Caracterização tecnológica da madeira de Hovenia dulcis Thunberg para fabricação de pisos

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Márcio Pereira da RochaCoorientadores : Prof. Dr. Ricardo Jorge Klitzke e Prof. Dr. José Reinaldo M. da SilvaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/02/2016Inclui referências : f. 75-82Área de concentraçãoResumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar a madeira de Hovenia dulcis Thunb., visando sua adequação na fabricação de pisos. Para a caracterização tecnológica foram utilizadas cinco árvores escolhidas seletivamente e após essa seleção foram coletados discos para a determinação das propriedades físicas, químicas e anatômicas da madeira. Em seguida as toras foram traçadas e medidas para a determinação do seu volume. Posteriormente foi realizado o desdobro das toras em tábuas e blocos em serraria portátil para a determinação das propriedades físicas, mecânicas e ensaios de simulação de piso em serviço. Após o desdobro das toras as tábuas foram juntamente com os blocos enviadas para a Universidade Federal do Paraná para a secagem e acondicionamento do material e posterior preparação dos corpos de prova. Os resultados encontrados para as propriedades físicas demonstraram que a H. dulcis caracterizou-se como madeira de média massa específica (0,55 g/cm³) e em relação à variação dimensional de baixa estabilidade. Para as propriedades mecânicas a madeira apresentou resistência média para compressão paralela às fibras e para a resistência à flexão estática; alta resistência ao cisalhamento e média resistência à dureza Janka. Nos testes de caracterização anatômica a madeira foi caracterizada como espécie de fibras curtas, porosidade em anel e provavelmente de baixa durabilidade natural devido à frequência de raios. Para todos os testes de simulação de piso em serviço, a madeira de H. dulcis apresentou resistência superior ou semelhante a espécies exóticas e inferior a espécies folhosas nativas amplamente utilizadas na fabricação de pisos. Todavia, foi classificada como madeira de baixa resistência para esforços máximos, podendo ser utilizada em pisos para trânsito leve ou em locais em que as cargas são baixas.Abstract: This work main objective is to technologically characterize the timber of Hovenia Dulcis Thunb. to evaluate their suitability for the manufacture of wood floors. To determine the technological characteristics five trees were selected to cut and, afeter this selection, disks were collected for the determination of physical, chemical and anatomical properties of timber. Thereof, they were traced and measured for the determination of the volume. Thereafter it was realized the sawing of the logs into planks and blocks in a portable sawmill for the determination of physical and mechanical properties and floor in service simulation test. After sawing the logs, the planks were sent to the Universidade Federal do Paraná for drying and conditioning the material and subsequent preparation of the test specimens. The results for the physical properties showed that the timber of H. dulcis characterized as medium density (0.55 g/cm³) and instable to the dimensional variation. Regarding the mechanical properties, the wood shown to have medium resistance to parallel compression of the fibers and static bending resistance; high resistance for shearing and medium resistance Janka hardness. In anatomical characterization tests, the wood was characterized as a short fibers specie, ring porosity and probably low natural durability due to the frequency of rays.For all floor simulation tests , the timber of H. dulcis showed superior or similar resistance to exotic species and inferior to native broadleaf species widely used in the manufacture of floors. However, it was classified as low resistance wood for maximum stresses and may be used for light traffic floors or in locations where the loads are low

Estrongiloidíase intestinal invasiva como causa de abdome agudo, em paciente submetido à corticoterapia

Overwhelming helminthiasis is still a problem in endemic areas, especially in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of invasive intestinal strongyloidiasis that was clinically expressed as acute abdominal distress in a 73-year-old man from São Paulo who had been receiving methylprednisone, 20 mg/day, for one year for osteoarthritis. A surgical specimen from the ileum revealed invasive enteritis with severe infestation by Strongyloides stercoralis. The patient died of sepsis 6 days after surgery. The possibility of invasive strongyloidiasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal distress in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.A síndrome de hiperinfecção por Strongyloides stercoralis ainda constitui problema em áreas endêmicas, especialmente em pacientes portadores de imunosupressão. Os autores relatam um caso de estrongiloidíase intestinal invasiva, que se apresentou clinicamente com quadro de abdome agudo obstrutivo, em um paciente masculino de 73 anos, que estava recebendo metilprednisona 20 mg/dia há um ano devido à osteoartrite. O exame anatomopatológico de segmento do íleo demonstrou enterite invasiva com intensa infestação por Strongyloides stercoralis. O paciente evoluiu para óbito com quadro de septicemia, 6 dias após a intervenção cirúrgica. O presente caso destaca a importância da avaliação pré-operatória de estados co-mórbidos, mesmo em condições de urgência, visto que podem comprometer o êxito do tratamento cirúrgico e a vida do paciente. A possibilidade de estrongiloidíase intestinal invasiva deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial dos quadros de abdome agudo em pacientes submetidos à terapêutica imunossupressora

