14 research outputs found

    Wood smoke particles from different combustion phases induce similar pro-inflammatory effects in a co-culture of monocyte and pneumocyte cell lines

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    Background Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked to several adverse cardiopulmonary effects, probably via biological mechanisms involving inflammation. The pro-inflammatory potential of PM depends on the particles’ physical and chemical characteristics, which again depend on the emitting source. Wood combustion is a major source of ambient air pollution in Northern countries during the winter season. The overall aim of this study was therefore to investigate cellular responses to wood smoke particles (WSPs) collected from different phases of the combustion cycle, and from combustion at different temperatures. Results WSPs from different phases of the combustion cycle induced very similar effects on pro-inflammatory mediator release, cytotoxicity and cell number, whereas WSPs from medium-temperature combustion were more cytotoxic than WSPs from high-temperature incomplete combustion. Furthermore, comparisons of effects induced by native WSPs with the corresponding organic extracts and washed particles revealed that the organic fraction was the most important determinant for the WSP-induced effects. However, the responses induced by the organic fraction could generally not be linked to the content of the measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that also other organic compounds were involved. Conclusion The toxicity of WSPs seems to a large extent to be determined by stove type and combustion conditions, rather than the phase of the combustion cycle. Notably, this toxicity seems to strongly depend on the organic fraction, and it is probably associated with organic components other than the commonly measured unsubstituted PAHs

    Antioxidant airway responses following experimental exposure to wood smoke in man

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    Background: Biomass combustion contributes to the production of ambient particulate matter (PM) in rural environments as well as urban settings, but relatively little is known about the health effects of these emissions. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize airway responses in humans exposed to wood smoke PM under controlled conditions. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to both wood smoke, at a particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration of 224 +/- 22 mu g/m(3), and filtered air for three hours with intermittent exercise. The wood smoke was generated employing an experimental set-up with an adjustable wood pellet boiler system under incomplete combustion. Symptoms, lung function, and exhaled NO were measured over exposures, with bronchoscopy performed 24 h post-exposure for characterisation of airway inflammatory and antioxidant responses in airway lavages. Results: Glutathione (GSH) concentrations were enhanced in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) after wood smoke exposure vs. air (p = 0.025), together with an increase in upper airway symptoms. Neither lung function, exhaled NO nor systemic nor airway inflammatory parameters in BAL and bronchial mucosal biopsies were significantly affected. Conclusions: Exposure of healthy subjects to wood smoke, derived from an experimental wood pellet boiler operating under incomplete combustion conditions with PM emissions dominated by organic matter, caused an increase in mucosal symptoms and GSH in the alveolar respiratory tract lining fluids but no acute airway inflammatory responses. We contend that this response reflects a mobilisation of GSH to the air-lung interface, consistent with a protective adaptation to the investigated wood smoke exposure

    Photocatalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid on Mo2C-Containing Catalyst

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    Soluble components in the peripheral blood from experimental exposure of 14 healthy subjects to filtered air and wood smoke. Samples were collected before (pre), at 24 h and 44 h after exposure, to air and wood smoke. Data are given as medians with interquartile range. (DOCX 62 kb

    Barn och FörÀldrars Syn pÄ Datorspelande : Skiljer sig uppfattningarna?

