (29.7% vs 14.1%) with a statistically significant difference (p = 0,00006). The average age was 44 years ± 10 years. A history of tuberculosis was found in about a third of the cases (31.4%). Immunovirologic dissociation was significantly more frequent in patients with a history of tuberculosis (p = 0.00005). Most patients (68%) had AIDS at WHO clinical stages 3 or 4. Patients with immunovirologic dissociation were more often in WHO clinical stages 3 and 4 (p = 0.0001). More than half of the cases (56.2%) were found to be malnourished and immunovirologic dissociation was prevalent in malnourished patients (p=0.005). The mean CD4+ T lymphocytes counts was 86.7± 83 cells / mm3. Immunovirologic dissociation was more frequent in patients with initial low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.00000). By multivariate analysis, only age greater than or equal to 43 years, CD4 initial counts < 100 c/mm3 and male sex were significantly associated with this immunovirologic dissociation.Conclusion: our study assessed the main factors associated with immunovirologic dissociation. Other studies of this nature would also merit consideration in order to highlight the impact of this partial immune response on the emergence of opportunistic infections or the implementation of a specific tritherapy for the sole purpose of producing fully successful immune restoration.Keywords: Dissociation, immunovirologic, HIV, Daka

    Laparoscopic Appendectomy in Children: Preliminary Study in Pediatric Hospital Albert Royer, Dakar

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    Appendiceal pathology’s management has benefited in recent years from the advent of laparoscopic surgery. This study is to make a preliminary assessment of laparoscopic management of acute and complicated appendicitis in children after a few months of practice at the University Hospital Albert Royer, Dakar. This is a retrospective study of 22 cases of patients, all operated on by the same surgeon. The parameters studied were age, sex, clinical data and laboratory features, radiological data, and results of surgical treatment. The mean age of patients was 9.5 years with a male predominance. The series includes 14 cases of acute appendicitis and 8 complicated cases. Appendectomy anterograde is practiced in 81% of cases. Appendectomy was associated with peritoneal wash in 17 patients including 9 cases of acute appendicitis. Drainage of Douglas pouch is performed in 2 patients with complicated appendicitis; the average production was 300 cc of turbid liquids and any complications were not founded. An abscess of Douglas pouch is noted in 2 patients with complicated appendicitis undrained. These Douglas abscesses were treated medically. No conversion of laparotomy was performed in the series. After an average of 8 months no other problems were noted

    Use of collective expertise as a tool to reinforce food safety management in Africa

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    The Erasmus+ project (2017-2020) entitled Societal Challenges and Governance of African Universities: the case of ALIments in Morocco, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal (DAfrAli) seeks to strengthen the governance capacity of African Higher Education Institutions to mobilize their resources in order to respond to major societal challenges in relation to external stakeholders. A work package consisted of organizing three workshops to use Collective Expertise as a tool for the identification of societal risks, in the area of food safety. These three workshops were conducted in Morocco, in Senegal and in Democratic Republic of Congo. The exercise was performed by country academics with the contribution of the European project partners. Collective Expertise gave results that demonstrated that, with a careful and diversified selection of experts, this methodology can have a deep importance to list the food hazards in a country. The results obtained can induce changes in university curricula, showed the social impacts of food safety, unveiled research needs and training needs for different agents in the food sector and above all the impact in food policy in a country. The collective expertise approach of the determination of hazards also permitted to discuss possible organization models for food risk management in the 3 countries
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