Utilitat de la Immunohistoquímica i els Tissue Micro Arrays en el coneixement de les alteracions moleculars del càncer d'endometri

Generalment el Càncer d’Endometri (EC) s’associa a bon pronòstic, no obstant el 20% dels EC associats a bon pronòstic recidiven. El propòsit d’aquesta tesi ha estat l’estudi de les principals diferències en l’expressió de gens implicats en el desenvolupament i progressió del CE i que estan relacionats amb la hipòxia, l’apoptosi i l’adaptació a la radioteràpia mitjançant la Immunohistoquímica i els Arrays matricials de teixit en CE primaris i recidives post radioteràpia. Les recidives presenten valors més elevats de p53, HIF-1α, FLIP, Ki67, p50, c-REL, Rel B i β-catenina. La hipòxia activa tant la via NF-κB canònica com l’alternativa i tant la cinasa IKKα com IKKβ són necessàries per l’acumulació de RelA (p65) i p100, mentre que el processament de p52 depèn de IKKα. La hipòxia també indueix l’expressió nuclear de HIF-1α, FLIP, β-catenina i l’augment de l’activitat de via NF-κB, en canvi això no s’observa quan la línia cel•lular Ishikawa es sotmet a radiació. Per la seva banda, ANXA2 juga un paper en promoure el procés de metàstasi en el EC i és un marcador predictiu de recidiva també en els EC de risc baix-intermedi. La classificació histològica del EC pot ser difícil en alguns carcinomes d’alt grau o mixtes. Per aquest motiu també hem determinat una firma de 9 biomarcadors que ajuda a predir el tipus histològic en el EC.Generalmente el Cáncer de Endometrio (EC) se asocia a buen pronóstico, sin embargo el 20% de los EC asociados a buen pronóstico recidivan. El propósito esta tesis doctoral ha sido el estudio de las principales diferencias en la expresión de genes implicados en el EC y que están relacionados con la hipoxia, la apoptosis i la adaptación a la radioterapia mediante la Inmunohistoquímica y los Arrays matriciales de tejido en EC primarios y recidivas post radioterapia. Las recidivas presentan valores más elevados de p53, HIF-1α, FLIP, ki 67, p50, c-REL, Rel B y β-catenina. La hipoxia activa tanto la vía NF-κB canónica como la alternativa y tanto la cinasa IKKα como IKKβ son necesarias para la acumulación de RelA (p65) y p100, mientras que el procesamiento de p52 depende de IKKα. Además, la hipoxia induce la expresión nuclear de HIF-1α, FLIP, β-catenina y el aumento de la actividad de NF-κB aunque dichos cambios no se observan cuando la línea celular Ishikawa se somete a radiación. Por otro lado ANXA2 juega un papel en la promoción del proceso de metástasis en el EC y es un marcador predictivo de recidiva incluso en los EC de riesgo bajo-intermedio. La clasificación histológica del EC puede ser difícil en algunos carcinomas de alto grado o mixtos. Por ese motivo también hemos querido determinar una firma de biomarcadores que ayude a predecir el tipo histológico en el EC.Endometrial Cancer (EC) is usually associated with good prognosis. However, 20% of the EC associated with good prognosis have recurrent disease. The aim of this work was the study of the expression of relevant genes involved in development, progression and recurrence of EC and those involved in resistance to apoptosis, hypoxia and adaptation to radiation, using Immunohistochemistry and Tissue Micro Arrays in primary EC and post radiation recurrences. Post radiation recurrences showed higher p53, HIF-1α, FLIP, Ki67, p50, c-REL, Rel B and β-catenin expression values. Hypoxia activates not only canonical NF-ΚB molecular pathway but also the alternative and both IKKα and IKKβ are necessary to RelA (p65) and p100 accumulation whereas p52 processing is IKKα dependent. Additionally, hypoxia induced nuclear expression of HIF-1α, FLIP, β-catenin and increased NF-κB activity. However, these changes were not observed when Ishikawa cell line was subjected to radiation. ANXA2 plays a role in promoting metastasis in EC and is a predictive biomarker of recurrent disease also among low-intermediate risk EC. Histological typing is difficult in some high grade or mixed endometrioid-non endometrioid EC. For this reason we have assessed an internally and externally 9-biomarker signature to predict histological type in EC

Psychometric properties of the Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) and its relationship with psychological well-being and academic progress in college students

