Primer reporte de la mutación F1534C asociada con resistencia cruzada a DDT y piretroides en Aedes aegypti en Colombia

Introduction: The main strategy for the control of Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses, is based on the use of insecticides to reduce its populations. However, their use has led to insect resistance to these chemicals. Objective: To determine the presence of the F1534C mutation associated with cross-resistance to DDT and pyrethroids in A. aegypti in Sincelejo, Colombia. Materials and methods: We studied nine specimens of A. aegypti that showed resistance to lambdacyhalothrin in bioassays developed by the Secretaría de Salud de Sucre. We used a semi-nested PCR as previously described by Harris, et al., to amplify exon 31 of the para gene of the voltage-dependent sodium channel of A. aegypti. We sequenced, edited, and analyzed PCR products with the MEGA 5 software. Results: We detected the wild and mutant alleles of exon 31 in all of the nine mosquitoes tested, and observed the substitution of thymine for guanine in the nucleotide sequence of the mutant allele, producing a change to UGC in the UUC codon, which led to the replacement of phenylalanine by cysteine in residue 1534 of the protein. Conclusion: The nine mosquitoes analyzed presented a heterozygote genotype for the F1534C mutation, whose phenotypic effect is knockdown resistance (kdr) to DDT and pyrethroids.Introducción. La principal estrategia para el control de Aedes aegypti, vector de los virus del dengue, del chikungunya y del zika, se basa en la utilización de insecticidas con el fin de disminuir su población. Sin embargo, su uso ha implicado que el insecto desarrolle resistencia a estos agentes químicos. Objetivo. Determinar la presencia de la mutación F1534C asociada con resistencia cruzada al DDT y los piretroides en mosquitos de la especie A. aegypti en Sincelejo, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló con nueve ejemplares de A. aegypti que mostraron resistencia a lambdacialotrina en bioensayos desarrollados por la Secretaría de Salud de Sucre. Se utilizó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) semianidada siguiendo la metodología descrita por Harris, et al., para amplificar el exón 31 del gen para del canal de sodio dependiente de voltaje de A. aegypti. Los productos de la PCR se secuenciaron, editaron y analizaron con el programa MEGA 5. Resultados. En todos los mosquitos evaluados se detectó la presencia del alelo silvestre y mutante del exón 31. En la secuencia de nucleótidos del alelo mutante, se observó la sustitución de timina por guanina, la cual produce el cambio del codón UUC por UGC y conlleva el reemplazo del aminoácido fenilalanina por cisteína en el residuo 1534 de la proteína. Conclusión. Los nueve mosquitos analizados presentaron un genotipo heterocigoto para la mutación F1534C, cuyo efecto fenotípico es la resistencia al “derribo” (knock-down resistance, kdr) con DDT y piretroides

Variabilidad genética de Aedes aegypti en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia, mediante el análisis de la secuencia de nucleótidos del gen mitocondrial ND4

