Pastele Leona Wyczółkowskiego z kolekcji portretów profesorów Muzeum Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego - zagadnienia technologiczne i konserwatorskie.

Leon Wyczółkowski’s pastels from the collections of professors’ portraits in the Jagiellonian University Museum – technology and conservation issues The article deals with technology and conservation issues concerning Leon Wyczółkowski’s six portraits from the Jagiellonian University Museum at Collegium Maius. The characteristics of damage related to the type of ground is discussed. Non-typical canvas grounds sprinkled with woolen and cotton fibre, the so called velour canvas, are described, along with conservation methods

The relationship between phonological processing and lexical acquisition in a foreign language. A study on Polish primary school students learning English

Wydział AnglistykiCelem projektu jest zbadanie wpływu czynników fonologicznych na uczenie się słów. Badania nad akwizycją językową wskazują, że przetwarzanie fonologiczne i fonologiczna pamięć krótkotrwała może odgrywać ważną rolę w uczeniu się nowych słów. Jednak nadal brakuje badań, które zajmowałyby się związkiem pomiędzy przetwarzaniem fonologicznym a uczeniem się słów obcego języka. Co więcej, problemem w literaturze jest sam koncept przetwarzania fonologicznego, który nie jest zbyt dobrze zdefiniowany. Poniższa praca zawiera przegląd literatury nt. przetwarzania fonologicznego i proponuje definicję tego konceptu, a następnie przedstawia badanie na 44 polskich dziewięciolatkach uczących się angielskiego w szkole. Uczestnicy zbadani zostali baterią testów na przetwarzanie fonologiczne w języku polskim i angielskim, jak również testami na krótkotrwałą pamięć fonologiczną. Dzieci były też poproszone o wykonanie zadań mierzących uczenie się słów w języku ojczystym (polskim), drugim (angielskim) i w zupełnie obcym języku (LX). Ponadto w badaniu mierzono postępy w akwizycji słownictwa angielskiego u uczestników badania w przeciągu roku szkolnego. Wyniki badania wskazują na związek pomiędzy przetwarzaniem fonologicznym, a uczeniem się słów obcego języka.Phonological short-term memory, phonological processing, lexical acquisition, second language acquisitionThe aim of this project to investigate the phonological factors in word learning. Literature on language acquisition indicates that phonological processing and phonological short-term memory might play an important role in acquiring new vocabulary. However, this topic is still understudied. In particular, there is a lack of studies on the relationship between phonological processing and word learning in a foreign language. Another problem is that the concept of phonological processing is not very well defined in itself. This dissertation provides a review of studies on phonological processing and offers a definition of the concept. Then it goes on to describe a study, in which 44 Polish 9-year olds, who learned English as a second language at schools, are tested on several measures of phonological processing in both Polish and English, and on measures of phonological short-term memory. The participants were also asked to perform four experimental novel word learning tasks in their native language (Polish), second language (English) and in a completely foreign language (LX) and they were tested on the progress they made in term of English vocabulary acquisition over the period of the school year. The results point to relationship between phonological processing and foreign word learning

Nonword repetition depends on the frequency of sublexical representations at different grain sizes: evidence from a multi-factorial analysis

The nonword repetition task (NWR) has been widely used in basic cognitive and clinical research, as well as in clinical assessment, and has been proposed as a clinical marker for Specific Language Impairment (SLI). Yet the mechanisms underlying performance on this task are not clear. This study offers insights into these mechanisms through a comprehensive examination of item-related variables identified in previous research as possibly contributing to NWR scores and through testing the predictive power of each in relation to the others. A unique feature of the study is that all factors are considered simultaneously. Fifty-seven typically developing children were tested with a NWR task containing 150 nonwords differing in length, phonotactic probability, lexical neighbourhood and phonological complexity. The results indicate that phonological processing of novel words draws on sublexical representations at all grain sizes and that these representations are phonological, unstructured and insensitive to morphemehood. We propose a novel index – mean ngram frequency of all phonemes – that best captures the extent to which a nonword draws on sublexical representations. The study demonstrates the primacy of sublexical representations in NWR performance with implications for the nature of the deficit in SLI

Bilingual children's phonology shows evidence of transfer, but not deceleration in their L1

Bilingual language development might be characterized by transfer, deceleration, and/or acceleration, the first two being relevant for the language impairment diagnosis. Studies on bilingual children’s productive phonology show evidence of transfer, but little is known about deceleration in this population. Here, we focused on phonological transfer and deceleration in L1 speech of typically developing Polish-English bilingual children of Polish migrants to the United Kingdom (aged 4.7-7). We analyzed L1 speech samples of 30 bilinguals and 2 groups of Polish monolinguals, matched to the bilinguals on age or vocabulary size. We found that bilingual children’ speech (both simultaneous and early sequential) was characterized by transfer, but not by deceleration, suggesting that while phonological deceleration phases out in children above the age of 4.7, transfer does not. We discuss our findings within the PRIMIR model of bilingual phonological acquisition (Curtin et al., 2011) and show their implications for SLT practices

