Diseño de un sistema de costos por ordenes de producción para la asociación de productores agropecuarios patain perteneciente al Cantón Salcedo

Technological progress and national and international competition in the market have made companies, associations or organizations seek to be updated within their administration, so it is important to have a cost system to improve decision making. For which it is important that the Association of Agricultural Producers Patain, dedicated to the production of pulps and jams, have a Cost System for Production Orders for the benefit of both their customers and each of the partners. It was established that the main problem facing the Association is that they perform the calculation of their costs in an empirical way since they do not take into account the operating costs involved in the manufacture of the product, so this project aims to The design of a cost system for production orders through the identification of the different productive processes carried out in the Association, which allows the efficient use of the resources used, is essential. For the development of the project, methods have been used such as the investigation and bibliographic compilation, documentation of the association, techniques such as observation, and instruments such as the interview and the observation sheet addressed to the production area in order to obtain all the information necessary for the achievement of the project. The following results have been reached: the productive process is not continuous, it is very scarce due to the high cost of selling to the public of each of its products, in addition to the costs that are calculated, they do so empirically trying to generate a greater utility and not taking into account the real cost of the product that is made. It was determined that the design of a cost system will allow a better management, a chronological order with respect to each of the processes that are used for the elaboration of each product in order to obtain a more real cost, a greater facility to calculate the total values of each element of the costs in this case Raw Material, Labor, Indirect Manufacturing Costs (CIF) and that you can make sound decisions that benefit your customers and each of the partners.El avance tecnológico y la competencia nacional e internacional dentro del mercado han hecho que las empresas, asociaciones u organizaciones busquen estar actualizadas dentro de su administración, por lo que es importante contar con un sistema de costos que permita mejorar la toma de decisiones. Para lo cual es importante que la Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios Patain, dedicada a la producción de pulpas y mermeladas, cuente con un Sistema de Costos por Órdenes de Producción para el beneficio tanto de sus clientes como el de cada uno de los socios. Se pudo establecer que el principal problema que afronta la Asociación es que ellos realizan el cálculo de sus costos de manera empírica ya que no se toma en cuenta los costos de funcionamiento que intervienen en la fabricación del producto, por lo que este proyecto tiene como objetivo primordial el diseño de un sistema de costos por órdenes de producción a través de la identificación de los distintos procesos productivos que se realizan en la Asociación, el cual permita el uso eficiente de los recursos empleados. Para el desarrollo del proyecto, se han utilizado métodos como la indagación y recopilación bibliográfica, documentación de la asociación, técnicas como la observación, e instrumentos como la entrevista y la ficha de observación dirigidas al área de producción con la finalidad de obtener toda la información necesaria para el logro del proyecto. Se ha llegado a los siguientes resultados: el proceso productivo no es continuo es muy escaso debido al alto costo de venta al público de cada uno de sus productos, además de que los costos que se calculan, lo hacen de manera empírica tratando de generar una mayor utilidad y no tomando en cuenta el costo real del producto que se elabora. Se determinó que el diseño de un sistema de costos permitirá una mejor gestión, un orden cronológico con respecto a cada uno de los procesos que se utilizan para la elaboración de cada producto para así poder obtener un costo más real, una mayor facilidad para calcular los valores totales de cada elemento del costos en este caso Materia Prima, Mano de Obra, Costos Indirectos de Fabricación (CIF) y que se puedan tomar decisiones acertadas que beneficien a sus clientes y a cada uno de los socios

Food exchange list based on macronutrients: adapted for the Ecuadorian population

BackgroundFood exchange lists allow health professionals to generate healthy eating plans adapted to individual or population needs. The objective of this study was to develop the first food exchange list based on the macronutrients and energy provided by the various food groups of the Ecuadorian diet.MethodsThe list of Ecuadorian food exchanges was constructed by going through the following phases: (1) Selection of household measurements; (2) Selection of tables and databases of the nutritional composition of food items; (3) Definition of food groups and quantities; (4) Determination of the average energy and macronutrient values of each group; and (5) Photographic record. For the definition of food quantities, statistical criteria were applied according to a standard deviation of ±2SD; thus, for carbohydrates: ±5 g, total fat: ±2 g, and protein: ±3 g. To ensure the inclusion of the food items in the groups, a coefficient of variation of less than 30% and a Z value of ±2 were also considered.ResultsThe list of food exchanges is presented with eight general groups according to the predominant nutrient (carbohydrates, proteins, or fats), and, where necessary, subgroups are included according to the second predominant nutrient. The list includes 404 food items with their photographic record, represented by their net weights and corresponding household measurement. All food items met the statistical criteria that help to reduce the variability of the nutritional composition of the food items in each group.ConclusionThis is the first list of Ecuadorian food exchanges based on statistical criteria. It represents a novel tool for public health professionals as well as researchers. Resulting healthier eating plans may improve daily dietetic practice, facilitate better clinical trial designs and help establish guidelines according to Ecuador’s cultural and dietary patterns. The described methodology can further be used to develop other food exchanges lists for patients with specific nutritional requirements

