CONTRA A INEFABILIDADE DAS HINGE PROPOSITIONS: UMA LEITURA NEOPRAGMATISTA

Resumo: O conceito de “proposições-dobradiça” (hinge propositions) possui diversas interpretações que se remetem também ao Tractatus e às Investigações. Moyal-Sharrock (2004), por exemplo, defende que as hinge propositions são inefáveis. Para a intérprete, as hinge certainties não podem ser ditas, pois caso isso ocorresse, o jogo de linguagem se solidificaria. Mas se, de fato, as hinge certainties fossem indizíveis, como poderíamos proceder com casos de desacordo entre certezas fulcrais distintas e rivais? A tese da inefabilidade das hinges parece ser inadequada, visto que inviabiliza o diálogo significativo e possíveis correções em ambientes de conflito entre diferentes hinge. Para tratar dessas questões, a partir de uma leitura neopragmatista, utilizamos o método socrático interpretado a partir da filosofia da linguagem de Robert Brandom (1994, 2013). Desenvolvemos, portanto, este trabalho em duas etapas: i) a etapa negativa, em que mostramos as insuficiências da tese de inefabilidadede Moyal-Sharrock sobre as hinges; ii) a etapa positiva, na qual argumentamos que o método socrático, tal como proposto por Brandom, apresenta um mecanismo possível de resolução do impasse nesses tipos de desacordos.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Da Certeza. Wittgenstein. Epistemologia. Brandom. Inefabilidade.   ABSTRACT: The concept of “hinge propositions'' has several interpretations that also refer to the Tractatus and the Investigations. Moyal-Sharrock (2004), for example, argues that hinge propositions are ineffable. For the interpreter, the hinge certainties cannot be said, because if that happened, the language game would solidify. But if, in fact, hinge certainties were ineffable, how could we handle cases of disagreement between distinct and rival hinge certainties? The thesis of the ineffability of hinges seems to be inappropriate, since it prevents meaningful dialogue and possible corrections in situations of conflict between different hinges. To address these issues, from a neopragmatist reading, we use the Socratic Method as interpreted by Robert Brandom (1994, 2013). We developed this contribution in two parts: i) the negative part, in which we show the shortcomings of Moyal-Sharrock's ineffability thesis in respect to hinges; ii) and the positive part, in which we argue that the Socratic method, as proposed by Brandom, presents a possible mechanism for resolving the impasse in this kind of disagreements. KEYWORDS: On Certainty. Wittgenstein. Epistemology. Brandon. Ineffability. ... quando se encontram dois princípios que não podem conciliar-se um co

Morphofunctional characteristics of Dorper sheep crossed with Brazilian native breeds

Abstract The relationship between body development and external measures in sheep could provide useful information to define the optimal slaughter time as well as the adequate nutritional management. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morpho-functional diversity of Dorper sheep crossed with Brazilian native breeds using in vivo morphometric analysis. The animals evaluated were from crosses of Dorper with Morada Nova, Rabo Largo and Santa Ines sheeps. The animals were slaughtered at 120 and 240 days of age. Body and carcass measures, weight of meat cuts and growth were evaluated. The crossbred animals were analyzed by sex, totaling six treatments. A factorial analysis was performed using two sets of data: the in vivo morphometric measures, and all the other characteristics and these factors were used as new variables. The differences among treatments were analyzed using MANOVA and canonical analysis. The meat cuts, conformation, marketability adaptation, and early maturity of the animals slaughtered at 120 days, as well as the meat cuts, conformation, adaptation, early maturity, and hindquarter of the animals slaughtered at 240 days were evaluated. As regards body measurements, at both slaughter ages, the following factors were discriminated: height, robustness, length, and thoracic circumference. Animal slaughtered at 120 days of age showed greater differences whereas at 240 days the differences diminished allowing to individuate which treatments were more adaptive or productive. Crosses ½ Dorper × ½ Santa Ines (male and female), and ½ Dorper × ½ Rabo Largo male slaughtered at 240 days seem to show higher productivity and better marketability abilities. The other crosses tend to have a more rustic profile (less productive) and smaller size, reaching however adult size earlier and showing better adaptive characteristics, which allows to decide for slaughtering at younger ages