How does L1 and L2 exposure impact L1 performance in bilingual children? : evidence from Polish-English migrants to the United Kingdom

Most studies on bilingual language development focus on children’s second language (L2). Here, we investigated first language (L1) development of Polish-English early migrant bilinguals in four domains: vocabulary, grammar, phonological processing and discourse. We first compared Polish language skills between bilinguals and their Polish non-migrant monolingual peers, and then investigated the influence of the cumulative exposure to L1 and L2 on bilinguals’ performance. We then examined whether high exposure to L1 could possibly minimize the gap between monolinguals and bilinguals. We analyzed data from 233 typically developing children (88 bilingual, 145 monolingual) aged 4;0 to 7;5 (years; months) on six language measures in Polish: receptive vocabulary, productive vocabulary, receptive grammar, productive grammar (sentence repetition), phonological processing (non-word repetition) and discourse abilities (narration). Information about language exposure was obtained via parental questionnaires. For each language task, we analyzed the data from the subsample of bilinguals who had completed all the tasks in question and from monolinguals matched one-on-one to the bilingual group on age, SES (measured by years of mother’s education), gender, non-verbal IQ and short term memory. The bilingual children scored lower than monolinguals in all language domains, except discourse. The group differences were more pronounced on the productive tasks (vocabulary, grammar, phonological processing) and moderate on the receptive tasks (vocabulary and grammar). L1 exposure correlated positively with the vocabulary size and phonological processing. Grammar scores were not related to the levels of L1 exposure, but were predicted by general cognitive abilities. L2 exposure negatively influenced productive grammar in L1, suggesting possible L2 transfer effects on L1 grammatical performance. Children’s narrative skills benefitted from exposure to two languages: both L1 and L2 exposure influenced story structure scores in L1. Importantly, we did not find any evidence (in any of the tasks in which the gap was present) that the performance gap between monolinguals and bilinguals could be fully closed with high amounts of L1 input

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Dimethyl fumarate in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) inhibits inflammasome-mediated inflammation and has been proposed as a treatment for patients hospitalised with COVID-19. This randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (NCT04381936, ISRCTN50189673). In this assessment of DMF performed at 27 UK hospitals, adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone or usual standard of care plus DMF. The primary outcome was clinical status on day 5 measured on a seven-point ordinal scale. Secondary outcomes were time to sustained improvement in clinical status, time to discharge, day 5 peripheral blood oxygenation, day 5 C-reactive protein, and improvement in day 10 clinical status. Between 2 March 2021 and 18 November 2021, 713 patients were enroled in the DMF evaluation, of whom 356 were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus DMF, and 357 to usual care alone. 95% of patients received corticosteroids as part of routine care. There was no evidence of a beneficial effect of DMF on clinical status at day 5 (common odds ratio of unfavourable outcome 1.12; 95% CI 0.86-1.47; p = 0.40). There was no significant effect of DMF on any secondary outcome