Lesões proliferativas gástricas induzidas pelo refluxo duodenogástrico em ratos

PURPOSE: To analyze mucosal proliferation and its characteristics, through specific models of duodenogastric reflux, in the stomach of Wistar rats. METHODS: Seventy-five healthy and adult male rats were divided into three groups: group I - control (n = 25 animals), submitted to gastrotomy of the posterior wall of the glandular stomach; group II - DGR (n = 25 animals), submitted to duodenogastric reflux through latero-lateral gastrojejunal anastomosis in the posterior wall of the glandular stomach and group III - DGR-P (n = 25 animals), submitted to duodenogastric reflux through the pylorus following the same procedure of group II, sectioning and closing the afferent loop. The animals were observed during 36 weeks and subsequently the mucosal lesions were analyzed, with macroscopic and microscopic examination of the prepyloric, the gastrojejunostomy and the squamous area of the stomach. RESULTS: Group I did not present any kind of lesion. Macroscopic lesions of the prepyloric area in groups II and III were 0% and 20%, respectively. Macroscopic lesions of the gastrojejunal stoma in groups II and III were 36% and 88%, respectively, and 12% and 28%, respectively, in the squamous area. Microscopically, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH), squamous hyperplasia (SH) and adenocarcinoma (AC) were diagnosed. The occurrence of AH at the prepyloric area in groups II and III was 0% and 40%, respectively, and in the gastrojejunal stoma, 40% and 72%, respectively. The occurrence of SH in the squamous area in groups II and III was 12% and 20%, respectively, without statistical differences between the groups. AC was found only in three animals of groups III (12%). CONCLUSIONS: The duodenogastric reflux in this experimental model caused high frequency of proliferative lesions of the gastrojejunal stoma and in the prepyloric area, while adenocarcinoma was a rare occurrence.OBJETIVO: Avaliar as lesões proliferativas que se desenvolvem na mucosa gástrica de ratos Wistar após modelo específico de refluxo duodeno-gástrico. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 75 ratos adultos machos divididos em três grupos experimentais: o grupo I (controle) submetido a gastrotomia na parede posterior do estômago glandular (25 animais); o grupo II (RDG), foi submetido a gastrojejunoanastomose látero-lateral na parede posterior do estômago glandular (25 animais) e o grupo III (RDG-P) submetido a gastrojejunoanastomose látero-lateral na parede posterior do estômago glandular, com secção e fechamento da alça (25 animais). Os animais foram observados durante 36 semanas, após o que foram realizados estudos macroscópicos e microscópicos da anastomose gastrojejunal, da região pré-pilórica e região escamosa do estômago. RESULTADOS: Os animais do Grupo I não apresentaram nenhum tipo de lesão. No grupo II observou-se 40% de lesões do tipo hiperplasia adenomatosa na anastomose e 12% de hiperplasia escamosa. No grupo III obteve-se 40% de hiperplasia adenomatosa na mucosa pré-pilórica, 72 % de hiperplasia adenomatosa na mucosa da anastomose, 20% de hiperplasia escamosa e 12 % de adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSÕES: O refluxo duodeno-gástrico induz a alta freqüência de lesões proliferativas na mucosa adjacente à anastomose gastrojejunal ou na mucosa pré-pilórica e o adenocarcinoma é um evento raro neste modelo experimental.20721

EFFICIENCY OF IMPREGNATION WITH SALT SOLUTIONS IN THE RESISTANCE OF Corymbia torelliana AND Eucalyptus cloeziana WOODS TO DECAY FUNGY Postia placenta

The research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of salt solutions (sodium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium carbonate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and cupric sulphate = copper sulphate II) impregnated in the woods of Corymbia torelliana and Eucalyptus cloeziana on biological resistance to fungy of brown rot (Postia placenta) under laboratory conditions. From each species were taken samples of 2.0 x 2.0 x 3.0 cm (tangential x radial x longitudinal), over the large planks in the heartwood region on base-top direction. The samples were impregnated with 5% concentration of solutions and submitted for 16 weeks to the Postia placenta fungy under laboratory conditions. The wood of Eucalyptus cloeziana was more resistant to decay than Corymbia torelliana, both impregnated with salt solutions as not impregnated (natural). The treatments with saline solutions were satisfactory as regards resistance of wood degradation, being classified as very resistant, serving as a parameter for the evaluation of the wood, the xylophagous tested fungy

