Regional and national differences in stressful life events: The role of cultural factors, economic development and gender.

The study analyzed differences in the risk of experiencing stressful life events (SLE) according to cultural factors, the level of economic development of the region inhabited and gender. Information was gathered on the number and nature of SLE experienced by a sample of 604 undergraduates from three regions with very different levels of economic development: Madrid (Spain), León (Nicaragua) and Bilwi (Nicaragua). The results indicated a greater risk of experiencing SLE among undergraduates from Nicaragua, but few differences due to the undergraduates’ gender or the level of economic development in the region they inhabit within the same country

Mujeres in hogar en Madrid. Un estudio longitudinal

Las personas en situación sin hogar representan la manifestación más visible del fenómeno de la exclusión social, pues no sólo se encuentran en una situación de extrema pobreza, sino que además padecen una fuerte desvinculación familiar y social, con grandes dificultades para su reinserción sociolaboral e importantes déficits en su salud física y mental. Entre las personas sin hogar, las mujeres que se encuentran en esta situación conforman un subgrupo especialmente vulnerable, con características, necesidades y trayectorias idiosincrásicas que, hasta la fecha, apenas ha sido objeto de investigación debido al relativamente bajo porcentaje de mujeres que se encuentran en esta situación. El proyecto que se está realizando tiene como finalidad profundizar en el conocimiento de la situación en que se encuentran las mujeres sin hogar, las necesidades específicas que presentan y las características de sus procesos de cambio, analizando la relación de estos aspectos con distintas cuestiones relevantes en los procesos de inclusión-exclusión social

Mujeres in hogar en Madrid. Un estudio longitudinal

Las personas en situación sin hogar representan la manifestación más visible del fenómeno de la exclusión social, pues no sólo se encuentran en una situación de extrema pobreza, sino que además padecen una fuerte desvinculación familiar y social, con grandes dificultades para su reinserción sociolaboral e importantes déficits en su salud física y mental. Entre las personas sin hogar, las mujeres que se encuentran en esta situación conforman un subgrupo especialmente vulnerable, con características, necesidades y trayectorias idiosincrásicas que, hasta la fecha, apenas ha sido objeto de investigación debido al relativamente bajo porcentaje de mujeres que se encuentran en esta situación. El proyecto que se está realizando tiene como finalidad profundizar en el conocimiento de la situación en que se encuentran las mujeres sin hogar, las necesidades específicas que presentan y las características de sus procesos de cambio, analizando la relación de estos aspectos con distintas cuestiones relevantes en los procesos de inclusión-exclusión social

Results of Rooming-in After Caesarean Section in Breastfeeding: A Cohort Study

Introduction: at the beginning and establishment of breastfeeding, adequate care routines are essential, such as its early initiation and skin-to-skin contact, which implies the need to facilitate the joint accommodation of the mother with the newborn in the immediate postpartum period, regardless of the type of delivery. Objective: to analyze the effects of mother and newborn rooming-in after a cesarean section on breastfeeding rates at hospital discharge and its maintenance up to two years later. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted with a random sample of 146 women and their newborns, who were followed up for two years. The characteristic of cohort A was rooming-in of mother and newborn after cesarean section, whereas the characteristic of cohort B was separation of mother and newborn after cesarean section. Results: cohort A was made up of 67 mothers, 58 of whom were able to do skin-to-skin care after the cesarean section and 46 started breastfeeding during that period. Cohort B was made up of 79 mothers and none could make skin-to-skin contact or initiate breastfeeding. Conclusions: skin-to-skin contact after caesarean section, as well as avoiding the administration of supplements during this period, has a beneficial effect on the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding; and this is possible thanks to joint accommodation

Domesticar LA CIUDAD (III). Acerca de lo común y lo diferenciado. Vivir el espacio social entre edificios. Investigación sobre el espacio urbano común