The aim of this study is to analyze the dimensionality of the Spanish version of the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), to examine the relationship between psychological well-being and dispositional optimism/pessimism in a sample of college students (n = 291), as well as to consider the effect of dispositional optimism/pessimism on academic progress. The results indicated that the properties of the Spanish version of the LOT-R (α = .72) were very similar to the original. The questionnaire clearly presented two partially independent factors, and the items assessing optimism demonstrated greater discriminant validity than the items assessing pessimism. Optimism was positively linked to psychological well-being and negatively related to psychological-distress. In the male students, a certain degree of preoccupation about academic results was linked to progress in studies, while excessive worry about academic progress could obstruct the successful completion of studies in the female students. These results suggest that the LOT-R can be used as a reliable and valid tool for the analysis of optimism and its positive effects on health and academic progress

Les meules rotatives du site ibérique d'Alorda Park (Calafell, Baix Penedès, Tarragona)

Le site ibérique d' Alorda Park est situé sur la cote centrale de Catalogne, quelques 30 km au nord-est de Tarragone. Le gisement, daté pour l'essentiel entre le Vle et le lIle s. ay. J.C., a été largement fouillé depuis 1983. Ces fouilles ont livré six metae et dix-sept catilli de meules rotatives, dont la plupart ont été remployés pour des usages secondaires. Aucune meule rotative complete n'a été trouvée in situ a l'intérieur d'une maison. On en conclura que la mouture avec ces instruments était probablement une activité pratiquée dans des installations communes ou par des spécialistes. Quant a leur fonctionnalité, les analyses de résidus montrent qu'elles étaient employées pour la mouture de céréales et, dans un seul cas, de feves. En ce qui concerne la chronologie, le plus ancien de ces exemplaires date du milieu du Ve S. ay. lC. et I'usage de meules rotatives se poursuit jusqu'a la fin de I'occupation du site. Au cours de ces trois siecles, les meules rotatives d' Alorda Park subissent une évolution morphologique dont les traits essentiels peuvent etre retracés. Les exemplaires présentés sont morphologiquement similaires a d'autres meules ibériques de la cote centrale de Catalogne, mais different considérablement des modeles attestés dans le Pays Valencien, a Ullastret et dans le sud de la Gaule. On en conclura l'existence de plusieurs traditions locales bien caractérisées, que des recherches ultérieures devront préciser. On observera finalement que, d'apres les analyses de résidus, les autres instruments lithiques de broyage découverts sur le site (meules a va-et-vient, mortiers) ont été employés pour la transformation de matieres minérales. _____________________________________________ El jaciment ibèric d' Alorda Park està situat a la costa central de Catalunya, a uns 30 km al nordest de Tarragona. El jaciment, l'ocupació del qual es data principalment entre el s. VI i el III aC, ha estat excavat extensament des de 1983. Els treballs d'excavació han lliurat sis metae i disset catilli de molins rotatius, la major part dels quals han estat reutilitzats per a usos secundaris. D' altra banda, cap molí rotatiu ha estat trobat in situ a l'interior d'una casa, de manera que es dedueix que la molta amb aquests instruments era probablement una activitat practicada en instal·lacions communals o bé per especialistes. Pel que fa a la funcionalitat d'aquestes peces, les anàlisis de residus indiquen que eren utilitzades per a la molta de cereals i, en un sol cas, de faves. Pel que fa a la cronologia, el més antic d'aquests exemplars data de mitjan segle V aC, i la utilització dels molins de rotació continua fins a finals de l'ocupació de l'assentament. Al llarg d'aquests tres segles, els molins rotatius d' Alorda Park sofreixen una evolució morfològica els trets essencials de la qual han pogut ser establerts. Els exemplars presentats són morfologicament similars a altres molins iberics de la costa central de Catalunya, pero es diferencien considerablement dels models documentats al País Valencia, a Ullastret i a la Gal·lia meridional. Aquest fet sembla indicar l'existència de tradicions locals ben caracteritzades, que hauran de ser precisades per les recerques futures. Finalment, cal observar que, segons les analisis de residus, els altres instruments lítics o de triturat descoberts al jaciment (molins de vaivé, morters) han estat utilitzats per a la transformació de materies primeres

Biomimetic device and foreign body reaction cooperate for efficient tumour cell capture in murine advanced ovarian cancer

Metastasis is facilitated by the formation of pre-metastatic niches through the remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) promoted by haematopoietic and stromal cells. The impact of these primed sites is pronounced for intraperitoneal metastases, where the cavity-exposed ECM supports the attachment of the disseminating tumour cells. Likewise, implantation of biomaterial scaffolds influences metastatic progression systemically through a foreign body reaction (FBR). In this study, we integrated the concept of creating an artificial niche to capture tumour cells actively disseminating in the peritoneal cavity with a therapeutic strategy modulating the interactions of metastatic cells with the ECM. The aim was to transform a disseminated disease into a focal disease. For this, we designed and developed a ‘biomimetic’ ECM composed of a nonresorbable three-dimensional scaffold with collagen coating and characterized the FBR to the implanted biomaterial. We also analysed the safety of the implanted devices and their ability to capture tumour cells in different murine preclinical models of advanced ovarian cancer. Implantation of the biomimetic devices resulted in an initial inflammatory reaction that transformed progressively into a fibrous connective tissue response. The adhesive capabilities of the scaffold were improved with the ancillary effect of the FBR and showed clinical utility in terms of the efficacy of capture of tumour cells, disease focalization and survival benefit. These results demonstrated the performance and safety of this ‘biomimetic’ ECM in preclinical models of advanced ovarian cancer. Translated into the clinical setting, this new therapeutic strategy represents the possibility for control of peritoneal carcinomatosis upon primary ovarian debulking surgery and to expand the percentage of patients who are candidates for second rescue surgeries at the time of relapse.This work was supported by Nasasbiotec