QUALITY OF Eucalyptus urograndis CHARCOAL PRODUCED IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF TOCANTINS

The objective of this work was to determine the quality of the Eucalyptus urophilla x Eucalyptus grandis clone charcoal, defining the basic density and wood retractability, apparent density, breaking index, charcoal yield, condensable and non-condensable gas yield, AQI and calorific values, comparing the results of different trunk positions and in two different heating ramps, ramp 1 (R1) with a heating rate of 1.25 ºC/min, final temperature of 450ºC and total of 6 hours, and ramp 2 (R2) with a heating rate of 1.19 ºC/min, final temperature of 500ºC and total time of 7 hours. The six evaluated trees were from a six-year-old cloned tree plantation located in the municipality of Gurupi, in the south of Tocantins state. The specimens for the characterizations were made from wooden discs removed from three trunk positions (base, DBH, top). The Eucalyptus urograndis wood presented basic density considered average (0.47 g/cm³) and good dimensional stability. The charcoal presented an expected yield and high calorific value influenced by the final temperature of the heating ramps, high fixed carbon content, acceptable ash content, as well as a low breaking rate. The results were satisfactory and identified the species as a good energy source

YIELD OF A PORTABLE SAWMILL AND WOOD DRYING OF Hovenia dulcis IN CONVENTIONAL KILN

The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of sawn wood and the operational efficiency in the sawing of Hovenia dulcis logs in a portable sawmill, as well as to evaluate the behavior of the wood in conventional kiln drying. For this purpose, five trees were selected, from which 14 logs of 1.8  meters in length were obtained to determine the volume, the yield of two diametric classes (20 to 24 and 24.1 to 28 cm) and the operational efficiency during the sawing of the logs. For the drying process, the parameters of initial temperature, final temperature and drying potential were obtained from the drastic drying method at 100ºC. The yield results showed that there were no statistical differences between the two diametric grades. For operational efficiency, the highest diameter class (1.00m³/worker/day) was higher than the lower diameter class (0.70m²/worker/day). For the drying of Hovenia dulcis wood, it is possible to consider this species as a difficult drying type according to the parameters found for the elaboration of the drying programs. In addition, the moisture loss of the wood occurred slowly due to its low permeability.The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield of sawn wood and the operational efficiency in the sawing of Hovenia dulcis logs in a portable sawmill, as well as to evaluate the behavior of the wood in conventional kiln drying. For this purpose, five trees were selected, from which 14 logs of 1.8 meters in length were obtained to determine the volume, the yield of two diametric classes (20 to 24 and 24.1 to 28 cm) and the operational efficiency during the sawing of the logs. For the drying process, the parameters of initial temperature, final temperature and drying potential were obtained from the drastic drying method at 100ºC. The yield results showed that there were no statistical differences between the two diametric grades. For operational efficiency, the highest diameter class (1.00m³/worker/day) was higher than the lower diameter class (0.70m²/worker/day). For the drying of Hovenia dulcis wood, it is possible to consider this species as a difficult drying type according to the parameters found for the elaboration of the drying programs. In addition, the moisture loss of the wood occurred slowly due to its low permeability

EFFECT OF THE HEAT TREATMENT OF Hovenia dulcis Thunb. WOOD ON THE PRODUCTION OF EGP PANELS WITH DIFFERENT ADHESIVES

The objective of this work was to analyze the shear strength of edge-glued panels (EGP) made from the H. dulcis Thunb. wood thermally modified by the VAP HolzSysteme® process. Initially, the Hovenia dulcis samples were heat-annealed by the VAP HolzSysteme® process, and then bonded with Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF), Melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF), Isocyanate Polymer Emulsion (EPI) and Polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and submited to pre-treatments for dry, humid and external environment and without pre-treatment to evaluate the shear strength, 5th percentile and failure in the wood. It was observed a decrease in the shear strength of the thermorrectified H. dulcis wood for all adhesives. All adhesives obtained results superior to the minimum required by the standard EN13354 (2009) for the wood without pre-treatment as for the wood without thermoregulation as well as for the heat treated wood, and may be used for non-structural purposes. However, for the external environment (three cycles) only the MUF adhesive obtained value that meets the minimum standards of the standard, in this way, it is suggested to glue the EGP of H. dulcis without thermortification and with thermorrectification using the MUF adhesive, which has achieved better performance offering greater resistance in dry, wet and external environments