Hyperglycemia treatment option in seniors in a family physician’s practice

MedicīnaVeselības aprūpeMedicineHealth CareSenioru skaits un cukura diabēta izplatība populācijā pieaug. Senioriem ir augstāks hipoglikēmijas risks, tādēļ ir svarīga loma ārsta nozīmētā terapijā. Pacientiem ir paaugstināts risks iegūt kognitīvus traucējumus, kas var būtiski sarežģīt pacienta slimības kontroli. Ārstam ir svarīgi panākt pacienta izpratni par slimību. Ja pacients ir līdzestīgs un gatavs paškontrolei, tas pozitīvi atsaucas uz diabēta kompensāciju ilgtermiņā un var būtiski samazināt komplikāciju attīstību. Drošākā terapijas izvēle ir cieši saistīta ar intensīvu glikozes, asinsspiediena, lipīdu kontroli, pacientu piederīgo atbalstu, veselīgu dzīvesveidu un pašaprūpes iemaņām. Darba mērķis bija izpētīt glikēmijas korekcijas iespējas un efektivitāti senioriem. Izvēlēties pacientam drošu terapiju glikēmijas korekcijā. Pētījums aptvēra 51 otrā tipa cukura diabēta pacientus vecumā no 65 līdz 92 gadiem no 19 ģimenes ārstu praksēm. Dati tika analizēti no endokrinoloģijas prakses ambulatorām kartēm, kas ietvēra analīžu rezultātus, anamnēzi, objektīvos rādītājus, dzīvesveidu, saņemto terapiju un uztura izvēli. Kopumā glikozes līmeni kontrolēja 45 (88,2%) pacienti. Perorālos hipoglikemizējošos līdzekļus lietoja 35 pacienti un viņu vidējais HbA1c bija 6,74%, insulīnu 9 pacienti (HbA1c bija 7,66%), abus lietoja 7 pacienti (HbA1c bija 7,32%). Vidējais sistoliskais asinsspiediens vīriešiem bija 141 mmHg, sievietēm 137,8 mmHg. 23 (45,1%) pacienti, kuri lietoja holesterīnu samazinošu terapiju, vidējais ZBL bija 1,84 mmol/L. No 30 (58,8%) pacientiem, kuri dzīvoja kopā ar kādu, piederīgo atbalsts bija tikai 8 (26,7%) pacientiem (p<0,009). Vidējais ĶMI vīriešiem bija 30,1, bet sievietēm 33,5. No 37 (72,5%) pacientiem, kuri nelietoja alkoholu, 31 (83,8%) veica fiziskas aktivitātes iekdienā (r = -0,353; p < 0,011). Kā arī no 45 (88,2%) pacientiem, kuri lietoja antihipertensīvus medikamentus, 35 (77,8%) pacienti bija pārbaudījuši redzi (r = 0,321; p < 0,05). Vakcinēti pret gripu bija 12 (23,5%), pret pneimokoku un gripu 1 (2%), bet 38 (74,5%) nebija vakcinēti. Pētījums rāda, lai arī lielākā daļa pacientu dzīvo vieni un nav tuvinieku atbalsta, tomēr pacientiem ir labi glikozes kontroles rādītāji, kas liek secināt par labu līdzestību un sadarbību ar ārstu. Lielākā daļai pacientu ir veselīgs dzīvesveids. Pacientiem, kuri lieto hipolipidimizējošus līdzekļus, ir labāki lipīdu rādītāji. Primārās aprūpes ārstiem vajadzētu vairāk informēt pacientus par vakcīnu nozīmīgumu. Lielākā daļa pacientu nejūt zemu cukura līmeni asinīs. Pacientiem, kuri lieto medikamentus ar lielāku risku attīstīties hipoglikēmijai, vidējais HbA1c ir augstāks (virs 7%). No perorāliem hipoglikemizējošiem līdzekļiem lielākā daļa lietoja metformīnu, kam ir zems hipoglikēmiju risks.Despite the aging population prevalence of diabetes increases. Seniors have a higher risk of hypoglycemia, therefore doctors prescribed therapy plays very important role. Patients are at increased risk of developing cognitive impairment, which can significantly complicate control of the disease. It is very important for doctor to get patient educated regarding current disease. If the patient is compliant and ready for self-control, it positively refers to long term diabetes compensation and can significantly reduce the development of complications.The safest treatment option is closely related to intensive glycemic, blood pressure, lipid control, caregiver support, healthy lifestyle and self-management knowledge skills. The aim of the study was to explore glycemic correction options and efficiency in seniors. To explore the safest hypoglycemic therapy for older patients. The study included 51 type two diabetes mellitus patients from 65 – 92 years of age from 19 general practitioners praxis. Data were obtained from endocrinological praxis patients' cards including laboratory tests, anamnesis, physical examinations, lyfestyle, prescribed medication and nutrition choice. Overall glucose levels controlled 45 (88,2%) patients. Oral hypoglycemic medication used 35 patients and their average HbA1c was 6,74%, Insulin used 9 patients and their average HbA1c was 7,66%, both agents used 7 patients and their average HbA1c was 7,32%. Average sistolic blood pressure for men was 141 mmHg and for women 137,8 mmHg. 23 (45,1%) patients, who used lipid-lowering drugs average low-density lipoprotein was 1,84 mmol/L. From 30 (58,8%) patients who lived with someone support from their relatives had only 8 (26,7%) patients (p<0,009). Mean BMI for men 30,1 and for women 33,5. Daily physical activities did 41 (80,4%) patients. From 37 (72.5%) non-alcoholic patients, 31 (83.8%) performed daily physical activities (r = -0.353; p <0.011). As well as of 45 (88.2%) patients who used antihypertensive drugs, 35 (77.8%) patients had visual inspection (r = 0.321; p <0.05). Vaccinated against influenza were 12 (23,5%), against influenza and pneumococcus 1 (2%) and 38 (74,5%) were not vaccinated. The study showed that even though most patients lived alone and had no support from their relatives, they still had good glucose control rates, which can be concluded that patients had good compliance and cooperation with their doctor. Most patients had healthy lifestyle. Patients who used hypolipidimizing agents, had better lipid profiles. Primary care physicians should more inform patients of the importance of vaccines. Most patients did not feel low blood glucose. Patients who used mediacation at higher risk for developing hypoglycaemia had a higher average HbA1c (above 7%). Most patients used metformin, which has low risk of hypoglycaemia