Effects of 1-Year Intervention with a Mediterranean Diet on Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolic Syndrome in a Population at High Cardiovascular Risk

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become an important public concern due to its increasing prevalence. An altered fatty acid composition has been associated with MetS, but the Mediterranean diet has been shown to have a protective effect. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of a Mediterranean dietary pattern, as assessed by the biomarkers of food supplied, on the plasma fatty acid composition and its relation with MetS after 1 year of intervention. METHODS: A total of 424 subjects were randomly selected from the PREDIMED randomized dietary trial after completing a 1-year intervention program. Participants aged 55 to 80 years and at high risk of cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned to three dietary interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts, or a low-fat diet. RESULTS: After 1 year of intervention participants in the virgin olive oil group showed significantly increased plasma concentrations of palmitic and oleic acids, but reduced proportions of margaric, stearic, and linoleic acids. In turn, subjects in the nut group showed significantly increased levels of palmitic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids, but reduced proportions of myristic, margaric, palmitoleic, and dihommo-γ-linoleic acids. Increases in the biomarkers of foods supplied to the Mediterranean diet groups, i.e., oleic and α-linolenic acids, were beneficially associated with the incidence, reversion and prevalence of MetS. No weight changes were observed among participants. CONCLUSIONS: The nut and olive oil diets induced a fatty acid composition that has been shown to be beneficial in the face of MetS. Therefore, a Mediterranean diet rich in fats of vegetable origin may be a useful tool for the management of MetS without the need for concerns over weight gain due to its high fat content

Tabla de densidades de alimentos del Ecuador

In the area of human nutrition, knowing the weights of foods consumed by individuals or groups has implications in the analysis of nutritional status or the generation of strategies for nutritional interventions, since only from the weight of the food can the health professional define its contribution in macro and micronutrients. Absolute density is the ratio of mass (g) per unit volume (ml) of a body at a given temperature. This property allows estimating the weight or volume of a food. So far, Ecuador does not have a reference list with the densities of foods consumed in our country, which facilitates the estimation of the amount in weight of food consumed by an individual, for example. The research team, in order to meet this need, provides a database as a tool for researchers and professionals who require conversion processes from volume to weight and vice versa. The data were collected through direct measurements and in this way the authors present the first table of food densities in Ecuador.En el área de la nutrición humana conocer los pesos de los alimentos que los individuos o colectivos consumen, tiene implicaciones en el análisis del estado nutricional o la generación de estrategias de intervenciones nutricionales, ya que el profesional de la salud sólo a partir del peso del alimento puede definir su aporte en macro y micronutrientes. La densidad absoluta es la relación de la masa (g) por unidad de volumen (ml) de un cuerpo a una temperatura determinada. Esta propiedad permite estimar el peso o el volumen de un alimento. Hasta el momento, Ecuador no cuenta con una lista de referencia con las densidades de los alimentos consumidos en nuestro país, que faciliten la estimación de la cantidad en peso de los alimentos por ejemplo que consume un individuo. El equipo de investigación, con la finalidad de suplir esta necesidad, proporciona una base de datos como herramienta para investigadores y profesionales que requieren procesos conversión de volumen en peso y viceversa. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de mediciones directas y de esta forma los autores presentamos la primera tabla de densidades de alimentos del Ecuador

The Effect of Maternal Obesity on Breast Milk Fatty Acids and Its Association with Infant Growth and Cognition—The PREOBE Follow-Up