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    Den hĂ€r uppsatsen har som syfte att se om det finns skillnader i hur förĂ€ldrar och barn uppfattar datorspelande men Ă€ven om pojkar och flickor ser datorspelande pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt. Datorspelande finns i mĂ„nga former och har blivit en stor del av vardagen, speciellt nĂ€r det gĂ€ller dagens generation som Ă€r uppvuxna i ett konsumtionssamhĂ€lle dĂ€r media ofta vĂ€nder sig till de unga konsumenterna. För att undersöka om det skiljer sig i hur barn och deras förĂ€ldrar upplever datorspelande har en enkĂ€tundersökning genomförts pĂ„ en skolklass i Ă„rskurs 7 samt deras förĂ€ldrar, samtliga 25 elever och 18 av de 25 tillfrĂ„gade förĂ€ldrarna svarade pĂ„ enkĂ€ten, svaren samt den tidigare forskningen som redovisas ligger till grund för materialet i den hĂ€r studien. DĂ„ studien stötte pĂ„ en del problem som ledde till ett byte frĂ„n kvalitativ till kvantitativ metod kommer konsekvenserna det hade för studien att redovisas mer ingĂ„ende i metod delen. Resultaten i studien berör huruvida barn och förĂ€ldrar ser olika eller lika i frĂ„ga om datorspelade. I uppsatsen framgĂ„r det att barn som anvĂ€nder datorn mest enligt bĂ„de förĂ€ldrar och barnen sjĂ€lva, det Ă€r Ă€ven ovanligt att förĂ€ldrar spelar, eller talar om spel, med sina barn. Det visar sig Ă€ven att förĂ€ldrar inte anser att det Ă€r kul med datorspel och att de flesta aldrig spelar, vilket kan betyda att det finns en generationsskillnad. FörĂ€ldrar anser inte heller att barn lĂ€r sig av datorspel i samma utstrĂ€ckning som barnen sjĂ€lva vilket kan bero pĂ„ att förĂ€ldrar inte ser barnens skolresultat pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som till exempel en lĂ€rare. Att förĂ€ldrarna ansĂ„g att barnen sitter lite vid datorn kan visa pĂ„ att barnkulturen idag ser datorer som ett verktyg, som kan ha positiva egenskaper. Barn och förĂ€ldrar har inte heller samma uppfattning om huruvida de i familjen har regler om datorspelande, fler förĂ€ldrar Ă€n barn angav att de hade regler för till exempel hur sent man fĂ„r spela, möjligtvis beror det pĂ„ konflikter i familjen eller att förĂ€ldrar vill verka ”duktiga”. Det finns Ă€ven en skillnad i spelande mellan pojkar och flickor, fĂ„ flickor angav att de spelar datorspel, det kan tyda pĂ„ att datorspelande Ă€r en fortsatt stereotypt manlig hobby eller att flickor inte vill tala om att de spelar dĂ„ det inte Ă€r lika socialt accepterat

    Barn och FörÀldrars Syn pÄ Datorspelande : Skiljer sig uppfattningarna?

    No full text
    Den hĂ€r uppsatsen har som syfte att se om det finns skillnader i hur förĂ€ldrar och barn uppfattar datorspelande men Ă€ven om pojkar och flickor ser datorspelande pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt. Datorspelande finns i mĂ„nga former och har blivit en stor del av vardagen, speciellt nĂ€r det gĂ€ller dagens generation som Ă€r uppvuxna i ett konsumtionssamhĂ€lle dĂ€r media ofta vĂ€nder sig till de unga konsumenterna. För att undersöka om det skiljer sig i hur barn och deras förĂ€ldrar upplever datorspelande har en enkĂ€tundersökning genomförts pĂ„ en skolklass i Ă„rskurs 7 samt deras förĂ€ldrar, samtliga 25 elever och 18 av de 25 tillfrĂ„gade förĂ€ldrarna svarade pĂ„ enkĂ€ten, svaren samt den tidigare forskningen som redovisas ligger till grund för materialet i den hĂ€r studien. DĂ„ studien stötte pĂ„ en del problem som ledde till ett byte frĂ„n kvalitativ till kvantitativ metod kommer konsekvenserna det hade för studien att redovisas mer ingĂ„ende i metod delen. Resultaten i studien berör huruvida barn och förĂ€ldrar ser olika eller lika i frĂ„ga om datorspelade. I uppsatsen framgĂ„r det att barn som anvĂ€nder datorn mest enligt bĂ„de förĂ€ldrar och barnen sjĂ€lva, det Ă€r Ă€ven ovanligt att förĂ€ldrar spelar, eller talar om spel, med sina barn. Det visar sig Ă€ven att förĂ€ldrar inte anser att det Ă€r kul med datorspel och att de flesta aldrig spelar, vilket kan betyda att det finns en generationsskillnad. FörĂ€ldrar anser inte heller att barn lĂ€r sig av datorspel i samma utstrĂ€ckning som barnen sjĂ€lva vilket kan bero pĂ„ att förĂ€ldrar inte ser barnens skolresultat pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som till exempel en lĂ€rare. Att förĂ€ldrarna ansĂ„g att barnen sitter lite vid datorn kan visa pĂ„ att barnkulturen idag ser datorer som ett verktyg, som kan ha positiva egenskaper. Barn och förĂ€ldrar har inte heller samma uppfattning om huruvida de i familjen har regler om datorspelande, fler förĂ€ldrar Ă€n barn angav att de hade regler för till exempel hur sent man fĂ„r spela, möjligtvis beror det pĂ„ konflikter i familjen eller att förĂ€ldrar vill verka ”duktiga”. Det finns Ă€ven en skillnad i spelande mellan pojkar och flickor, fĂ„ flickor angav att de spelar datorspel, det kan tyda pĂ„ att datorspelande Ă€r en fortsatt stereotypt manlig hobby eller att flickor inte vill tala om att de spelar dĂ„ det inte Ă€r lika socialt accepterat