La arquitectura posee un enorme potencial para facilitar la vida cotidiana de las personas que la habitan, propiciando ocasiones, modos, y sentido a las relaciones. Los espacios públicos, entendidos como la arquitectura de la ciudad, constituyen soportes de los hábitos de relación social, y son instrumentos para promover la convivencia. Aunque el uso y apropiación de los espacios-calle depende en gran medida de la capacidad de la arquitectura para dar lugar a las acciones sociales, ese potencial sólo se puede materializar por los habitantes, dadas sus costumbres, estilos de vida y actividades. En este contexto, esta reflexión contribuye a la discusión sobre la necesidad de atender el espacio común entre los edificios como espacio social. En la medida que la arquitectura del espacio común sea capaz de recibir hábitos domésticos, la ciudad cobrará vida, aquella que le prestan sus moradores, y que también es configuradora de la arquitectura del lugar. La ciudad domesticada significa atender saberes físicos e inmateriales, reales e imaginados, comunes, públicos y diferenciados, y aprehender las experiencias relativas a la habilidad resiliente de sus habitantes para apoyar en la generación de relaciones de vecindad, a nivel de calle, barrio y ciudad en espacios comunes de vivienda colectiva desde la arquitectura y urbanismo; todo esto con el propósito de enfrentar desaciertos e insatisfacciones en la calidad de vida urbana, gestión de conocimiento fundamental para avanzar hacia un desempeño urbanístico y proyectual sustentable.The architecture has an enormous potential to facilitate the daily life of the people who inhabit it, favoring occasions, modes, and giving meaning to the relationships. The public spaces, understood as the architecture of the city, constitute supports of the habits of social relation, and are instruments to promote the coexistence. Al though the use and appropriation of street spaces depends to a large extent on the capacity of architecture to give rise to social actions, that potential can only be materialized by their habitants, given their customs, lifestyles and activities. In this context, this reflection contributes to the discussion on the need to address the common space between buildings as a social space. As long as the architecture of the common space is able to receive domestic habits, the city will come to life, that which lends its residents, and which is also a configuration of the architecture of the place. The domesticated city means to attend physical and immaterial knowledge, real and imagined, common, public and differentiated, and to apprehend the experiences related to the resilient ability of its inhabitants to support in the generation of neighborhood relations, at street, neighborhood and city level In common spaces of collective housing from the architecture and urbanism. All this with the purpose of facing dissatisfactions and dissatisfactions in the quality of urban life, management of fundamental knowledge to advance towards a sustainable urban and project performance

Incorporating linear programing and life cycle thinking into environmental sustainability decision-making: a case study on anchovy canning industry

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to support environmental informed decisions among product and process alternatives. LCA results reflect the process stage contributions to several environmental impacts, which should be made mutually comparable to help in the decision-making process. Aggregated environmental indexes enable the translation of this set of metrics into a one final score, by defining the attached weights to impacts. Weighting values reflect the corresponding relevance assigned to each environmental impact. Current weighing schemes are based on pre-articulation of preferences, without considering the specific features of the system under study. This paper presents a methodology that combines LCA methodology and linear programming optimisation to determine the environmental improvement actions that conduct to a more sustainable production. LCA was applied using the environmental sustainability assessment methodology to obtain two main indexes: natural resources (NR) and environmental burdens (EB). Normalised indexes were optimised to determine the optimal joint of weighting factors that lead to an optimised global Environmental Sustainability Index. The proposed methodology was applied to a food sector, in particular, to the anchovy canning industry in Cantabria Region (Northern Spain). By maximising the objective function composed of NR and EB variables, it is possible to find the optimal joint of weights that identify the best environmental sustainable options. This study proves that LCA can be applied in combination with linear programing tools as a part of the decision-making process in the development of more sustainable processes and products.Authors thank to Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the project GeSAC-Conserva (CTM2013-43539-R). Jara Laso also thanks to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the research fellowship BES-2014-069368

Assessing energy and environmental efficiency of the Spanish agri-food system using the LCA/DEA methodology

Feeding the world’s population sustainably is a major challenge of our society, and was stated as one of the key priorities for development cooperation by the European Union (EU) policy framework on food security. However, with the current trend of natural resource exploitation, food systems consume around 30% of final energy use, generating up to 30% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the expected increase of global population (nine billion people by 2050) and the amount of food losses and waste generated (one-third of global food production), improving the efficiency of food systems along the supply chain is essential to ensure food security. This study combines life-cycle assessment (LCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of Spanish agri-food system and to propose improvement actions in order to reduce energy usage and GHG emissions. An average energy saving of approximately 70% is estimated for the Spanish agri-food system in order to be efficient. This study highlights the importance of the DEA method as a tool for energy optimization, identifying efficient and inefficient food systems. This approach could be adopted by administrations, policy-makers, and producers as a helpful instrument to support decision-making and improve the sustainability of agri-food systems