This study analyzed how maternal obesity affected fatty acids (FAs) in breast milk and their association with infant growth and cognition to raise awareness about the programming effect of maternal health and to promote a healthy prenatal weight. Mother–child pairs (n = 78) were grouped per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI): normal-weight (BMI = 18.5–24.99), overweight (BMI = 25–29.99) and obese (BMI > 30). Colostrum and mature milk FAs were determined. Infant anthropometry at 6, 18 and 36 months of age and cognition at 18 were analyzed. Mature milk exhibited lower arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among others, than colostrum. Breast milk of non-normal weight mothers presented increased saturated FAs and n6:n3 ratio and decreased a-linolenic acid (ALA), DHA and monounsaturated FAs. Infant BMI-for-age at 6 months of age was inversely associated with colostrum n6 (e.g., AA) and n3 (e.g., DHA) FAs and positively associated with n6:n3 ratio. Depending on the maternal weight, infant cognition was positively influenced by breast milk linoleic acid, n6 PUFAs, ALA, DHA and n3 LC-PUFAs, and negatively a ected by n6:n3 ratio. In conclusion, this study shows that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI can influence breast milk FAs and infant growth and cognition, endorsing the importance of a healthy weight in future generations.This research was funded by the European Commission (DynaHEALTH-HORIZON 2020GANo: 633595) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2012-40254-C03-02). Further support was obtained from, Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science (Junta de Andalucía), Excellence Projects (P06-CTS-02341). ADLGP thanks the Mexican government and the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT) for her PhD grant. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Association of maternal weight with FADS and ELOVL genetic variants and fatty acid levels- The PREOBE follow-up.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) and elongase (ELOVL) enzymes affect long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) production. We aimed to determine if these SNPs are associated with body mass index (BMI) or affect fatty acids (FAs) in pregnant women. Participants (n = 180) from the PREOBE cohort were grouped according to pre-pregnancy BMI: normal-weight (BMI = 18.5-24.9, n = 88) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25, n = 92). Plasma samples were analyzed at 24 weeks of gestation to measure FA levels in the phospholipid fraction. Selected SNPs were genotyped (7 in FADS1, 5 in FADS2, 3 in ELOVL2 and 2 in ELOVL5). Minor allele carriers of rs174545, rs174546, rs174548 and rs174553 (FADS1), and rs1535 and rs174583 (FADS2) were nominally associated with an increased risk of having a BMI≥25. Only for the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of rs174537, rs174545, rs174546, and rs174553 (FADS1) were negatively associated with AA:DGLA index. Normal-weight women who were minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs had lower levels of AA, AA:DGLA and AA:LA indexes, and higher levels of DGLA, compared to major homozygotes. Among minor allele carriers of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher DHA:EPA index than the normal-weight group; however, they did not present higher DHA concentrations than the normal-weight women. In conclusion, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs have an increased risk of obesity. Maternal weight changes the effect of genotype on FA levels. Only in the normal-weight group, minor allele carriers of FADS SNPs displayed reduced enzymatic activity and FA levels. This suggests that women with a BMI≥25 are less affected by FADS genetic variants in this regard. In the presence of FADS2 and ELOVL2 SNPs, overweight/obese women showed higher n-3 LC-PUFA production indexes than women with normal weight, but this was not enough to obtain a higher n-3 LC-PUFA concentration

Controversia actual sobre el papel crítico de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga, araquidónico (ARA) y docosahexaenoico (DHA), en el lactante = Controversy about the critical role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), during infancy