An inducible knockout mouse to model the cellautonomous role of PTEN in initiating endometrial, prostate and thyroid neoplasias

PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. The role of PTEN in carcinogenesis has been validated by knockout mouse models. PTEN heterozygous mice develop neoplasms in multiple organs. Unfortunately, the embryonic lethality of biallelic excision of PTEN has inhibited the study of complete PTEN deletion in the development and progression of cancer. By crossing PTEN conditional knockout mice with transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT under the control of a chicken actin promoter, we have generated a tamoxifeninducible mouse model that allows temporal control of PTEN deletion. Interestingly, administration of a single dose of tamoxifen resulted in PTEN deletion mainly in epithelial cells, but not in stromal, mesenchymal or hematopoietic cells. Using the mT/mG double-fluorescent Cre reporter mice, we demonstrate that epithelial-specific PTEN excision was caused by differential Cre activity among tissues and cells types. Tamoxifen-induced deletion of PTEN resulted in extremely rapid and consistent formation of endometrial in situ adenocarcinoma, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and thyroid hyperplasia. We also analyzed the role of PTEN ablation in other epithelial cells, such as the tubular cells of the kidney, hepatocytes, colonic epithelial cells or bronchiolar epithelium, but those tissues did not exhibit neoplastic growth. Finally, to validate this model as a tool to assay the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs in PTEN deficiency, we administered the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to mice with induced PTEN deletion. Everolimus dramatically reduced the progression of endometrial proliferations and significantly reduced thyroid hyperplasia. This model could be a valuable tool to study the cell-autonomous mechanisms involved in PTEN-loss-induced carcinogenesis and provides a good platform to study the effect of anti-neoplastic drugs on PTEN-negative tumors

CD44-negative parietal–epithelial cell staining in minimal change disease: association with clinical features, response to corticosteroids and kidney outcome

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome; Minimal change disease; Parietal–epithelial cellsSíndrome nefrótico idiopático; Enfermedad de cambios mínimos; Células parietales-epitelialesSíndrome nefròtica idiopàtica; Malaltia de canvis mínims; Cèl·lules parietals-epitelialsBackground Activation of parietal–epithelial cells (PECs) with neo-expression of CD44 has been found to play a relevant role in the development of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The aim of this study was to analyse whether the expression of CD44 by PECs in biopsies of minimal change disease (MCD) is associated with the response to corticosteroids, with kidney outcomes and/or can be considered an early sign of FSGS. Methods This multicentric, retrospective study included paediatric and adult patients with MCD. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data were recorded, and biopsies were stained with anti-CD44 antibodies. The association between PECs, CD44 expression and the response to corticosteroids, and kidney outcomes were analysed using logistic, Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results A total of 54 patients were included: 35 (65%) <18 years and 19 (35%) adults. Mean follow-up was 68.3 ± 37.9 months. A total of 19/54 patients (35.2%) showed CD44-positive staining. CD44-positive patients were younger (14.5 ± 5 versus 21.5 ± 13, P = 0.006), and showed a higher incidence of steroid-resistance [11/19 (57.8%) versus 7/35 (20%), P = 0.021; odds ratio: 5.5 (95% confidence interval 1.6–18), P = 0.007] and chronic kidney disease [9/19 (47.3%) versus 6/35 (17.1%), P = 0.021; relative risk: 3.01 (95% confidence interval 1.07–8.5), P = 0.037]. Follow-up re-biopsies of native kidneys (n = 18), identified FSGS lesions in 10/12 (83.3%) of first-biopsy CD44-positive patients versus 1/6 (16.7%) of first-biopsy CD44-negative patients (P = 0.026). Conclusions In patients with a light microscopy pattern of MCD, CD44-positive staining of PECs is associated with a higher prevalence of steroid resistance and worse kidney outcomes, and can be considered an early sign of FSGS.C.M. is supported by a Miguel Servet grant, Fondo de investigación sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacio´n y Universidades [CP18/00116]. No additional funding was required for the current study