Towards a sustainable agri-food system by an energetic and environmental efficiency assessment

Feeding the world’s population sustainably is a major challenge of our society and has been stated as one of the key priorities for development cooperation by the EU policy framework on food security. However, the current pattern of natural resources exploitation to meet humanity’s demand for food threatens long-term food security. Food systems represent around 30 % of final energy use, generating up to 30 % of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Given the expected increase of global population (9 billion people by 2050) and the amount of food losses and waste generated (a third of global food production), improving the efficiency of food systems along the supply chain is essential to ensure food security. This work combines life cycle assessment (LCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to assess the efficiency of Spanish agri-food system and propose improvement actions in order to reduce energy usage and GHG emissions. Results suggest that sweets and vegetable fats categories provide the largest nutritional energy to consumer per unit of embedded energy in its production. Around a 70 % average reduction target is estimated for the Spanish agri-food system to be efficient, with a similar reduction in related greenhouse gas emissions.The authors are grateful for the funding of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Ceres-Procom: Food production and consumption strategies for climate change mitigation (CTM2016-76176- C2-1-R) (AEI/FEDER, UE)

Analysis of incidence, risk factors and clinical outcome of thromboembolic and bleeding events in 431 allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients

This is an open-access paper.-- et al.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients have an increasing risk of both hemorrhagic and thrombotic complications. However, the competing risks of two of these life-threatening complications in these complex patients have still not been well defined. We retrospectively analyzed data from 431 allogeneic transplantation recipients to identify the incidence, risk factors and mortality due to thrombosis and bleeding. Significant clinical bleeding was more frequent than symptomatic thrombosis. The cumulative incidence of a bleeding episode was 30.2% at 14 years. The cumulative incidence of a venous or arterial thrombosis at 14 years was 11.8% and 4.1%, respectively. The analysis of competing factors for venous thrombosis revealed extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease to be the only independent prognostic risk factor. By contrast, six factors were associated with an increased risk of bleeding; advanced disease, ablative conditioning regimen, umbilical cord blood transplantation, anticoagulation, acute III-IV graft-versus-host disease, and transplant-associated microangiopathy. The development of thrombosis did not significantly affect overall survival (P=0.856). However, significant clinical bleeding was associated with inferior survival (P<0.001). In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, significant clinical bleeding is more common than thrombotic complications and affects survival.Peer Reviewe

Combined application of Life Cycle Assessment and linear programming to evaluate food waste-to-food strategies: Seeking for answers in the nexus approach

The great concern regarding food loss (FL) has been studied previously, but in an isolated way, disregarding interdependencies with other areas. This paper aims to go a step further by proposing a new procedure to assess different waste management alternatives based on the nexus approach by means of an integrated Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus Index (WEFCNI). The environmental profile of the waste management techniques is determined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which, in combination with Linear Programming (LP), explores the optimal aggregation of weighting factors that lead to an aggregated nexus index. The management of residues from the anchovy canning industry in Cantabria (Spain) has been used as a case study, considering the three current applied alternatives: (i) valorisation of FL as animal feed in aquaculture (food waste-to-food approach), (ii) incineration of FL with energy recovery, and (iii) landfilling with biogas recovery. The last two considered the use of energy recovered to produce a new aquaculture product (food waste-to-energy-to-food scenarios). The results indicate that incineration is the best performing scenario when the nutritional energy provided by the valorisation alternative is not high enough and the valorisation technology presents the highest water consumption. Therefore, a minimisation in the consumption of natural resources is suggested in order to improve the application of circular economy within the sector. The use of the nexus index as an environmental management tool is extendable to any food system with the aim of facilitating the decision-making process in the development of more sustainable products.The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for its financial support via the project GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R) and to Julia Celaya for her technical support. Jara Laso thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for its financial support via the research fellowship BES-2014-069368. Pere Fullana and Alba Bala thank the UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change. Ian Vázquez-Rowe thanks the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú for financing the Walaya Project