Allocation of Fishing Opportunities in Regional Fisheries Management Organizations: A Legal Analysis in the Light of Equity

The allocation of fishing opportunities is one of the most difficult challenges for high seas fisheries management. There is an ongoing search for equitable and transparent allocation frameworks. This thesis explores whether, under what conditions, and with what shortcomings, a legal concept of equity can provide assistance in the development of such a framework. To this end, it reviews the historical origins of allocation of quotas in international fisheries, and summarizes the current global and regional legal frameworks for allocation and regional practices. It then analyzes whether intergenerational and intra-generational equity is considered in the international legal framework for high seas fisheries, and what the legal and practical implications of their inclusion are. It provides some suggestions on how to integrate intergenerational and intra-generational equity more effectively into allocation decisions. It concludes by highlighting the contribution of law in the search for allocation frameworks

Canada’s Species at Risk Act and Atlantic Salmon: Cascade of Promises, Trickles of Protection, Sea of Challenges

This article reviews through a three-part format the role and efficacy of the Species at Risk Act (SARA) in trying to save SARA-listed inner Bay of Fundy (iBoF) Atlantic salmon and other Atlantic salmon populations at risk from the brink of extinction. The cascade of SARA promises is first discussed, including: the independent assessment of the status of the species based on best available scientific information; the protection of listed species, their residences and critical habitat; and the two-stage recovery planning process. The trickles of protection actually delivered by SARA in relation to Atlantic salmon are next described, including the recent adoption of a Recovery Strategy and identification of critical freshwater habitat. The sea of challenges in implementing SARA and in strengthening the protective net outside SARA is finally highlighted. Particular challenges include: overcoming the slow implementation of the Act; addressing scientific limitations of the Recovery Strategy; forging a clear agenda for recovery actions; confronting limitations in incidental harm permitting; protecting critical habitat; getting a grip on protection and recovery of other Atlantic salmon populations at risk; bolstering environmental assessment; enhancing provincial engagement in recovery efforts; ensuring full implementation of Canada’s Oceans Act; and charting future directions for the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization

The origin of non-porphyritic pyroxene chondrules in UOCs: Liquid solar nebula condensates?

A total of 56 non-porphyritic pyroxene and pyroxene/olivine micro-objects from different unequilibrated ordinary chondrites were selected for detailed studies to test the existing formation models. Our studies imply that the non-porphyritic objects represent quickly quenched liquids with each object reflecting a very complex and unique evolutionary history. Bulk major element analyses, obtained with EMPA and ASEM, as well as bulk lithophile trace element analyses, determined by LA-ICP-MS, resulted in unfractionated (solar-like) ratios of CaO/Al2O3, Yb/Ce as well as Sc/Yb in many of the studied objects and mostly unfractionated refractory lithophile trace element (RLTE) abundance patterns. These features support an origin by direct condensation from a gas of solar nebula composition. Full equilibrium condensation calculations show that it is theoretically possible that pyroxene-dominated non-porphyritic chondrules with flat REE patterns could have been formed as droplet liquid condensates directly from a nebular gas strongly depleted in olivine. Thus, it is possible to have enstatite as the stable liquidus phase in a 800 × Cl dust-enriched nebular gas at a ptot of 10-3 atm, if about 72% of the original Mg is removed (as forsterite?) from the system. Condensation of liquids from vapor (primary liquid condensation) could be considered as a possible formation process of the pyroxene-dominated non-porphyritic objects. This process can produce a large spectrum of chemical compositions, which always have unfractionated RLTE abundances. Late stage and subsolidus metasomatic events appear to have furthered the compositional diversity of chondrules and related objects by addition of moderately volatile and volatile elements to these objects by exchange reactions with the chondritic reservoir (e.g., V, Cr, Mn, FeO as well as K and Na). The strong fractionation displayed by the volatile lithophile elements could be indicative of a variable efficiency of metasomatic processes occurring during and/or after chondrule formation. Histories of individual objects differ in detail from each other and clearly indicate individual formation and subsequent processing. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fil: Engler, Almut. University of Graz; AustriaFil: Varela, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito". Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Complejo Astronómico "El Leoncito"; ArgentinaFil: Kurat, Gero. Universidad de Viena; AustriaFil: Ebel, Denton. American Museum of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Sylvester, Paul. Memorial University Of Newfoundland; Canad