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are critical for infant growth and development, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). ARA and DHA are components of cell membrane phospholipids and play an important role in cell division, differentiation, and signaling; and DHA is the n-3 fatty acid predominant in the developing brain and retina. During the third trimester of pregnancy, LC-PUFAs increase substantially in fetal circulation, and a "biomagnification" process in the fetal brain is observed. Moreover, LC-PUFAs are precursors of eicosanoids and metabolites, which modulate the intensity and duration of the immune response. LC-PUFA synthesis implies complex desaturation and elongation processes on their principal precursors, linoleic acid (LA) (18:3 n-6) (series n-6) and α-linolenic acid (LNA) (20:3 n-3) (series n-3), where fatty acid desaturases (FADS) and elongases (ELOVL) are competing. It is important to notice that during the first months of life, as a consequence of low enzymatic activity, LC-PUFA synthesis from LA and LNA is reduced, especially in those infants carrying variations in the FADS and ELOVL genes, which are involved in LC-PUFA synthesis, and so they are unable to supply their own DHA and ARA needs. Homozygote infants for FADS haplotype A (97 % of the Latinoamerican population) show low levels of ARA (only 43 %) and DHA (only 24 %) when compared to those carrying haplotype D (more prevalent in Europe, Africa and Asia). Human milk is the only source of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA for the neonate and infant till complementary feeding (CF) is introduced. Infants fed with infant formulas must receive enough amounts of LA, LNA, ARA, and DHA to cover their nutritional requirements. The new guidelines by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2016) recommend that infant formulas and follow-on formulas must contain 20-50 mg of DHA/100 kcal (0.5-1 % of total fatty acids, which is higher than in human milk and the majority of infant formulas in the market), and it is not necessary to add ARA. This new regulation, which is already applicable since February 2020, has resulted in profound controversy because there is no scientific evidence about its appropriateness and safety for healthy children. Then, different international expert groups have revised the research already published about the effects of ARA and DHA addition to infant formulas, and discussed different emerging questions from this European directive. The expert group led from the University of Granada (Spain) recommends the addition of ARA in similar or higher concentrations than those of DHA, at least equal to those present in human milk (0.3 % of total fatty acids), although preferably 0.5 % and up to around 0.64 % of total fatty acids, since new studies confirm the optimal intake of ARA and DHA during the different developmental stages. This recommendation could be of particular importance for infants carrying the haplotype A of FADS.Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) son críticos para el crecimiento y desarrollo infantil, en particular los ácidos araquidónico (ARA, C20:4n-6) y docosahexaenoico (DHA, C22:6n-3). El ARA y el DHA son componentes de los fosfolípidos de las membranas celulares y desempeñan importantes funciones en la división, diferenciación y señalización celular, siendo el DHA el ácido graso de la serie n-3 predominante en el cerebro y la retina en desarrollo. Durante el tercer trimestre de la gestación, los AGPI-CL aumentan de forma sustancial en la circulación fetal, observándose un proceso de “biomagnificación” en el cerebro fetal. Además, los AGPI-CL son precursores de los eicosanoides y metabolitos implicados en la modulación de la intensidad y duración de la respuesta inmunitaria. La síntesis de AGPI-CL implica un complejo proceso de desaturación y elongación desde los precursores principales, el ácido linoleico (18:3 n-6) (LA) (serie n-6) y el ácido α-linolénico (20:3 n-3) (LNA) (serie n-3), por los cuales compiten las enzimas desaturasas (FADS) y elongasas (ELOVL). Es importante indicar que en los primeros meses de vida, como consecuencia de la baja actividad enzimática, la síntesis de AGPI-CL a partir de LA y LNA es reducida, especialmente en los niños con variaciones en los genes que codifican las FADS y ELOVL involucradas en la síntesis de AGPI-CL y que, por tanto, son incapaces de cubrir por sí mismos sus necesidades de ARA y DHA. Los homocigotos para el haplotipo A de las FADS (97 % de la población latinoamericana) muestran niveles de ARA y DHA de tan solo un 43 % y un 24 %, respectivamente, inferiores a los de los individuos con haplotipo D (más frecuente en Europa, África y Asia). La leche humana constituye la única fuente de LA, LNA, ARA y DHA para el recién nacido y el lactante hasta la introducción de la alimentación complementaria (AC). Los niños alimentados con fórmulas infantiles deben recibir las cantidades de LA, LNA, ARA y DHA suficientes para cubrir los requerimientos nutricionales. La nueva normativa de la Autoridad Europea de Seguridad Alimentaria (EFSA) (2016) indica que las fórmulas infantiles de inicio y continuación deben contener entre 20 y 50 mg de DHA/100 kcal (0,5-1 % del total de ácidos grasos: más elevado que en la leche humana y en la mayoría de fórmulas infantiles comercializadas) sin la necesidad de incluir también ARA. Esta nueva regulación, que está vigente desde febrero de 2020, ha despertado una gran controversia, al no existir evidencia científica acerca de su pertinencia y seguridad para los niños sanos. Por ello, diferentes grupos de expertos internacionales han revisado la investigación publicada acerca del ARA y el DHA, y discutido diferentes cuestiones emergentes a partir de esta nueva directiva Europea. El grupo de expertos, liderado desde la Universidad de Granada (España), recomienda la adición de ARA en concentraciones iguales o mayores que las de DHA, alcanzando al menos el contenido presente en la leche humana (0,3 % del total de ácidos grasos), aunque preferiblemente un 0,5 % y hasta alrededor del 0,64 % del total de AG, hasta que nuevos estudios confirmen la ingesta óptima de ARA y DHA durante las distintas etapas del desarrollo. Esta recomendación podría ser de especial importancia para los niños portadores del haplotipo A de las FADS