    Respiratory effects of particulate matter air pollution : studies on diesel exhaust, road tunnel, subway and wood smoke exposure in human subjects

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    Background: Ambient air pollution is associated with adverse health effects, but the sources and components, which cause these effects is still incompletely understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the pulmonary effects of a variety of common air pollutants, including diesel exhaust, biomass smoke, and road tunnel and subway station environments. Healthy non-smoking volunteers were exposed in random order to the specific air pollutants and air/control, during intermittent exercise, followed by bronchoscopy. Methods and results: In study I, exposures were performed with diesel exhaust (DE) generated at transient engine load and air for 1 hour with bronchoscopy at 6 hours post-exposure. Immunohistochemical analyses of bronchial mucosal biopsies showed that DE exposure significantly increased the endothelial adhesion molecule expression of p-selectin and VCAM-1, together with increased bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils. In study II, the subjects were exposed for 1 hour to DE generated during idling with bronchoscopy at 6 hours. The bronchial mucosal biopsies showed significant increases in neutrophils, mast cells and lymphocytes together with bronchial wash neutrophils. Additionally, DE exposure significantly increased the nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and phosphorylated c-jun in the bronchial epithelium. In contrast, the phase II enzyme NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) decreased after DE. In study III, the 2-hour exposures took place in a road tunnel with bronchoscopy 14 hours later. The road tunnel exposure significantly increased the total numbers of lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages in BAL, whereas NK cell and CD56+/T cell numbers significantly decreased. Additionally, the nuclear expression of phosphorylated c-jun in the bronchial epithelium was significantly increased after road tunnel exposure. In study IV, the subjects were exposed to metal-rich particulate aerosol for 2 hours at a subway station with bronchial biopsy and BAL sampling at 14 hours. The subway exposure significantly increased the concentration of glutathione disulphide (GSSG) in BAL, with no airway inflammatory responses. In contrast, the number of neutrophils in the bronchial mucosa and the nuclear expression of phosphorylated c-jun in the bronchial epithelium tended to decrease after the subway exposure. In study V, the exposure to biomass smoke lasted 3 hours. Bronchoscopy was conducted 24 hours post exposure. The investigated biomass combustion emissions resulted in a significant increase in total glutathione and reduced glutathione in BAL, without any evident acute airway inflammatory responses.     Conclusion: The present thesis presents data from exposures of healthy subjects to a variety of common air pollutants, as compared with an air reference. Oxidative as well as bronchial mucosal and bronchoalveolar responses differed between these air pollutants, with the most pronounced airway effects seen after exposure to diesel exhaust. This may be due to differences in pulmonary deposition, physicochemical characteristics, toxicological pathways and potency. Additional studies will assist in addressing dose-response and time kinetic aspects of the airway responses

    Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes

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    Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations between elevated concentrations of urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are both associated with viral respiratory infections. The effects of UPM on dendritic cell (DC) -stimulated CD4 T lymphocytes have been investigated previously, but little work has focused on CD8 T-lymphocyte responses despite their importance in anti-viral immunity. To address this, we examined the effects of UPM on DC-stimulated naive CD8 T-cell responses. Expression of the maturation/activation markers CD83, CCR7, CD40 and MHC class I on human myeloid DCs (mDCs) was characterized by flow cytometry after stimulation with UPM in vitro in the presence/absence of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The capacity of these mDCs to stimulate naive CD8 T-lymphocyte responses in allogeneic co-culture was then assessed by measuring T-cell cytokine secretion using cytometric bead array, and proliferation and frequency of interferon-c (IFN-c)-producing T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Treatment of mDCs with UPM increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, but not MHC class I. In allogeneic co-cultures, UPM treatment of mDCs enhanced CD8 T-cell proliferation and the frequency of IFN-c+ cells. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-13, Granzyme A and Granzyme B were also increased. GM-CSF alone, and in concert with UPM, enhanced many of these T-cell functions. The PMinduced increase in Granzyme A was confirmed in a human experimental diesel exposure study. These data demonstrate that UPM treatment of mDCs enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes and increases production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such UPM-induced stimulation of CD8 cells may potentiate T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses upon concurrent airway infection, increasing bystander damage to the airways
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