Características y experiencias del paciente con pie diabético y amputación. Prácticas enfermeras relacionales durante la hospitalización

Objectius: (1) Conèixer la prevalença de les amputacions no traumàtiques a Tarragona durant el període 2007-2013. (2) Reconèixer vivències, significats i necessitats dels pacients que són amputats durant el seu ingrés hospitalari, i (3) Identificar les pràctiques relacionals i la cura de les infermeres als pacients amb peu diabètic, ingressats a l'hospital, que són amputats com a part del seu tractament. Metodologia: Metodologia mixta, composta per tres estudis que es complementen. En un primer estudi epidemiològic, es revisen històries clíniques digitalitzades de pacients amb amputació realitzada entre 2007-2013. El segon i tercer són estudis qualitatius fenomenológicos. Es realitzen entrevisten a pacients amb peu diabètic que han estat amputats. I a infermeres d'hospitals de Catalunya i Madrid. Aquestes entrevistes són gravades i transcrites literalment, codificades i categoritzades en metacategorías. Resultats: El primer estudi mostra un augment en la taxa d'amputacions totals, amb un descens de les amputacions majors i amb una taxa de reamputación del 30%. En el segon, els pacients identifiquen el significat de l'amputació, descriuen els canvis que es produeixen en la seva nova situació i la vivència del procés d'adaptació. I en l'últim estudi, les infermeres identifiquen les necessitats d'aquests pacients, adaptant la seva cura a les mateixes. Es descriu què i com cuiden les infermeres. Conclusions: L'amputació és una conseqüència greu en la síndrome del peu diabètic, amb una elevada taxa d'incidència i reincidència. L'amputació provoca una ruptura del món del pacient, que precisa d'una adaptació. En aquest període de transició la infermera ofereix la seva cura, que ajuda a la persona: a manejar les seves activitats quotidianes, a afrontar la seva nova imatge, i a reorganitzar rols i relacions; des d'una relació de suport i cooperació.Objetivos: (1) Conocer la prevalencia de las amputaciones no traumáticas en Tarragona durante el periodo 2007-2013. (2) Reconocer vivencias, significados y necesidades de los pacientes que son amputados durante su ingreso hospitalario, y (3) Identificar las prácticas relacionales y el cuidado de las enfermeras a los pacientes con pie diabético, ingresados en el hospital, que son amputados como parte de su tratamiento. Metodología: Metodología mixta, compuesta por tres estudios que se complementan. Un primer estudio epidemiológico, se revisan historias clínicas digitalizadas de pacientes con amputación realizada entre 2007-2013. L El segundo y tercer son estudios cualitativos fenomenológicos. Se realizan entrevistan a pacientes con pie diabético que han sido amputados. Y a enfermeras de hospitales de Cataluña y Madrid. Estas entrevistas son grabadas y transcritas literalmente, codificadas y categorizadas en metacategorías. Resultados: El primer estudio muestra un aumento en la tasa de amputaciones totales, con un descenso de las amputaciones mayores y con una tasa de reamputación del 30%. En el segundo, los pacientes identifican el significado de la amputación, describen los cambios que se producen en su nueva situación y la vivencia del proceso de adaptación. Y en el último estudio las enfermeras identifican las necesidades de estos pacientes, adaptando su cuidado a las mismas. Se describe qué y cómo cuidan las enfermeras. Conclusiones: La amputación es una consecuencia grave en el síndrome del pie diabético, con una elevada tasa de incidencia y reincidencia. La amputación provoca una ruptura del mundo del paciente, que precisa de una adaptación. En este periodo de transición la enfermera ofrece su cuidado, que ayuda a la persona: a manejar sus actividades cotidianas, a afrontar su nueva imagen, y a reorganizar roles y relaciones; desde una relación de apoyo y cooperación.Objectives: (1) Determine the prevalence of non-traumatic amputations in Tarragona (Spain) during the period 2007-2013. (2) Recognize experiences, meanings and needs of patients who are amputees during their hospital stay, and (3) Identify relational practices and nursing care to patients with diabetic foot, admitted to the hospital, and are amputees as part of their treatment. Methodology: Mixed methodology, consisting of three studies complement each other. First in an epidemiological study. The second and thirds are phenomenological qualitative studies, both the instruments used were interview to patients with diabetic foot have been amputees, and nurses from hospitals in Catalonia and Madrid. These interviews are recorded and transcribed, coded and categorized in meta-categories. Results: First study show an increase in total amputation rate, a decrease of major amputations, reamputation a rate of 30%. In the second the patients identify the meaning of amputation, describe changes that occur in their new situation and experience of the adaptation process. And the last study show that the nurses identify the needs of these patients, adapting their care to them, describes what and how they care nurses. Conclusions: Amputation is a serious consequence in diabetic foot syndrome with high incidence rate and recidivism. Amputation causes a breakdown of the patient's world, which requires an adaptation. In this transition period, the nurse provides care, which helps the person: to manage their daily activities, to cope with their new image, and to reorganize roles and relationships; from a supportive relationship and cooperation