Relação entre o Ãndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), velocidade e agilidade em escolares de 7 anos de idade

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma relação entre índice de massa corporal (IMC), velocidade e agilidade em escolares de 7 anos de idade. A amostra intencional foi constituída por 39 escolares. Avaliou-se o peso e a estatura para obtenção de IMC. Foi realizado o teste de velocidade de deslocamento e o teste de Agilidade, protocolos sugeridos pela PROESP-BR. Para à análise dos dados foram utilizados à estatística descritiva: média, desvio padrão (dp), frequência de percentual (%) e o fator de correlação de Pearson (r). A população estudada apresentou 20,89 ± 4,02 de peso corporal; 1,13 ± 0,04 de estatura; 16,11 ± 2,29 de IMC; 5,8 ± 0,83 de velocidade e 10,48 ± 1,07 de agilidade. Pode-se observar existência de uma correlação negativa, mas não significante entre IMC e velocidade (r= -0,014; p= 0,931), o mesmo aconteceu entre IMC e agilidade (r= -0,133; p= 0,418), entretanto para velocidade e agilidade (r= 0,606; p= <0,001) observou-se uma correlação positiva e significante. Ao finalizar o estudo foi verificado que não houve correlação entre IMC e velocidade, o mesmo aconteceu entre IMC e agilidade, contudo observou-se significância entre velocidade e agilidade.   ABSTRACTRelationship between body mass index and agility and speed in schoolchildren of 7 years oldThe aim of this study was to conduct a relationship between body mass index (BMI), speed and agility in children of 7 years old. The sample was composed of 39 students. It was evaluated weight and height to obtain BMI. Test the speed of movement and the mobility test protocols suggested by PROESP - BR was performed. Mean, standard deviation (SD), frequency percentage (%) and Pearson correlation (r) factor: For data analysis descriptive statistics were used. The study population had 20.89 ± 4.02 body weight, 1.13 ± 0.04 in height, 16.11 ± 2.29 for BMI, 5.8 ± 0.83 and 10.48 ± 1.07 speed agility. Can observe the existence of a negative correlation, but not significant between BMI and speed (r= -0.014, p= 0.931), the same happened between BMI and agility (r=-0.133, p= 0.418), though for speed and agility (r= 0.606, p= < 0.001) observed a positive and significant correlation. At the end of the study it was found that there was no correlation between BMI and speed, the same happened between BMI and agility, however there was significance between speed and agility

Space-time variability of the Roncador river basin in the change of land use and cover and its correlation with climatic variables

The objective of this study was to evaluate the space-time dynamics of the soil use and occupation of the Rio Roncador river basin between 1985 and 2010. The scenes were classified by two methods (partially unsupervised - K-Means and supervised - Maximum likelihood), the Thematic Mapper sensor products on the LANDSAT 5 orbital platform were used for both images of a 25-year time series (1985 to 2000). In order to measure the accuracy of the field the computer application Google Earth was used, in which nine classes (urban area, agricultural area, pasture, exposed soil, native forest, secondary vegetation, mangrove, altitude field and water) were collected. A multiple linear regression was performed, correlating the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - mean NDVI (dependent variable) with the independent climatic variables (global solar radiation - MJm-2day-1, average air temperature - °C, relative humidity -%, evapotranspiration - mm d-1, and rain - mm). According to the general classification by Kappa parameter of the images for 2005 and 2010, they were identified as very good (68% and 74%). These results confirm that the Roncador River Basin is undergoing transformation in its landscape, with an average reduction of -49% in native vegetation areas due to the increase in urban areas (25%) and agriculture (31%). The statistical analysis showed that rainfall and air temperature were the only variables that presented significant sigma (0.04) and (0.02). The obtained coefficient of determination indicated that 47% of the variations of the "vegetation index" are explained by the environmental variables