Effects of 1-year intervention with a mediterranean diet on plasma fatty acid composition and metabolic syndrome in a population at high cardiovascular risk

Background & Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become an important public concern due to its increasing prevalence. An altered fatty acid composition has been associated with MetS, but the Mediterranean diet has been shown to have a protective effect. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of a Mediterranean dietary pattern, as assessed by the biomarkers of food supplied, on the plasma fatty acid composition and its relation with MetS after 1 year of intervention. Methods: A total of 424 subjects were randomly selected from the PREDIMED randomized dietary trial after completing a 1- year intervention program. Participants aged 55 to 80 years and at high risk of cardiovascular disease were randomly assigned to three dietary interventions: Mediterranean diet supplemented with virgin olive oil or nuts, or a low-fat diet. Results: After 1 year of intervention participants in the virgin olive oil group showed significantly increased plasma concentrations of palmitic and oleic acids, but reduced proportions of margaric, stearic, and linoleic acids. In turn, subjects in the nut group showed significantly increased levels of palmitic, linoleic, and a-linolenic acids, but reduced proportions of myristic, margaric, palmitoleic, and dihommo-c-linoleic acids. Increases in the biomarkers of foods supplied to the Mediterranean diet groups, i.e., oleic and a-linolenic acids, were beneficially associated with the incidence, reversion and prevalence of MetS. No weight changes were observed among participants. Conclusions: The nut and olive oil diets induced a fatty acid composition that has been shown to be beneficial in the face of MetS. Therefore, a Mediterranean diet rich in fats of vegetable origin may be a useful tool for the management of MetS without the need for concerns over weight gain due to its high fat content

Papel de los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) en el desarrollo de enfermedades atópicas en la primera etapa de la vida