Dimorfismo sexual y efecto de las hormonas ováricas y moduladores selectivos de los receptores de estrógeno en modelos de trastornos afectivos y psicóticos en roedores

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Biología Celular, leída el 17/11/2011.Depto. de Biología CelularFac. de Ciencias BiológicasTRUEProQuestpu

Characterization of lorry washing sludge

The sludge generated by washing lorry refuse and some fractions of municipal solid waste have been studied, to justify that washing sludge presents no danger and can therefore be managed adequately in a landfill, as well as other municipal solid waste fractions. One problem attributed to this type of sludge is its high level of sulfide content, which causes this waste to be considered hazardous. The determination of sulfide content in the studied samples was carried out according to environmental protection agency methods 9030B and 9034, and the results show that the sulfide concentration in the sludge is less than other fractions of the municipal solid waste treatment plants, which can properly composted, in which sulfides are oxidized to sulfates. Lorry washing sludge could therefore be managed in a municipal solid waste treatment plant

BIOFUMIGACIÓN Y BIOSOLARIZACIÓN EN EL CONTROL DEL ToMV: UNA BUENA ALTERNATIVA AL BROMURO DE METILO

Crop residues are often an important source of insects, mites and phytopathogenic agents avoiding their presence in the fi eld. Nevertheless, the process of composting in the soil by means of biofumigation and biosolarization can help to control these agents depending of some factors as temperature, time of treatment, implicated microorganisms and the kind of soil. This research deals about the use of biofumigation and biosolarization for the control of Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) under controlled conditions in pots and 3 different doses of infected vegetal material with the virus were used. Cocopeat slabs infected with the virus were used, too. These growbags had been used during one year and the virus was detected on the remained roots. Both pots and growbags were placed in open or shut plastic bags and were treated at different temperatures during different periods of time. The treatment at 25 ºC was considered as biofumigation and the treatment at 45 ºC was considered as biosolarization. Since 4 weeks of treatment at 45 ºC was suffi cient to control ToMV in pots, biosolarization was more effective than biofumigation. 6 weeks of treatment at 25 ºC were necessary to control the virus. In growbags, 5 weeks of treatment at 45 ºC were not suffi cient to control the virus, but the percentage of infected plants was reduced and a greater development and premature fl owering period were observed. Biofumigation and biosolarization can be considered as alternative techniques for the use of Methyl Bromide for the control of phytopathogenic agents.Los restos de cosechas son a menudo portadores de insectos, ácaros y agentes de fi topatógenos, desaconsejando su presencia en campo. Sin embargo el proceso de compostaje en el interior del suelo mediante los procesos de biofumigación y biosolarización, favorecen el control de estos agentes en función de la temperatura, tiempo, microorganismos implicados, plantas empleadas y características del suelo. Este trabajo determinó, en condiciones controladas, la efi cacia de la biofumigación y biosolarización en el control del virus del mosaico del tomate en macetas empleando 3 dosis de material vegetal infectado con el virus y en mangas de fi bra de coco de un año de uso donde quedaban restos de raíces del cultivo anterior infectadas con el virus. Tanto las macetas como las mangas de fibra de coco fueron sometidas a diferentes tratamientos de embolsado, no embolsado y tiempo de tratamiento. Se consideró biofumigación al tratamiento con 25 ºC y biosolarización al tratamiento con 45 ºC. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la eficacia de la biosolarización en el control del virus en macetas sobre la biofumigación; ya que tan solo 4 semanas de tratamiento fueron sufi cientes frente a las 6 semanas necesarias en la biofumigación. En las mangas de fibra de coco la biosolarización durante 5 semanas resultó ineficaz para el control del virus, pero se redujo el porcentaje de plantas infectadas y se observó un mayor desarrollo vegetativo y el adelanto en su fl oración. La biofumigación y biosolarización pueden ser consideradas como técnicas alternativas al uso del Bromuro de metilo en el control de agentes fitopatógenos