Introduction. Aedes aegypti is the most important mosquito species in America for the transmission of viruses of dengue, Zika, Chikungunya and yellow fever. Ecological factors as well as chemical controls can affect the genetic composition of Ae. aegypti populations, which is why its genetic characterization is necessary.Objective. To determine the genetic variability of Ae. aegypti populations in four municipalities of Sucre department, Colombia.Materials and methods. Larvae of Ae. aegypti, collected in the municipalities of Sincelejo, Sampués, Corozal and Guaranda, Sucre department, were reared under laboratory conditions to adult stage. A segment of the mitochondrial ND4 gene which codes for the subunit 4 of the enzyme NADH-dehydrogenase was used as genetic marker. The genetic analysis included the estimation of parameters of nucleotide and haplotype diversity, genetic structure and gene flow.Results. One hundred and eight partial sequences of 357 nucleotides and four nucleotide haplotypes of the ND4 gene of Ae. aegypti were obtained. A significantly high genetic differentiation was found between the Sampués and Guaranda populations (FST=0.59467), Sincelejo and Sampués (FST=0.25637), and Corozal and Guaranda (FST=0.22237). A high gene flow (Nm=infinite) was observed among the populations of Sincelejo and Corozal.Conclusion. There are genetic differences between the Ae. aegypti populations from the municipalities of Sucre department. The presence of a new haplotype of the mitochondrial ND4 gene of Ae. aegypti in Colombia was recorded, detected in the municipality of Sincelejo.Introducción. Aedes aegypti es la especie de mosquito de mayor relevancia en América por transmitir los virus del dengue, del Zika, del chikungunya y de la fiebre amarilla. Tanto factores ecológicos como el control químico, pueden influir en la composición genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti, por lo cual es necesaria su caracterización.Objetivo. Determinar la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti en cuatro municipios del departamento de Sucre, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Larvas de Ae. aegypti, recolectadas en los municipios de Sincelejo, Sampués, Corozal y Guaranda del departamento de Sucre, fueron criadas en laboratorio hasta el estado adulto. Como marcador genético, se utilizó un segmento del gen mitocondrial ND4, que codifica para la subunidad 4 de la enzima NADH-deshidrogenasa. El análisis genético incluyó la estimación de parámetros de diversidad de nucleótidos, haplotipos, de estructura genética y de flujo de genes.Resultados. Se obtuvieron 108 secuencias parciales de 357 nucleótidos y cuatro haplotipos de nucleótidos del gen ND4 de Ae. aegypti. Se encontró una diferenciación genética significativamente alta entre las poblaciones de Sampués y Guaranda mediante el índice de fijación (FST=0,59467), las de Sincelejo y Sampués (FST= 0,25637), y las de Corozal y Guaranda (FST= 0,22237). Se evidenció un gran flujo de genes (Nm=infinito) entre las poblaciones de Sincelejo y Corozal.Conclusión. Existen diferencias genéticas entre las poblaciones del mosquito Ae. aegypti de los municipios del departamento de Sucre. Se registra la presencia de un nuevo haplotipo del gen mitocondrial ND4 de Ae. aegypti en Colombia, el cual fue detectado en el municipio de Sincelejo

Collagen XIX Alpha 1 improves prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The identification of more reliable diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers in age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), is urgently needed. The objective in this study was to identify more reliable prognostic biomarkers of ALS mirroring neurodegeneration that could be of help in clinical trials. A total of 268 participants from three cohorts were included in this study. The muscle and blood cohorts were analyzed in two cross-sectional studies, while the serial blood cohort was analyzed in a longitudinal study at 6-monthly intervals. Fifteen target genes and fourteen proteins involved in muscle physiology and differentiation, metabolic processes and neuromuscular junction dismantlement were studied in the three cohorts. In the muscle biopsy cohort, the risk for a higher mortality in an ALS patient that showed high Collagen type XIX, alpha 1 (COL19A1) protein levels and a fast progression of the disease was 70.5% (P < 0.05), while in the blood cohort, this risk was 20% (P < 0.01). In the serial blood cohort, the linear mixed model analysis showed a significant association between increasing COL19A1 gene levels along disease progression and a faster progression during the follow-up period of 24 months (P < 0.05). Additionally, higher COL19A1 levels and a faster progression increased 17.9% the mortality risk (P < 0.01). We provide new evidence that COL19A1 can be considered a prognostic biomarker that could help the selection of homogeneous groups of patients for upcoming clinical trial and may be pointed out as a promising therapeutic target in ALS

Gestión del conocimiento. Perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 5

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 5, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, que cuenta con el esfuerzo de investigadores de varios países del mundo, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico que consoliden la transformación del conocimiento en diferentes escenarios, tanto organizacionales como universitarios, para el desarrollo de habilidades cognitivas del quehacer diario. La gestión del conocimiento es un camino para consolidar una plataforma en las empresas públicas o privadas, entidades educativas, organizaciones no gubernamentales, ya sea generando políticas para todas las jerarquías o un modelo de gestión para la administración, donde es fundamental articular el conocimiento, los trabajadores, directivos, el espacio de trabajo, hacia la creación de ambientes propicios para el desarrollo integral de las instituciones

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 13

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 13 de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro es una publicación internacional, seriada, continua, arbitrada, de acceso abierto a todas las áreas del conocimiento, orientada a contribuir con procesos de gestión del conocimiento científico, tecnológico y humanístico. Con esta colección, se aspira contribuir con el cultivo, la comprensión, la recopilación y la apropiación social del conocimiento en cuanto a patrimonio intangible de la humanidad, con el propósito de hacer aportes con la transformación de las relaciones socioculturales que sustentan la construcción social de los saberes y su reconocimiento como bien público. El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 13, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR) - Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTFAG) - Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kléber Ramírez (UPTM) - Mérida - Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (CABBOPP) - Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE) - Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia – Venezuela; Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CEDINTER) - Antioquia – Colombia y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso

Genetic diversity and phylogeny of Anopheles nuneztovari C and Anopheles albimanus, vectors of malaria in the department of Córdoba, Colombia

