Análisis de rentabilidades entre la deuda pública y la deuda privada colombiana

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y demostrar que el mercado de deuda privada puede llegar a ser igual de atractivo al mercado de deuda pública, por tanto, rentabilidades que ofrece, por su estabilidad boca-boca y por el respaldo a las entidades importantes del país. Al igual, determinado establece el mercado de la deuda privada como una alternativa de inversión para las entidades financieras que no tienen complementado este negocio con una opción para sus portafolios.Comportamiento y antecedentes del mercado financiero Colombiano ( 2003-2005). Análisis de inversión. Mercado de deuda pública. Análisis de las rentabilidades deuda pública. Deuda privada Colombiana. Análisis del mercado deuda privada. Análisis de las rentabilidades deuda privada. Análisis comparativo de los dos mercados.Administrador de EmpresasPregradoEMM

Estudio genómico de los determinantes de patogenicidad y marcadores VNTR en el patógeno bacteriano de la yuca Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis Strain CIO151

l pasado 21 de abril de 2009 la Honorable Consiliatura dio su aprobación al proyecto denominado Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la SaludXanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in Africa and South America. Current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. Previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable tools for diagnostics and detection. Here we have generated the first manually annotated high-quality draft genome sequence of Xam strain CIO151. Its genomic structure is similar to that of other xanthomonads, especially Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri species. Several putative pathogenicity factors were identified, including type III effectors, cell wall-degrading enzymes and clusters encoding protein secretion systems. Specific characteristics in this genome include changes in the xanthomonadin cluster that could explain the lack of typical yellow color in all strains of this pathovar and the presence of 50 regions in the genome with atypical nucleotide composition. The genome sequence was used to predict and evaluate 22 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci that were subsequently demonstrated as polymorphic in representative Xam strains. Our results demonstrate that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain CIO151 possesses ten clusters of pathogenicity factors conserved within the genus Xanthomonas. We report 126 genes that are potentially unique to Xam, as well as potential horizontal transfer events in the history of the genome. The relation of these regions with virulence and pathogenicity could explain several aspects of the biology of this pathogen, including its ability to colonize both vascular and non-vascular tissues of cassava plants. A set of 16 robust, polymorphic VNTR loci will be useful to develop a multi-locus VNTR analysis scheme for epidemiological surveillance of this disease

Revista CreSER Universidad del Rosario

“Las historias de vida de los estudiantes hacen parte de nuestro patrimonio como institución, queremos dejar constancia de esto; cada una de las potentes voces que acompañan el primer número de esta revista constituyen un aporte a lo que nos define como universidad”... Juan Felipe Córdoba Restrepo, Director Editorial, Universidad del Rosario“The life stories of the students are part of our heritage as an institution, we want to record this; each of the powerful voices that accompany the first issue of this magazine constitute a contribution to what defines us as a university”... Juan Felipe Córdoba Restrepo, Director Editorial, Universidad del Rosari

Genomic survey of pathogenicity determinants and VNTR markers in the cassava bacterial pathogen <em>Xanthomonas axonopodis</em> pv. <em>manihotis</em> strain CIO151

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam) is the causal agent of bacterial blight of cassava, which is among the main components of human diet in Africa and South America. Current information about the molecular pathogenicity factors involved in the infection process of this organism is limited. Previous studies in other bacteria in this genus suggest that advanced draft genome sequences are valuable resources for molecular studies on their interaction with plants and could provide valuable tools for diagnostics and detection. Here we have generated the first manually annotated high-quality draft genome sequence of Xam strain CIO151. Its genomic structure is similar to that of other xanthomonads, especially Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas citri pv. citri species. Several putative pathogenicity factors were identified, including type III effectors, cell wall-degrading enzymes and clusters encoding protein secretion systems. Specific characteristics in this genome include changes in the xanthomonadin cluster that could explain the lack of typical yellow color in all strains of this pathovar and the presence of 50 regions in the genome with atypical nucleotide composition. The genome sequence was used to predict and evaluate 22 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci that were subsequently demonstrated as polymorphic in representative Xam strains. Our results demonstrate that Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis strain CIO151 possesses ten clusters of pathogenicity factors conserved within the genus Xanthomonas. We report 126 genes that are potentially unique to Xam, as well as potential horizontal transfer events in the history of the genome. The relation of these regions with virulence and pathogenicity could explain several aspects of the biology of this pathogen, including its ability to colonize both vascular and non-vascular tissues of cassava plants. A set of 16 robust, polymorphic VNTR loci will be useful to develop a multi-locus VNTR analysis scheme for epidemiological surveillance of this disease. (Résumé d'auteur

Putative pathogenicity elements identified in the genome of <i>Xam</i> CIO151.

1<p>Number indicates CDS identified by key word searches in iANT.</p

Circular representation of the genome sequence of <i>Xam</i> CIO151.

<p>From outside to inside: first circle in blue indicates CDS predicted in the positive strands for the scaffolds classified as probable chromosomal regions. Second circle in red indicates the CDS predicted in the negative strand. Red spots in the black third circle indicate the region identified with atypical nucleotide composition. The fourth circle indicates the deviation pattern from the average G+C content. Inner circle shows GC skew values, positive values are shown in purple and negative values are shown in orange. Numbers correspond to scaffold IDs.</p

Phylogeny of conserved effectors in the genus <i>Xanthomonas</i>.

<p>Phylogenetic tree of concatenated conserved effector protein sequences of AvrBs2, XopK, XopL, XopN, XopQ XopR families and the Hpa1 protein, obtained with a Bayesian approach. Numbers on branches indicate Bayesian support values. Length of branches indicates the number of amino acid substitutions per site.</p

General features of the genome of <i>Xam</i> CIO151.

<p>General features of the genome of <i>Xam</i> CIO151.</p

Molecular analysis of selected VNTR loci of <i>Xam</i>.

<p>PCR amplicons of VNTR loci of <i>Xam</i> were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. A, XaG1_02 (362 bp); B, XaG1_29 (251 bp); C, XaG1_58 (192 bp); D, XaG2_50 (119 bp); E, XaG1_12 (111 bp). For comparison, expected sizes for <i>Xam</i> strain CIO151 are given in brackets.</p

Comparison of the genomic structure of <i>Xam</i> CIO151 with that of closely related members from the genus <i>Xanthomonas</i>.

<p>Scaffolds of <i>Xam</i> CIO151 were ordered based on the alignment with the complete genome sequence of <i>X. euvesicatoria</i>, <b><i>Xeu</i></b>, and then genome comparisons were performed using MUMmer (<b>A</b>). Alignment of ordered scaffolds of <i>Xam</i> CIO151 with the complete genome sequences of <i>X. axonopodis</i> pv. citri str. 306, <b><i>Xac</i></b> (<b>B</b>); <i>X. campestris</i> pv. campestris str. 8004, <b><i>Xcc</i></b> (<b>C</b>); <i>X. albilineans</i>, <b><i>Xal</i></b> (<b>D</b>); and <i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i> PXO99^A, <b><i>Xoo</i></b> (<b>E</b>) chromosomes. Scaffolds classified as parts of the chromosome of <i>Xam</i> CIO151 are shown in the y-axis. Red dots represent conserved segments while blue dots represent inverted regions.</p