Adoção de boas práticas agropecuárias em propriedades leiteiras da Região Sudeste do Brasil como um passo para a produção de leite seguro

Bactérias patogênicas e resíduos de produtos químicos presentes no ambiente de produção podem contaminar o leite e causarem problemas tecnológicos e à saúde dos consumidores. Esforços para assegurar a qualidade e a segurança do leite e derivados devem ser iniciados na fazenda e para isso é necessária a adoção de boas práticas de produção, que são requisitos para o sistema APPCC (análise de perigos e pontos críticos de controle). O trabalho teve o objetivo de examinar e descrever o nível de adoção de boas práticas agropecuárias na produção de leite. Com ajuda de um questionário, entrevistas e registro fotográfico, foram avaliadas 48 propriedades leiteiras localizadas nos Estados de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro. Havia predominância de gado mestiço Holandês-Zebu (34/48; 71%), seguido por animais da raça Holandesa (19%), Jersey (8%) e Pardo-Suíça (2%). A média de produção de leite dos rebanhos era de 686 ± 403 kg/dia, e o número médio de vacas em lactação era 65 ± 42. Em duas propriedades as vacas em lactação eram mantidas em confinamento total (sistema “free stall”) e nas demais se adotava o sistema extensivo, a pasto. Os resultados obtidos indicam que grande parte das propriedades adotava as principais práticas consideradas necessárias para a produção de leite de qualidade. Contudo, foram identificados vários pontos que deveriam receber maior atenção para capacitar os produtores a adotarem um programa de boas práticas. Esses incluem: manejo das bezerras na fase de recria; armazenamento dos alimentos; realização de testes para o controle da tuberculose; monitoração e controle da mastite, incluindo a antissepsia de tetos e o tratamento da vaca seca; uso desnecessário de anti-helmínticos em vacas em lactação; uso indiscriminado de carrapaticidas em razão da não-adoção de um programa estratégico de controle de carrapatos; não-obediência ao período de carência para antibióticos usados na vaca em lactação; higienização inadequada dos equipamentos de ordenha e de estocagem do leite, assim como o dimensionamento inadequado destes últimos

Microbiological safety of Minas Frescal cheese (MFC) and tracking the contamination of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in MFC processing

Minas Frescal cheese (MFC) is a traditional food produced and consumed in Brazil, characterized by its soft texture, low sodium, and high moisture content. This study characterized the microbiological contamination by coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, in 99 MFC samples obtained in retail sale and produced by three distinct industrial procedures. Dairy processors were selected to investigate the key points of E. coli and S. aureus contamination during cheese processing. MFC samples produced by the addition of lactic culture presented higher counts of coliforms and E. coli, when compared to other samples ( p < 0.05). MFC samples produced by the addition of rennet alone presented higher counts of S. aureus when compared to other samples ( p < 0.05). Fourteen of 19 MFC samples produced by the addition of lactic culture presented E. coli counts higher than 5 · 10 2 colon-forming units/g. The processing steps after pasteurization were identified as the main sources of E. coli and S. aureus contamination of MFC. Based on the results, MFC was characterized as a potential hazard for consumers due to the high frequency of samples contaminated with E. coli and S. aureus counts in non- compliance with Brazilian standards for sanitary quality and safety

Manose na alimentação de leitões na fase de creche (desempenho, pH de do trato gastrintestinal e peso dos órgãos) Mannose in piglets feeding in the nursery phase: (performance, pH of the gastrointestinal and weight of the organ)