In the department of Córdoba, 21 widely distributed Anopheles species have been described, of which Anopheles triannulatus, Anopheles nuneztovari, Anopheles albimanus, and Anopheles darlingi are the most abundant species, and the last three play a vectorial role in Malaria transmission in Colombia. A correct taxonomic identification of malaria insect vectors is of vital importance for the development of effective vector control strategies. However, the identification of individuals from the Anopheles genus presents difficulties due to the loss of relevant morphological characters during the transport and preservation of the collected specimens. In addition to the interspecific variations, and the intraspecific similarities of the species belonging to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus, since itpresents species complexes and cryptic species that difficults identification based only in morphological characteristics. The objective of this study was to characterize the barcode fragment of the COI gene and its genetic diversity for the identification of An. (Nys) nuneztovari and An. (Nys) albimanus in areas of high malaria transmission from the department of Córdoba. 67 individuals belonging to the species An. nuneztovari cytotype C and 22 An. albimanus were identified, and additionally, 9 haplotypes were obtained for An. nuneztovari C and 14 for An. albimanus distributed in the study areas. The values obtained in the FST and Nm estimators indicate a low or null genetic differentiation and a high gene flow between most of the studied populations because they share the most frequent haplotypes of these two species. The maximum likelihood trees for these species showed that the specimens from Córdoba belong to the same mitochondrial lineage as those previously reported from Antioquia, Choco, and Norte de Santander

Molecular phylogeny of heritable symbionts and microbiota diversity analysis in phlebotominae sand flies and Culex nigripalpus from Colombia.

BackgroundSecondary symbionts of insects include a range of bacteria and fungi that perform various functional roles on their hosts, such as fitness, tolerance to heat stress, susceptibility to insecticides and effects on reproduction. These endosymbionts could have the potential to shape microbial communites and high potential to develop strategies for mosquito-borne disease control.Methodology/principal findingsThe relative frequency and molecular phylogeny of Wolbachia, Microsporidia and Cardinium were determined of phlebotomine sand flies and mosquitoes in two regions from Colombia. Illumina Miseq using the 16S rRNA gene as a biomarker was conducted to examine the microbiota. Different percentages of natural infection by Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Microsporidia in phlebotomines and mosquitoes were detected. Phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia shows putative new strains of Lutzomyia gomezi (wLgom), Brumptomyia hamata (wBrham), and a putative new group associated with Culex nigripalpus (Cnig) from the Andean region, located in Supergroup A and Supergroup B, respectively. The sequences of Microsporidia were obtained of Pi. pia and Cx. nigripalpus, which are located on phylogeny in the IV clade (terrestrial origin). The Cardinium of Tr. triramula and Ps. shannoni were located in group C next to Culicoides sequences while Cardinium of Mi. cayennensis formed two putative new subgroups of Cardinium in group A. In total were obtained 550 bacterial amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 189 taxa to the genus level. The microbiota profiles of Sand flies and mosquitoes showed mainly at the phylum level to Proteobacteria (67.6%), Firmicutes (17.9%) and Actinobacteria (7.4%). High percentages of relative abundance for Wolbachia (30%-83%) in Lu. gomezi, Ev. dubitans, Mi. micropyga, Br. hamata, and Cx. nigripalpus were found. ASVs assigned as Microsporidia were found in greater abundance in Pi. pia (23%) and Cx. nigripalpus (11%). An important finding is the detection of Rickettsia in Pi. pia (58,8%) and Bartonella sp. in Cx. nigripalpus.Conclusions/significanceWe found that Wolbachia infection significantly decreased the alpha diversity and negatively impacts the number of taxa on sand flies and Culex nigripalpus. The Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) is consistent, which showed statistically significant differences (PERMANOVA, F = 2.4744; R2 = 0.18363; p-value = 0.007) between the microbiota of sand flies and mosquitoes depending on its origin, host and possibly for the abundance of some endosymbionts (Wolbachia, Rickettsia)

IMPORTÂNCIA DO PROGRAMA LOJA A LOJA EM PAMPLONA NORTE DE SANTANDER, COMO APOIO À POLÍTICA DE FORTALECIMENTO DAS MICROEMPRESAS