Study of the Briquetting Process of Walnut Shells for Pyrolysis and Combustion

Walnut shells can be used as fuels in power plants directly or as biochars obtained by pyrolysis or torrefaction. They are an example of clean waste biomass which shows a low ash content and a high Net Calorific Value, making them excellent for energy recovery in industrial and non-industrial applications, such as in bakeries, restaurants, and homes. Their main inconvenience is their low bulk density. Densification is a possible solution that reduces the costs of transportation, handling, and storage. In this work, after the characterization of the walnut shells, briquettes were obtained using a hydraulic piston press briquette machine under different conditions to find the best quality without the need for previous grinding for pelletizing. This method features easy operation and maintenance, and the briquette shape could be adapted as desired. The quality of the briquettes was measured through their density and durability. After fixing a compaction pressure to obtain acceptable briquettes, the factors affecting their quality were studied: operating temperature, moisture content, and the presence of small amounts of walnuts. Good quality briquettes were obtained with a compaction pressure of 66 MPa, with densities around 1040 kg/m3, and durabilities higher than 94% when the process was carried at 140 °C. The greatest increase in durability was observed between briquettes obtained at room temperature and those obtained at 80 °C. The presence of small amounts of walnuts, common after the shelling process, improved the durability. Although water is necessary, briquettes obtained from biomass with only 1% of moisture showed better durabilities. Therefore, walnut shells are suitable for obtaining good quality briquettes according to the specifications of solid biofuels established in the standards, without the need for any pretreatment.This research was funded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain) [grant number AEI/10.13039/501100011033], by the University of Alicante [grant number UAUSTI21-03] and by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competividad [Research Project CTQ2016-76608-R]

How secondary school students conceptualize infrared radiation - matter interaction? Findings from a research study and implications for an instructional design

This study has been carried out within the REVIR scenario, which is a project promoting that secondary school students have access to a computerized laboratory at the Faculty of Education of our university and work in small groups during four hours with specific instructional material. One of the laboratory sessions included in the REVIR project deals with IR radiation-matter interaction, and is addressed to post-compulsory secondary students (16-18 year-old students). Within this framework, we have conducted a research study to analyse students' conceptualizations of the processes or mechanisms that take place in IR radiation-matter interaction (energy transfer, selective absorption), and its effects at a macroscopic level (temperature increase) and at a molecular level (vibration). For data collection, a question was posed to all students at the end of each REVIR session, asking students to relate what was described in an article about the application of an IR laser for acne treatment to what they had learnt throughout the session. The analysis of the 67 students' answers to that question revealed that many students explained the effects of the IR laser in vague terms, often repeating information included in the article, without explaining absorption of IR radiation in terms of energy. In consecutive versions of the instructional material, more oriented application questions were added after the article and explicit discussion around synthesis and exploratory (of students' previous ideas) questions was carried out during the session. From the analysis of 49 and 119 students' answers in consecutive later versions, we found that the introduction of these changes resulted in a greater number of students' descriptions in macroscopic and microscopic terms, and a lower number of answers simply repeating information extracted from the reading. Furthermore, more students explicitly explained absorption in terms of energy associated to IR light. Implications for the instructional design, in terms of critical features affecting people's abilities to transfer what they have learned, are discussed belo

Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops

[EN] Currently, the main arthropod vectored pathogens associated with carrot and celery crop diseases are EiCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearumA ', Spiroplasma citri and different phytoplasma species. Mitigation strategies require elucidating whether these pathogens survive in the weeds of these Apiaceae crops, which can act as reservoirs. Weed surveys were conducted in a vegetative cycle (April to October 2012) in the spontaneous vegetation that surrounded crops affected by EiCa. L. solanacearumA ', S. citri and/or phytoplasmas. Sixty-three species of 53 genera that belong to 23 botanical families were collected in the main carrot and celery Spanish production area. Species were identified, estimating coverage and abundance, and conserved in herbarium. Samples were analysed by nested-PCR with universal primers for phytoplasmas detection, and were sequenced for identification purposes; by conventional PCR for S. citri and real-time PCR for EiCa. L. solanacearumA '. The only detected pathogens were EiCa. Phytoplasma trifoliiA ' (clover proliferation group 16Sr VI-A) in Amaranthus blitoides and Setaria adhaerens and EiCa. P. solaniA ' (stolbur group 16Sr XII-A) in Convolvulus arvensis. These pathogens were also sporadically detected in celery or carrot crops. Unexpectedly, neither EiCa. L. solanacearumA ' nor S. citri was detected in the weed samples, despite the relatively high prevalence of these pathogens (less than 66 % and 25 %, respectively) in the surveyed plots. This suggests that weeds do not play an epidemiological role as reservoirs in the spread of such organisms in the studied region. The use of pathogen-free seed lots and the control of vectors are crucial for preventing the introduction and spread of these economical important pathogens to new areas.This work has been supported by grant INIA (RTA2011-00142). G.R. Teresani was the recipient of a PhD grant from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), Ministerio de Educacao, Brazil. This paper is dedicated to the memory of F.J. Villaescusa (1981-2011). The technical support of S. Sanjuan and J.C. Ferrandiz from Agricola Villena Coop. V. is acknowledged.Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Verdeguer Sancho, MM.; Rodríguez-León, F.; Ibañez, I.; Hernández, D.; Teresani, GR.; Bertolini, E.... (2017). Search for reservoirs of `Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum¿ and mollicutes in weeds associated with carrot and celery crops. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 147(1):15-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-016-0984-915201471Alfaro-Fernández, A., Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2012). First report of ˋCandidatus Liberibacter solanacearum´ in carrots in mainland Spain. Plant Disease, 96, 582.Bertaccini, A., & Duduk, B. (2009). Phytoplasma and phytoplasma disease: a review of recent research. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 48, 355–378.Bertolini, E., Teresani, G. R., Loiseau, M., Tanaka, F. A. O., Barbé, S., Martínez, C., Gentit, P., López, M. M., & Cambrá, M. (2015). Transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in carrot seeds. Plant Pathology, 64, 276–285.Bové, J. M. (1986). Stubborn and its natural transmission in the Mediterranean area and the near east. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 34, 15–23.Bové J. M., Fos A., Lallemand J., Raie A., Ali Y., Ahmed N. (1988). Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the old world. In: L. W. Timmer, S.M. Garnsey, L. Navarro, eds. Proceedings of the 10th International Organization of Citrus Virologist Conference, (295–299). Riverside, USA. (www.iocv.org/proceedings).Braun-Blanquet, J. (1932). Plant sociology: the study of plant communities (439 pp). New York: McGraw-Hill.Carretero, J. L. (2004). Flora arvense española (754 pp). Valencia: Las malas hierbas de los cultivos españoles. Phytoma Ed.Cebrián, M. C., Villaescusa, F. J., Alfaro-Fernández, A., Hermoso De Mendoza, A., Córdoba- Sellés, M. C., Jordá, C., Ferrándiz, J. C., Sanjuán, S., & Font, M. I. (2010). First report of Spiroplasma citri in carrot in Europe. Plant Disease, 94, 1264.Davis, R. M., & Raid, R. N. (2002). Compendium of Umbelliferous crop disease (110 pp).American Phytopathological SocietyEmber, I., Acs, Z., Munyaneza, J. E., Crosslin, J. M., & Kolber, M. (2011). Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Rusia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 130, 367–377.Fialová, R., Valová, P., Balakishiyevá, G., Danet, J. L., Safarová, D., Foissac, X., & Navratil, M. (2009). Genetic variability of stolbur phytoplasma in anual crop and wild plant species in South Moravia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 91, 411–416.Fujiwara, K. (1987). Aims and methods of phytosociology or "vegetation science", Papers on plant ecology and taxonomy to the memory of Dr. Satoshi Nakanishi. pp. 607–628.Green, M. J., Thompson, D. A., & MacKenzie, D. J. (1999). Easy and efficient DNA extraction from Woody plants for the detection of Phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction. Plant Disease, 83, 482–485.Gundersen, D. E., & Lee, I. M. (1996). Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested- PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 35, 144–151.Haapalanien, M. (2014). Biology and epidemics of Candidatus Liberibacter species, psyllid-transmitted plant-pathogenic bacteria. Annals of Applied Biology, 165, 172–198.Herbario de la Universidad Pública de Navarra. (2012). http://www.unavarra.es/herbario. Accessed 2012.Herbario Virtual del Mediterráneo Occidental. (2012). http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/. Accessed 2012.Flora Ibérica. (2012). http://www.floraiberica.org/. Accessed 2012.Jomantiene, R., Maas, J. L., Dally, E. L., Davis, R. E., & Postman, J. D. (1999). First report of clover proliferation Phytoplasma in strawberry. Plant Disease, 83, 967.Jomantiene, R., Postman, J. D., Montano, H. G., Maas, J. L., Davis, R. E., & Johnson, K. B. (2000). First report of clover yellow edge Phytoplasma in Corylus (hazelnut). Plant Disease, 84, 102.Lee, I. M., Gundersen-Rindal, D. E., Davis, R. E., & Bartoszyk, I. M. (1998). Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 48, 1153–1169.Lee, I. M., Dane, R. A., & Black, M. C. (2001). First report of a member of Aster yellows Phytoplasma group and of clover proliferation Phytoplasma group associated with onion in Texas. Plant Disease, 85, 448.Lee, I. M., Bottner, K. D., Miklas, P. N., & Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2004). Clover proliferation group (16SrVI) subgroup a (16SrVI-A) Phytoplasma is a probable causal agent of dry bean Phyllody disease in Washington. Plant Disease, 88, 429–429.Mateo, G., & Crespo, M. (2009). Manual Para la determinación de la flora valenciana (4ª ed.507 pp). Alicante: Librería Compás.Ed.Murphy, A. F., Cating, R. A., Goyer, A., Hamm, P. B., & Rondon, S. I. (2014). First report of natural infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ in bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) in the Columbia Basin of eastern Oregon. Plant Disease, 94, 1425.Nejat, N., Vadamalai, G., & Dickinson, M. (2011). Spiroplasma citri: a wide host range phytopathogen. Plant Pathology Journal, 10, 46–56.Schneider, B., Seemüller, E., Smart, C. D., & Kirkpatrick, B. C. (1995). Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. In S. Razin & J. G. Tully (Eds.), Molecular and diagnostic procedures in mycoplasmology (Vol. Vol.I, pp. 369–380). San Diego: Academic Press.Teresani, G., Bertolini, E., Alfaro-Fernandez, A., Martínez, C., Tanaka, F. A., Kitajima, E., Rosello, M., Sanjuan, S., Ferrandiz, J. C., López, M. M., Cambra, M., & Font-San-Ambrosio, M. I. (2014). Association of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ with a vegetative disorder of celery in Spain and development of a real-time PCR method for its detection. Phytopahology, 104, 804–811.Teresani, G., Hernández, E., Bertolini, E., Siverio, F., Marroquín, C., Molina, J., Hermoso de Mendoza, A., & Cambra, M. (2015). Search for potencial vectors of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’: population dynamics in host crops. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 13, e10–002.Flora Vascular. (2012). http://www.floravascular.com/. Accessed 2012.Weed Science Society of America. (2012). http://wssa.net/weed/weed-identification/. Accessed 2012.Yokomi, R. K., Mello, A. F. S., Saponari, M., & Fletcher, J. (2008). Polymerase chain reactionbased detection of Spiroplasma citri associated with citrus stubborn disease. Plant Disease, 92, 253–260