QUALITY OF CHARCOAL FROM THREE SPECIES OF THE Eucalyptus AND THE Corymbia citriodora SPECIES PLANTED IN THE SOUTH OF TOCANTINS

We aimed to assess the quality of charcoal from three Eucalyptus and Corymbia citriodora species for energy production in the South of Tocantins state. A hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, the species Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Corymbia citriodora were selected for the study. In the preparation of the material, 20 specimens of each species with the dimensions of 2.0 x 2.0 x 5.0 cm were made, being ten repetitions for each carbonization gait with different final temperatures and heating rates. The basic wood density, total gravimetric yield, total yields in condensable and non-condensable gases, immediate chemical analysis, and higher calorific value were determined. Corymbia citriodora presented higher wood basic density (0.583 g/cm³) and charcoal apparent density (0.459 g/cm³). In immediate chemical analysis, Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presented the best averages among all species. The calorific value ranged from 7235.97 to 7573.98 (kcal/kg), considered an acceptable value for energy production. The final carbonization temperature of 550°C is recommended, with Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presenting the best averages

PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE WOOD OF Plathymenia reticulata BENTH (VINEYARD-OF-FIELD) NATIVE SPECIES OF THE CERRADO OF THE STATE OF TOCANTINS

Physical-Mechanical Characterization of the Wood of Plathymenia reticulata Benth (Vinhático-do-campo) Species of the Cerrado Biome of the State of Tocantins. The objective of this work was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of Plathymenia reticulata Benth (vinhático-do-campo) wood to indicate its potential use. The wood used in the production of the specimens came from the municipality of Dueré – TO native forest. The basic density, wood retractability, and anisotropy coefficient were obtained from physical tests, and the values of axial compression and static flexion resistance from the mechanical tests. The values obtained showed that the Plathymenia reticulata Benth wood fits the C40 resistance classification for hardwoods, determined by the Brazilian Standard (NBR7190). The average value of the basic density found was 0.64 g cm-3, classified as a medium density wood and the values of tangential, radial and volumetric retractability were 6.11%, 3.06%, 9.39 %, respectively. As for its mechanical characteristics, it presented average values of compressive strength parallel to the fibers, resistance to static flexion, and elastic modulus equal to 58.8MPa, 128.2 MPa, and 12760.0MPa, respectively. The vinhático-do-campo wood can be classified as stable wood and its physical characteristics suggest a normal quality. The species can be applied in light and heavy construction

Technical efficiency in principal sawing of three tropical species

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência técnica do desdobro principal de toras em um engenho de serra de fita para três espécies tropicais: muiracatiara (Astronium lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens Taub.) e jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril Hayne). Para cada espécie foram selecionadas 4 classes diamétricas com 5 toras, totalizando 60 toras. As três espécies apresentaram melhores resultados nas classes de maiores diâmetros, com a classe 1 apresentando menor eficiência técnica e a classe 4 a maior eficiência técnica, o que mostra tendência de aumento da eficiência de acordo com o aumento das classes diamétricas. O jatobá foi a espécie que apresentou a menor eficiência técnica e a muirapiranga a maior eficiência técnica no desdobro principal para as três espécies tropicais.Palavras-chave: Desempenho em serraria; madeiras amazônicas. AbstractTechnical efficiency in principal sawing of three tropical species. This study aimed to compare the technical efficiency of the band saw for three tropical species: muiracatiara (Astronium Lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens) and jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril). We selected 4 diameter classes with 5 logs each for each species, in a total of 60 logs. The three species presented better results in larger diameter classes; class 1 obtained the worst result, and class 4 had the best results. There was a tendency of increasing efficiency due to the increase of diameter class for the focused species. The jatoba tree had the lowest technical efficiency, and muirapiranga tree was the most technical efficient in principal unfolding among the three tropical species.Keywords: Sawn wood; technical efficiency; tropical wood.AbstractThis study aimed to compare the technical efficiency of the band saw for three tropical species: muiracatiara (Astronium Lecointei Ducke), muirapiranga (Brosimum rubescens) and jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril). We selected 4 diameter classes with 5 logs each for each species, in a total of 60 logs. The three species presented better results in larger diameter classes; class 1 obtained the worst result, and class 4 had the best results. There was a tendency of increasing efficiency due to the increase of diameter class for the focused species. The jatoba tree had the lowest technical efficiency, and muirapiranga tree was the most technical efficient in principal unfolding among the three tropical species.Keywords: Sawn wood; technical efficiency; tropical wood