The National Development Plan “Colombia world power of life” 2022-2026”, establishes as one of the catalysts: thepolicy of productive inclusion with decent work and support for entrepreneurship, giving special recognition andpromotion to the Popular and Community Economy (EPC).In this framework, the Pact with the Popular and CommunityEconomy is established, which proposes strategies for its recognition, strengthening and sustainability.The popular economy refers to commercial trades and occupations (production, distribution and marketing of goodsand services) and non-commercial (domestic and community) developed by low-scale economic units, whetherpersonal, family, microbusinesses or microenterprises, in any sector. economic.Taking the above into account, the “STORE TO STORE” program was developed, which focused on low-scaleeconomic units (people, microbusinesses or microenterprises) of the economic sector of grocers selling retail groceriesin the city of Pamplona, North of Santander; in order to promote the strengthening and sustainability of micro and smallbusinesses, including the economic units of the Popular and Community Economy (EPC). Within the program, afinancial assistance component is also conceived with connection to the offer of formal financing. Likewise, this includescomponents of organizational, commercial, and digital capabilities that promote the sustainability of the productive unit.El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo “Colombia potencia mundial de la vida"2022-2026”, establece como uno de los catalizadores lapolítica de inclusión productiva con trabajo decente y apoyo al emprendimiento, haciendo un especial reconocimiento e impulso a la Economía Popular y Comunitaria (EPC). En este marco, se establece el Pacto con la Economía Popular y Comunitaria el cual propone estrategias para su reconocimiento, fortalecimiento y sostenibilidad. La economía popular se refiere a los oficios y ocupaciones mercantiles (producción, distribución y comercialización de bienes y servicios) y no mercantiles (domésticas y comunitarias) desarrolladas por unidades económicas de baja escala ya sean personales, familiares, micronegocios o microempresas, en cualquier sector económico. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, se desarrolló el programa “TIENDA A TIENDA”, el cual se enfocó en unidades económicas de baja escala (personas, micronegocios o microempresas) del sector económico de tenderos venta de víveres al por menor en la ciudad de Pamplona, Norte de Santander; con el fin de promover el fortalecimiento y sostenibilidad de los micro y pequeños negocios, incluyendo las unidades económicas de la Economía Popular y Comunitaria (EPC). Dentro del programa, se concibe también, un componente de asistencia financiera con conexión a oferta de financiamiento formal. Asimismo, este incluye componentes de capacidades organizativas, comerciales y digitales que propician la sostenibilidad de la unidad productiva.Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento “Colômbia potência mundial da vida” 2022-2026”, estabelece como um doscatalisadores: a política de inclusão produtiva com trabalho digno e apoio ao empreendedorismo, dando especialreconhecimento e promoção à Economia Popular e Comunitária (EPC) .Neste quadro, estabelece-se o Pacto com aEconomia Popular e Comunitária, que propõe estratégias para o seu reconhecimento, fortalecimento esustentabilidade.A economia popular refere-se aos comércios e ocupações comerciais (produção, distribuição e comercialização debens e serviços) e não comerciais (domésticas e comunitárias) desenvolvidas por unidades económicas de baixaescala, sejam elas pessoais, familiares, microempresas ou microempresas, em qualquer sector. econômico.Tendo em conta o exposto, foi desenvolvido o programa “STORE TO STORE”, que se concentrou em unidadeseconómicas de baixa escala (pessoas, microempresas ou microempresas) do sector económico das mercearias quevendem produtos alimentares a retalho na cidade de Pamplona, Norte de Santander; com o objetivo de promover ofortalecimento e a sustentabilidade das micro e pequenas empresas, incluindo as unidades económicas da EconomiaPopular e Comunitária (EPC). Dentro do programa, também é concebido um componente de assistência financeiravinculado à oferta de financiamento formal. Da mesma forma, inclui componentes de capacidades organizacionais,comerciais e digitais que promovem a sustentabilidade da unidade produtiva

Blood sources detected in sand fly specimens in each locality.

<p>Blood fed females were processed individually, identified based on external characters, and species confirmation was performed using DNA barcode procedures.</p

Results from DNA barcode analyses for species identification confirmation.

<p>Samples were collected in 24 houses in each of 15 localities in the Cordoba department in Colombia a subset of the collected specimens were DNA barcoded suing standard protocols and primers. The table shows the species identity according to morphology-based taxonomy and the reference sequence genbank number and ID for that species. All the samples belonged to single female specimens except for <i>P</i>. <i>evansi</i> specimens that were a pool of 10 individuals. We show the percentage of barcodes produced for each nominal species that matched the reference sequence, in parenthesis the number of matching nucleotids and total number of produced barcodes. References correspond to publications of the reference sequences.</p