Effect of running high-intensity interval training type of recovery on muscle injury and oxidative stress markers

Introduction: High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is understood as vigorous activity, with different intensities, interspersed with periods passive or active recovery, which induces an acute physiological response. Two running HIITs were analyzed, and biochemical markers of muscle damage (MD) and oxidative stress (OS) were measured. Materials and Methods: 15 soldiers were submitted to anthropometric and VO2 max assessments. Subsequently, they performed treadmill running HIITs: (a) moderate to strong intensity and active recovery (HIIT AR) and, (b) moderate to strong intensity with passive recovery (HIIT PR). Venous blood samples were collected pre and post-tests for analysis of MD (lactate, creatine kinase - CK and lactate dehydrogenase - LDH), and OS (lipid peroxidation- LP, carbonyl protein - PC, total antioxidant activity -TAA and total sulfhydryl groups - TSG). Results: Comparing MD at baseline x HIIT PR, it was observed an increase in CK, LDH and lactate. At baseline x HIIT AR, a significant increase in CK, LDH and lactate. Comparing HIIT RP x HIIT AR, only lactate was significantly affected by HIITs. Comparing OS at baseline x HIIT PR, there was a significant increase in LP and PC. Baseline x HIIT AR, there was a reduction only at TSG, and comparing HIIT PR x HIIT AR, there was a reduction in LP/VO2, TSG and PC. Conclusion: Both protocols increased blood levels of MD, but comparing HIIT PR and HIIT AR, lactate and OS were higher at HIIT PR. It is noteworthy that HIIT AR is more effective in removing lactate and modulating redox metabolis

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

Background: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to “train” the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19./ Methods: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of “severe” above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis./ Results: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74–93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI − 44–71%) in older subjects./ Conclusions: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research.

O Largo da Banana e a presença negra em São Paulo

The Largo da Banana relates to the history of the black population in São Paulo. Acknowledged as one of São Paulo’s “cradle” of samba, samba musicians are its main spokespersons. Largo da Banana used to be located near the former Barra Funda Railway Station. From the first decades to around half the Twentieth century, informal laborers in the railway logistics used to gather together in that space. Within a precarious and unsteady daily life, they used to play samba and tiririca. In the fifties, the municipality built the Pacaembu Viaduct in that area, aiming to extend the homonym avenue beyond the railway road. In the sixties, samba musician Geraldo Filme wrote two songs in which he paid homage to Largo da Banana and regrettedits disappearance after the viaduct’s inauguration. In these and other of his songs, the artist recorded his perceptions on the life conditions of São Paulo’s blacks and samba musicians, their sociabilities, and also the urban changes he witnessed. Considering that his artistic work contributes to enlighten aspects of social reality, I analyze some of his songs to interpret the sociabilities at Largo da Banana, as well as the urban intervention in that location.O Largo da Banana está associado à história da população negra em São Paulo. Reconhecido como um dos “berços” do samba paulista, é sobretudo através dos próprios sambistas que essa história pode hoje ser conhecida. Localizado junto à antiga estação da Barra Funda, desde as primeiras décadas até meados do século passado, aquele espaço concentrou trabalhadores informais vinculados às atividades da ferrovia. Em meio a um cotidiano precário e instável, essa população realizava rodas de samba e de tiririca. Nos anos 1950, foi construído naquele local o Viaduto Pacaembu, que prolongava a avenida homônima para além davia férrea. A partir da década de 1960, o sambista negro Geraldo Filme compôs duas canções em que homenageava o Largo da Banana e lamentava seu desaparecimento após a inauguração do viaduto. Nessas e em outras composições, o artista registrou suas percepções sobre as condições de vida da população negra e sambista na cidade, suas sociabilidades, bem como sobre as transformações urbanas que testemunhou. Considerando que sua obra artística contribui para iluminar aspectos da realidade social, ela é adotada como fonte para analisar as formas de sociabilidade no Largo da Banana e a intervenção urbanística naquele local

Previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19

BACKGROUND: BCG vaccination, originally used to prevent tuberculosis, is known to "train" the immune system to improve defence against viral respiratory infections. We investigated whether a previous BCG vaccination is associated with less severe clinical progression of COVID-19 METHODS: A case-control study comparing the proportion with a BCG vaccine scar (indicating previous vaccination) in cases and controls presenting with COVID-19 to health units in Brazil. Cases were subjects with severe COVID-19 (O2 saturation < 90%, severe respiratory effort, severe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, sepsis, and septic shock). Controls had COVID-19 not meeting the definition of "severe" above. Unconditional regression was used to estimate vaccine protection against clinical progression to severe disease, with strict control for age, comorbidity, sex, educational level, race/colour, and municipality. Internal matching and conditional regression were used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: BCG was associated with high protection against COVID-19 clinical progression, over 87% (95% CI 74-93%) in subjects aged 60 or less and 35% (95% CI - 44-71%) in older subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This protection may be relevant for public health in settings where COVID-19 vaccine coverage is still low and may have implications for research to identify vaccine candidates for COVID-19 that are broadly protective against mortality from future variants. Further research into the immunomodulatory effects of BCG may inform COVID-19 therapeutic research

Brazilian consensus on the treatment of fibromyalgia

UNIFESP Ambulatório de FibromialgiaUFPR HC ambulatório de fibromialgiaUNIFESPUNIFESP Setor de reumatismos de partes molesPUC-SP Departamento de MedicinaPUC-Campinas Hospital Universitário Serviço de ReumatologiaSociedade Brasileira de ReumatologiaSanta Casa de Belo Horizonte Ambulatório de Fibromialgia Programa de Residência Médica em ReumatologiaFMUSP HC Serviço de ReumatologiaSanta Casa de Campo Grande Setor de Reumatologia programa de Residência em Clínica MédicaUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto AlegreUNiSULUniversidade Federal do Espírito Santo Hospital Universitário serviço de ReumatologiaSociedade Brasileira de Clínica MédicaSociedade Brasileira para o Estudo da DorAssociação Brasileira de Medicina Física e ReabilitaçãoUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade Federal FluminenseAcademia Brasileira de Neurologia Departamento de DorEuropean Neurological Society Subcomitê de DorPeripheral Nerve SocietyFMUSP Grupo de MãoSociedade Brasileira de ortopedia e TraumatologiaAxia.Bio farmacoeconomia e pesquisa em saúdeUNIFESP Núcleo de Gestão de PesquisasUNIFESP, Ambulatório de FibromialgiaUNIFESP, Setor de reumatismos de partes molesUNIFESP, Núcleo de Gestão de PesquisasSciEL

Radiação fotossinteticamente ativa incidente e Refletida acima e abaixo do dossel de floresta de Mata Atlântica em Coruripe, Alagoas

The study of solar radiation is important to understand the several physical, chemical and biological processes that occur in the biosphere, particularly in the forest. The objective of this study has been to evaluate the temporal evolution of incident and reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) above and below the canopy of the Mata Atlantica forest. The study has been conducted in a Private Reserve Natural Heritage, located in the Coruripe city, Alagoas, during the period from October 2009 to September 2010, based on the PAR (2, 13, 26 m) observations obtained at the micrometeorological station, installed on a 24 meters high tower (10° 17' 36"S, 36° 17' 24"W, 160 m asl). According to the results the incident and reflected PAR outside (PAR↓_Ext and PAR↑_Ext) and inside (PAR↑_Spf) forest follow the seasonality imposed by the apparent motion of the Sun. The higher PAR values occur during the dry season, exceeding 600 and 12 W m-2, and during the wet season these averages was less than 300 and 8.0 W m-2, influenced by cloudiness. At the beginning and ending of sunlight time PAR↑_Spf values near zero were measured. The opposite measurements of about 14 W m-2, around 12 h (November and December) were observed