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a utilização de manose como promotor de crescimento em dietas de suínos na fase de creche em alternativa ao uso de antibióticos. Avaliaram-se o desempenho, peso absoluto e relativo do fígado, pâncreas e baço, pH do conteúdo do estômago e ceco. Foram utilizados 160 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, sendo 80 machos castrados e 80 fêmeas, com peso médio de 6,2 kg (± 0,986 kg), em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos, oito blocos e quatro leitões por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações, sendo uma com 25 ppm do antibiótico colistina (controle) e quatro rações com níveis crescentes de manose (0%; 0,02%; 0,10%; e 0,20%). As rações foram isonutrientes com 20% de PB e 3500 kcal de ED/kg de ração e foram formuladas para atender às exigências dos leitões nessa fase. Observou-se que os tratamentos não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e pH do conteúdo do estômago e do ceco, o mesmo ocorrendo com o peso absoluto e relativo do fígado, pâncreas e baço. Conclui-se que a inclusão de manose como promotor de crescimento às rações de leitões na fase de creche não melhorou o desempenho e não influenciou o peso dos órgãos e o pH do conteúdo do estômago e do ceco.The present work was designed to evaluate the use of mannose as a growth-promoting additive for swine in nursery phase as an alternative to the use of antibiotics. The performance, relative weight of the liver, pancreas and spleen, pH of the stomach and cecum contents were evaluated. A hundred sixty (160) weaned piglets were utilized at 21 days old, 80 being castrated males and 80 females, weighing, on average, 6.2 kg (±0.986 kg) in an experimental randomized block design with five replicates, eight blocks and four piglets per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of five rations, one of the rations containing 25ppm of the antibiotic colistin (control) and four rations with growing levels of mannose (0 %; 0.02%; 0.10% and 0.20%). The diets were isonutrient with 20% of CP and 3.500 kcal of DE/kg of ration, they were formulated to meet the piglets’ requirements in this phase. It was found that the treatments did not influence (P>0.05) gain weight, feed intake and feed conversion and pH of the stomach and cecum content. The same occurring with the absolute and relative weight of the liver, pancreas and spleen. It follows that the inclusion of mannose as a growth-promoting additive to the piglet diets in the nursery phase did not improve performance and did not influence the weight of the organs and pH of the stomach and cecum contents

Cloxacillin benzathine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules : physicochemical characterization, cell uptake, and intramammary antimicrobial effect.

The present work shows the development and evaluation of the veterinary antibiotic cloxacillin benzathine (CLOXB) loaded into poly-?-caprolactone (PCL) nanocapsules (NC), as a potential new treatment strategy to manage bovine intramammary infections, such as mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis is often a recurrent disease due to the persistence of bacteria within infected cells. CLOXB-PCL NC were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed biodegradable polymer followed by solvent displacement method. The mean diameter of NC varied from 241 to 428?nm and from 326 to 375?nm, when determined by dynamic light scattering and by atomic force microscopy, respectively. The zeta potential of NC was negative and varied from ?28 to ?51?mV. In vitro release studies from the NC were performed in two media under sink conditions: PBS with 1% polyethylene glycol or milk. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to determine the NC entrapment efficiency and kinetics of CLOXB release from the NC. Free CLOXB dissolution occurred very fast in both media, while drug release from the NC was slower and incomplete (below 50%) after 9?h. CLOXB release kinetics from polymeric NC was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating that CLOXB release is governed by diffusion following Fick's law. The fluorescence confocal microscopy images of macrophage-like J774A.1 cells reveal NC uptake and internalization in vitro. In addition, antimicrobial effect of the intramammary administration of CLOXB-PCL NC in cows with mastitis resulted in no clinical signs of toxicity and allowed complete pathogen elimination after treatment. The in vivo results obtained in this work suggest that CLOXB-PCL NC could be a promising formulation for the treatment of intramammary infections in cattle, considering their physicochemical properties, release profiles and effects on bovine mastitis control

Effect of lung recruitment and titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome - A randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE: The effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine if lung recruitment associated with PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance decreases 28-day mortality of patients with moderate to severe ARDS compared with a conventional low-PEEP strategy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized trial conducted at 120 intensive care units (ICUs) from 9 countries from November 17, 2011, through April 25, 2017, enrolling adults with moderate to severe ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: An experimental strategy with a lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance (n = 501; experimental group) or a control strategy of low PEEP (n = 509). All patients received volume-assist control mode until weaning. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality until 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay; ventilator-free days through day 28; pneumothorax requiring drainage within 7 days; barotrauma within 7 days; and ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1010 patients (37.5% female; mean [SD] age, 50.9 [17.4] years) were enrolled and followed up. At 28 days, 277 of 501 patients (55.3%) in the experimental group and 251 of 509 patients (49.3%) in the control group had died (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.42; P = .041). Compared with the control group, the experimental group strategy increased 6-month mortality (65.3% vs 59.9%; HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.38; P = .04), decreased the number of mean ventilator-free days (5.3 vs 6.4; difference, −1.1; 95% CI, −2.1 to −0.1; P = .03), increased the risk of pneumothorax requiring drainage (3.2% vs 1.2%; difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.0%; P = .03), and the risk of barotrauma (5.6% vs 1.6%; difference, 4.0%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 6.5%; P = .001). There were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a strategy with lung recruitment and titrated PEEP compared with low PEEP increased 28-day all-cause mortality. These findings do not support the routine use of lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01374022

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora