Dictionary of privacy, data protection and information security

The Dictionary of Privacy, Data Protection and Information Security explains the complex technical terms, legal concepts, privacy management techniques, conceptual matters and vocabulary that inform public debate about privacy. The revolutionary and pervasive influence of digital technology affects numerous disciplines and sectors of society, and concerns about its potential threats to privacy are growing. With over a thousand terms meticulously set out, described and cross-referenced, this Dictionary enables productive discussion by covering the full range of fields accessibly and comprehensively. In the ever-evolving debate surrounding privacy, this Dictionary takes a longer view, transcending the details of today''s problems, technology, and the law to examine the wider principles that underlie privacy discourse. Interdisciplinary in scope, this Dictionary is invaluable to students, scholars and researchers in law, technology and computing, cybersecurity, sociology, public policy and administration, and regulation. It is also a vital reference for diverse practitioners including data scientists, lawyers, policymakers and regulators

Proposta didática do Teorema de Pitágoras na perspectiva da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel

The main objective of this article is to present the conception and implementation of the topic of Geometry in the view of Ausubel's pedagogical theory, as a didactic proposal for the Pythagorean theorem through meaningful learning. To achieve the objective, topics related to the history of the mathematician Pythagoras, the pedagogical theory of Ausubel's Meaningful Learning, demonstrations of the Pythagorean theorem and applications of the Pythagorean theorem from the perspective of Ausubel's theory of Meaningful Learning were structured. In methodological terms, the research was of an applied nature, with a qualitative and exploratory approach. In this way, it is possible to verify that the main conclusions resulting from the experimentation of the didactic proposal, the benefits of the Meaningful Learning methodology in the development of geometry, also in the development of competences and in the performance of the students, not only motivate the learning, but also motivate the students to understand other theories of geometry.El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la concepción e implementación del tema Geometría desde el punto de vista de la teoría pedagógica de Ausubel, como propuesta didáctica del Teorema de Pitágoras a través del Aprendizaje Significativo. Para alcanzar el objetivo, se estructuraron los temas relativos a la historia del matemático Pitágoras, la teoría pedagógica del Aprendizaje Significativo de Ausubel, las demostraciones del teorema de Pitágoras y las aplicaciones del teorema de Pitágoras desde la perspectiva de la teoría del Aprendizaje Significativo de Ausubel. En términos metodológicos, la investigación fue de naturaleza aplicada, con enfoque cualitativo y exploratorio. De esta forma, las principales conclusiones resultantes de la experimentación de la propuesta didáctica fueron los beneficios de la metodología del Aprendizaje Significativo en el desarrollo de la geometría, así como en el desarrollo de competencias y desempeño de los estudiantes, no sólo motivando el aprendizaje, sino también motivando a los estudiantes a comprender otras teorías de la geometría.O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a concepção e implementação do tópico de Geometria na visão da teoria pedagógica de Ausubel, como uma proposta didática para o do Teorema de Pitágoras por meio da Aprendizagem Significativa. Para o alcance do objetivo, foram estruturados os tópicos referentes à história do matemático Pitágoras, a teoria pedagógica da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel, demonstrações do teorema de Pitágoras e aplicações do teorema de Pitágoras na perspectiva da teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa foi de natureza aplicada, com uma abordagem qualitativa e exploratória. Dessa forma, constatou-se que as principais conclusões resultantes da experimentação da proposta didática, os benefícios da metodologia de Aprendizagem Significativa no desenvolvimento da geometria, também no desenvolvimento de competências e no desempenho dos estudantes, não só motivam a aprendizagem, mas também motivam o aluno para compreenderem outras teorias da geometria

Lack of validity of self-reported mammography data

This qualitative literature review aimed to describe the totality of peer-reviewed scientific evidence from 1990 to 2017 concerning validity of self-reported mammography. This review included articles about mammography containing the words accuracy, validity, specificity, sensitivity, reliability or reproducibility; titles containing self-report, recall or patient reports, and breast or ‘mammo’; and references of identified citations focusing on evaluation of 2-year self-reports. Of 45 publications meeting the eligibility criteria, 2 conducted in 1993 and 1995 at health maintenance organisations in Western USA which primarily served highly educated whites provided support for self-reports of mammography over 2 years. Methodological concerns about validity of self-reports included (1) telescoping, (2) biased overestimates particularly among black women, (3) failure to distinguish screening and diagnostic mammography, and (4) failure to address episodic versus consistent mammography use. The current totality of evidence supports the need for research to reconsider the validity of self-reported mammography data as well as the feasibility of alternative surveillance data sources to achieve the goals of the Healthy People Initiative

Maria Lucilda Nunes Barbosa: memórias de sua trajetória formativa e docência

This work has as its central objectives the biography of a retired teacher, with research supported by memory and orality. Investigate aspects of their initial training for teaching and methodological processes in their pedagogical praxis. From the interviews obtained, it is approached about pedagogical training from the perspective of PROJETO LOGOS and about Telensino as a didactic process within a certain time. Maria Lucilda was one of the six daughters of a large family with eleven other siblings in the city of Maranguape-Ce. Due to financial difficulties, she transferred from a private school to a public school, where she finished her studies and then graduated from the LOGOS institution and started her teaching career, having highlighted in Telensino. His trajectory and practice value the impression of subjects in the constitution of local history.O presente trabalho tem como objetivo biografar a professora aposentada Maria Lucilda Nunes Barbosa, doravante, Maria Lucilda. O estudo ancora-se na corrente historiográfica da História Oral e metodologicamente na História Oral, em que apoiou-se na memória e na oralidade da docente. A partir da entrevista obtida, é abordado acerca da formação pedagógica na perspectiva do Projeto Logos e sobre o Telensino enquanto processo formativo dentro de uma determinada época. Maria Lucilda foi uma das seis filhas de uma família numerosa sendo ao todo doze irmãos na cidade de Maranguape-Ce. Por dificuldades financeiras transferiu-se de escola privada para pública, onde terminou seus estudos e depois formou-se pela instituição mediante a metodologia do Projeto Logos e iniciou sua carreira na docência, tendo destaque no Telensino. Sua trajetória e prática são relatadas de forma a valorizar a impressão de sujeitos na constituição da história local

Role of the Mannose Receptor (CD206) in Innate Immunity to Ricin Toxin

The entry of ricin toxin into macrophages and certain other cell types in the spleen and liver results in toxin-induced inflammation, tissue damage and organ failure. It has been proposed that uptake of ricin into macrophages is facilitated by the mannose receptor (MR; CD206), a C-type lectin known to recognize the oligosaccharide side chains on ricin’s A (RTA) and B (RTB) subunits. In this study, we confirmed that the MR does indeed promote ricin binding, uptake and killing of monocytes in vitro. To assess the role of MR in the pathogenesis of ricin in vivo, MR knockout (MR−/−) mice were challenged with the equivalent of 2.5× or 5× LD50 of ricin by intraperitoneal injection. We found that MR−/− mice were significantly more susceptible to toxin-induced death than their age-matched, wild-type control counterparts. These data are consistent with a role for the MR in scavenging and degradation of ricin, not facilitating its uptake and toxicity in vivo

Placing the library at the heart of plagiarism prevention: The University of Bradford experience.

yesPlagiarism is a vexed issue for Higher Education, affecting student transition, retention and attainment. This paper reports on two initiatives from the University of Bradford library aimed at reducing student plagiarism. The first initiative is an intensive course for students who have contravened plagiarism regulations. The second course introduces new students to the concepts surrounding plagiarism with the aim to prevent plagiarism breaches. Since the Plagiarism Avoidance for New Students course was introduced there has been a significant drop in students referred to the disciplinary programme. This paper discusses the background to both courses and the challenges of implementation

Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans

Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10–15 d after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population, it is not known how long antibody responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from reinfection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 d post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 individuals with real-time quantitative PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show seroconversion (immunoglobulin (Ig)M, IgA, IgG) in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody responses when sampled beyond 8 d POS. We show that the kinetics of the neutralizing antibody response is typical of an acute viral infection, with declining neutralizing antibody titres observed after an initial peak, and that the magnitude of this peak is dependent on disease severity. Although some individuals with high peak infective dose (ID50 > 10,000) maintained neutralizing antibody titres >1,000 at >60 d POS, some with lower peak ID50 had neutralizing antibody titres approaching baseline within the follow-up period. A similar decline in neutralizing antibody titres was observed in a cohort of 31 seropositive healthcare workers. The present study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing and antibody protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, and may suggest that vaccine boosters are required to provide long-lasting protection

Characterization and genome sequencing of a Citrobacter freundii phage CfP1 harboring a lysin active against multidrug-resistant isolates

Citrobacter spp., although frequently ignored, is emerging as an important nosocomial bacterium able to cause various superficial and systemic life-threatening infections. Considered to be hard-to-treat bacterium due to its pattern of high antibiotic resistance, it is important to develop effective measures for early and efficient therapy. In this study, the first myovirus (vB_CfrM_CfP1) lytic for Citrobacter freundii was microbiologically and genomically characterized. Its morphology, activity spectrum, burst size, and biophysical stability spectrum were determined. CfP1 specifically infects C. freundii, has broad host range (>85 %; 21 strains tested), a burst size of 45 PFU/cell, and is very stable under different temperatures (20 to 50 °C) and pH (3 to 11) values. CfP1 demonstrated to be highly virulent against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates up to 12 antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluroquinoles. Genomically, CfP1 has a dsDNA molecule with 180,219 bp with average GC content of 43.1 % and codes for 273 CDSs. The genome architecture is organized into function-specific gene clusters typical for tailed phages, sharing 46 to 94 % nucleotide identity to other Citrobacter phages. The lysin gene encoding a predicted D-Ala-D-Ala carboxypeptidase was also cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and its activity evaluated in terms of pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The lysine optimum activity was reached at 20 mM HEPES, pH 7 at 37 °C, and was able to significantly reduce all C. freundii (>2 logs) as well as Citrobacter koseri (>4 logs) strains tested. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activity of this enzyme was performed without the need of pretreatment with outer membrane-destabilizing agents. These results indicate that CfP1 lysin is a good candidate to control problematic Citrobacter infections, for which current antibiotics are no longer effective.This study was funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER006684), and the PhD grants SFRH/BPD/111653/2015 and SFRH/BPD/69356/2010