[spa] La composición de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI-CL) en los tejidos humanos es esencial para mantener las funciones metabólicas y la salud. Diferentes patologías, incluidas las enfermedades atópicas, han sido relacionadas con los niveles de AGPI-CL. Además de la dieta, un factor que influye en la composición de los AGPI-CL en los tejidos humanos es la síntesis de novo de los mismos. En este proceso, los AGPI-CL son sintetizados a partir de AG esenciales a través de diferentes etapas de desaturación y elongación. Las enzimas que participan son las desaturasas: Δ5-desaturasa (D5D, codificada por el gen FADS1) y Δ6-desaturasa (D6D, codificada por el gen FADS2), y las elongasas: Elongasa-2 (codificada por el gen ELOVL2) y Elongasa-5 (codificada por el gen ELOVL5). Por otro lado, existe un escaso conocimiento sobre la relación de los ácidos grasos trans (AGT) con el desarrollo de las enfermedades atópicas. Se ha sugerido que los AGT pueden modificar el metabolismo de los AGPI-CL, teniendo efectos beneficiosos los AGT procedentes de fuentes naturales [ácido t-vaccénico (VA) y ácido ruménico (RA)] respecto a los AGT de fuentes industriales [ácido elaídico (ELA)]. El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue investigar sí la composición plasmática de AG, durante la vida fetal y postnatal, afecta al desarrollo de las enfermedades atópicas en los niños. En base al Proyecto INMA de la Cohorte de Sabadell (Cataluña, España) los resultados más importantes son: Desarrollo del método que nos permitió identificar, separar y cuantificar los AG de los fosfolípidos plasmáticos y de la leche materna, especialmente los AGT (ELA, VA y RA). Se usaron placas de extracción en fase sólida (SPE) de 96 pocillos para las muestras de plasma, y se optimizó la cantidad de muestra para la leche materna. Una adecuada precisión y recuperación garantizan la validez del método. Pudimos observar que durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, niveles de ELA se correlacionan negativamente con los AGPI-CL n-3, mientras que niveles altos de ácido ruménico ayudan a una mejor metabolización de los AGPI-CL en el plasma materno. Una exposición temprana del feto a altos niveles de VA puede tener un efecto protector frente al desarrollo del eczema atópico en el primer año de vida. Además, se observó que bajos niveles de AGLP-CL n-3, especialmente EPA y DHA en el plasma del cordón umbilical están asociados con el aumento del riesgo de eczema atópico en el primer año de vida. También, bajos niveles de la suma total de AGPI-CL fueron encontrados en el plasma de madres alérgicas, lo que nos indica que la dieta durante el embarazo junto con la transferencia de los AG al feto juega un papel crítico en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Por otro lado, se encontró que las variantes genéticas de los genes que codifican a las desaturasas y elongasas, FADS y ELOVL, en las madres y los niños determinan la composición de AG en el nacimiento y están asociadas con el desarrollo de eczema atópico y sibilancias. Finalmente, se observó que los niños de 4 años de edad con eczema atópico tienen una baja expresión de los genes FADS2 y ELOVL5. Además, se pudo comprobar que los niveles de DGLA y la actividad enzimática de la D6D están directamente influidos por los cambios de expresión del gen FADS2. En resumen, los resultados presentados en esta tesis sostienen la hipótesis de que existe una relación causal entre los ácidos grasos plasmáticos de la madre y el niño y el desarrollo de enfermedades atópicas como el eczema atópico, y que además las variantes genéticas de madre e hijo, juegan un papel crucial en la evolución de la enfermedad.[eng] This thesis has been focused on the study of the TFA [elaidic (ELA), t-vaccenic (VA) and rumenic acid (RA)] and LC-PUFAS plasmatic composition, during fetal and postnatal life and its relation with the development of atopic diseases during childhood. An efficient fast gas chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of EA, VA and RA contents in human plasma phospholipids and human milk was optimized and validated. The study of the plasmatic levels of specific TFA in maternal plasma shows that EA correlated negatively with n-3 LC-PUFAs (EPA and DHA) and RA positively with both n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs in maternal plasma. Regarding to atopic diseases, high VA concentrations in maternal plasma may protect offspring against atopic eczema in infancy. Thus the FA status of the fetus during pregnancy has an important role in the development of atopic eczema in early childhood. The prevalence of this atopic disorder is related to lower cord blood plasma levels of FA belonging to n-3 series, especially DHA. The conversion of essential fatty acids to longer chain, biological active metabolites is regulated by the enzymes desaturases [5-desaturase (D5D) and 6-desaturase (D6D) encoded by genes FADS1 and FADS2, respectively] and elongases (Elongase 2 and Elongase5 encoded by genes ELOVL2 and ELOVL5, respectively). In this study we have verified that mother and child genetic variation in FADS and ELOVL genes determines FA composition at birth and is associated with the risk of developing atopic eczema and wheeze in early childhood. Moreover, we observed that changes in the mRNA-expression levels of FADS1 and 2 directly affect blood DGLA levels and D6D activity. Finally, this study suggests that low mRNA-expressions of FADS2 and ELOVL5 are associated with high risk of atopic eczema in childhood. In summary, the results presented in this thesis support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between plasma fatty acids composition of the mother and child and the development of atopic diseases such as atopic eczema, and additionally, that genetic variants of both mother and child play a crucial role in the evolution of the disease

Estudio de factibilidad para el fomento de la agricultura orgánica urbana de hortalizas (acelgas) en el sector de la Argelia Alta

This feasibility study is on urban organic agriculture as an alternative to promote the production of small farmers. Organic farming involves making a agrochemical-free production. This type of agriculture allows the incorporation of technologies that helps make farming techniques that promote better management of land and all the diversity around them. Moreover in Ecuador using technologies of agricultural production unsuitable to the particular ecosystem is resulting in the destruction of rivers, oceans, atmosphere and especially land that must support different toxic discharges unsuitable products which have caused different changes in our environment, leaving us with infertile land.Este estudio de factibilidad se trata sobre la agricultura orgánica urbana como una alternativa para promover la producción de pequeños agricultores. La agricultura orgánica consiste en realizar una producción libre de agroquímicos. Este tipo de agricultura permite la incorporación de tecnologías que ayuda a realizar técnicas agrícolas que fomenten el mejor manejo de la tierra y de toda la diversidad a su alrededor. Por otra parte en el Ecuador el uso de tecnologías de producción agrícolas inadecuadas para los particulares ecosistemas, viene dando como resultado la destrucción de la biodiversidad ríos, mares, atmosfera y sobre todo tierra que deben soportar las diferentes descargas toxicas de productos inadecuados, lo que han ocasionado los diferentes cambios en nuestro medio ambiente dejándonos con tierras infértiles