Approaches to the development of 3d bioprinted skin models: the case of natura cosmetics

We are close to achieving the production of a biomimetic functional skin and this advance is mainly due to the demand that is not limited to the field of regenerative medicine, the need for transplantation of this organ due to the aging of the population, but for ethical reasons related to the tests of safety and efficacy of new formulas in animal models by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The limitations involved in traditional 2D cell culture approaches and manual techniques for biomimetic generation have driven the use of innovative technologies such as 3D bioprinting. One of the main advantages of the bioprinted skin is the authenticity, scalability and reproducibility of tissues compared to conventional constructs, via precise positioning of multiple cell types and the inclusion of appendages. The models of bioprinted skins will serve as a platform for the development of new formulations, molecule testing, disease simulation, as well as an alternative to chronic wound biocuratives and clinical transplants. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art approaches available for skin model bioprinting, discusses the context of the drug-cosmetic industry in the adoption of these models and presents the characteristics of the project under development at Natura Cosmetics

Ataki z wykrzystaniem serwera DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS Servers are kind of the internet's phone book. Without DNS, there wouldn't be possible to open a website and ourcomputer wouldn't know how to assign an internet address to a particular server. Currently, hackers are able to get an access to DNS servers and then transfer the information to their computers. The attacks with the use of DNS servers are very dangerous, as the main purpose of them is to spy sensitive information, such as passwords or PINs which allow the access to the online banks. In this article, there will be presented the danger of DNS service.Serwery DNS (Domain Name System) to pewnego rodzaju książka telefoniczna Internetu. Bez nich nie byłoby możliwewywołanie żadnej strony internetowej, nasz komputer nie widziałby, jak przyporządkować adres internetowy konkretnemu serwerowi. Obecnie hakerzy potrafią uzyskać dostęp do serwerów DNS, a następnie przekierować przepływ informacji na własne komputery. Ataki z wykorzystaniem serwera DNS są bardzo niebezpieczne, głównym celem jest wyszpiegowanie poufnych informacji, takich jak: hasła czy kody PIN umożliwiających dostęp do internetowych banków. W niniejszym artykule zostaną przedstawione zagrożenia usługi DNS

Nurses Wanted! - Die Pflegefachkräftemigration im Kontext globaler Ungleichheiten

Unser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, auf welcher Art und Weise die globale Ungleichheit in der Pflegefachkräftemigration zum Ausdruck kommt. Dabei legen wir den Fokus unserer Diskussion auf die kritische Prüfung der internationalen Kräfteverhältnisse am Beispiel der Regulierung der Migration von medizinischem Personal sowie auf den Einfluss dieser Kräfteverhältnisse auf die alltäglichen Interaktionen im Gesundheitsbetrieb. Bei der Erläuterung dieser Frage beziehen wir uns auf zentrale empirische Ergebnisse aus unserer Studie zur globalisierten Pflegefachkräftemigration aus den süd- und osteuropäischen Staaten und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die betrieblichen Integrationsprozesse der Pflegefachkräfte in Deutschland (Pütz et al. 2019)

2-Methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140) inhibits proliferation and invasion via senescence pathway induction in human BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells

The endogenous estradiol derivative 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) has shown good and wide anticancer activity but suffers from poor oral bioavailability and extensive metabolic conjugation. However, its sulfamoylated derivative, 2-methoxyestradiol-3,17-O,O-bis-sulfamate (STX140), has superior potential as a therapeutic agent, acts by disrupting microtubule polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells and possesses much better pharmaceutical properties. This study investigated the antiproliferative and anti-invasive activities of STX140 in both SKMEL-28 naïve melanoma (SKMEL28-P) cells and resistant melanoma cells (SKMEL-28R). STX140 inhibited cell proliferation in the nanomolar range while having a less pronounced effect on human melanocytes. Additionally, STX140 induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and sub-G1, reduced migration, and clonogenic potential in monolayer models, and inhibited invasion in a 3D human skin model with melanoma cells. Furthermore, STX140 induced senescence features in melanoma and activated the senescence machinery by upregulating the expression of senescence genes and proteins related to senescence signaling. These findings suggest that STX140 may hold potential as a therapeutic agent for melanoma treatment