Evaluar la calidad del aprendizaje en educación superior : el modelo ECA08 como base para el análisis de evidencias sobre la calidad de la E-A en E. Superior

L'actual vol.7, núm.2 (2009) de la "Revista de Docencia Universitaria" es correspon amb el núm.3 de l'antic "Boletín de la Red Estatal de Docencia Universitaria".Preguntarse por la calidad del aprendizaje en Educación Superior (E.S.) no es una cuestión nada simple. Como toda apreciación de naturaleza evaluadora, fundamentalmente depende de los referentes empleados en hacerlo y del modo cómo se realiza. Ello convierte a dicha noción en un concepto complejo y controvertido debido a las distintas aproximaciones posibles sobre el mismo. Por lo tanto, preguntarse acerca de "qué calidad" y "para quién" es un punto de partida obligado. En términos de la idea de calidad que utilizamos, hay dos aspectos que son de interés, la percepción de los estudiantes sobre la misma y las pruebas aportadas por la investigación sobre la naturaleza cualitativa de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. En nuestro enfoque de la noción de calidad nos interesan dos aspectos: considerar el punto de vista de los estudiantes y asumir las evidencias aportadas por la investigación con respecto a la naturaleza cualitativa de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El instrumento ECA082, mostró tener un alto valor analítico con respecto a importantes aspectos de la relación de Enseñanza y Aprendizaje y evidencia las posibilidades de consolidación y de mejora en aspectos cruciales de dicha relación en la Educación Superior. Si atendemos a los resultados obtenidos este tipo de encuesta, basada en un conjunto de principios sobre la enseñanza y aprendizaje bien definidos, puede constituir una alternativa prometedora para la transformación cualitativa de los cursos y materias analizados.Establishing the quality of learning in higher education is in no way an easy matter. As with any kind of evaluation estimation, it fundamentally depends on the benchmarks used and how it is done, which makes the idea into a complex and controversial concept due to the various different approaches that are possible. Thus, raising the questions of "what quality" and "from whom" is a compelling starting point. In terms of the approach to the idea of quality considered here, there are two aspects of consideration that are of interest, the students' perception and the evidence provided by research on the qualitative nature of teaching and learning processes. The LEQ/AQA08 instrument proved to be a highly effective analytical tool regarding important aspects in teaching and learning and provided evidence of the possibilities of consolidating and enhancing crucial aspects of this relationship in Higher Education. According to the gathered results, this kind of student's survey based on a set of well defined teaching and learning principles could be a promising alternative for a transformative quality of the analyzed programmes

Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Borràs Palomares, D.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.... (2017). Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods. Annals of Applied Biology. 170(3):405-414. doi:10.1111/aab.12344, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12344. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The disease caused by Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), which is naturally transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, causes important economic losses in cucurbit crops. The availability of simple and efficient inoculation protocols and detection methods is necessary for screening varieties and germplasm collections as well as for breeding populations. We evaluated the infectivity of ToLCNDV inocula prepared using three different buffers for mechanical sap inoculation in a susceptible variety of zucchini. We found that inoculum prepared with buffer III, which contains polyvinylpyrrolidone, is highly efficient for mechanical inoculation, with 100% of plants displaying severe symptoms 21 days post-inoculation. Using this buffer, we mechanically inoculated 19 commercial varieties of cucurbit crops (six of cucumber, six of melon and seven of zucchini), evaluated the evolution of symptoms and diagnosed infection using nine different ToLCNDV detection methods (four based on serology, four based on molecular hybridization and one based on PCR detection). The results revealed that all varieties are susceptible, although cucumber varieties display less severe symptoms than those of melon or zucchini. All detection methods were highly efficient (more than 85% of plants testing positive) in melon and zucchini, but in cucumber, the percentage of positive plants detected with serology and molecular hybridization methods ranged from 20.4% with Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) antiserum, to 78.5% with DNA extract hybridization. Overall, the best detection results were obtained with PCR, with 92.6%, 92.4% and 98.4% cucumber, melon and zucchini plants, respectively, testing positive. When considering the overall results in the three crops, the best serology and molecular hybridization methods were those using Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) antiserum and DNA extract, respectively. The inoculation methodology developed and the information on detection methods are of great relevance for the selection and breeding of varieties of cucurbit crops that are tolerant or resistant to ToLCNDV.Figás-Moreno, MDR.; Alfaro Fernández, AO.; Font San Ambrosio, MI.; Borràs Palomares, D.; Casanova-Calancha, C.; Hurtado Ricart, M.; Plazas Ávila, MDLO.... (2017). Inoculation of cucumber, melón and zucchini varieties with Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and evaluation of infection using different methods. Annals of Applied Biology. 170(3):405-414. doi:10.1111/aab.12344S405414170

Gravitational waves in dynamical spacetimes with matter content in the Fully Constrained Formulation

The Fully Constrained Formulation (FCF) of General Relativity is a novel framework introduced as an alternative to the hyperbolic formulations traditionally used in numerical relativity. The FCF equations form a hybrid elliptic-hyperbolic system of equations including explicitly the constraints. We present an implicit-explicit numerical algorithm to solve the hyperbolic part, whereas the elliptic sector shares the form and properties with the well known Conformally Flat Condition (CFC) approximation. We show the stability andconvergence properties of the numerical scheme with numerical simulations of vacuum solutions. We have performed the first numerical evolutions of the coupled system of hydrodynamics and Einstein equations within FCF. As a proof of principle of the viability of the formalism, we present 2D axisymmetric simulations of an oscillating neutron star. In order to simplify the analysis we have neglected the back-reaction of the gravitational waves into the dynamics, which is small (<2 %) for the system considered in this work. We use spherical coordinates grids which are well adapted for simulations of stars and allow for extended grids that marginally reach the wave zone. We have extracted the gravitational wave signature and compared to the Newtonian quadrupole and hexadecapole formulae. Both extraction methods show agreement within the numerical errors and the approximations used (~30 %).Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in PR