Linking PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR to Histone Modification in Plant Shade Avoidance

Shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) allows a plant grown in a densely populated environment to maximize opportunities to access to sunlight. Although it is well established that SAS is accompanied by gene expression changes, the underlying molecular mechanism needs to be elucidated. Here, we identify the H3K4me3/H3K36me3-binding proteins, Morf Related Gene (MRG) group proteins MRG1 and MRG2, as positive regulators of shade-induced hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). MRG2 binds PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR7 (PIF7) and regulates the expression of several common downstream target genes, including YUCCA8 and IAA19 involved in the auxin biosynthesis or response pathway and PRE1 involved in brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation. In response to shade, PIF7 and MRG2 are enriched at the promoter and gene-body regions and are necessary for increase of histone H4 and H3 acetylation to promote target gene expression. Our study uncovers a mechanism in which the shade-responsive factor PIF7 recruits MRG1/MRG2 that binds H3K4me3/H3K36me3 and brings histone-acetylases to induce histone acetylations to promote expression of shade responsive genes, providing thus a molecular mechanistic link coupling the environmental light to epigenetic modification in regulation of hypocotyl elongation in plant SAS

Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung sebagai Ruang Terbuka Publik

Bandung merupakan sebuah kota yang strategis yang memiliki nilai sejarah yang cukup panjang dalam masa perjuangan. Alun alun Bandung merupakan hasil warisan ciri kota tradisional yang dibangun oleh penguasa kolonial yang merupakan pusat ruang terbuka kota. Dari masa kemasa Alun-alun kota Bandung telah mengalami beberapa kali Perubahan, baik bentuk maupun fungsinya sehingga mengakibatkan degradasi makna terhadap fungsinya bagi masyarakat Kota Bandung itu sendiri. Maka fenomena tersebut mengarahkan kepada pertanyaan penelitian yaitu bagaimana persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung ditinjau sebagai ruang terbuka publik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung. Dari tujuan tersebut maka sasaran yang dilakukan adalah mengidentifikasi karakter dan fungsi ruang terbuka publik yaitu fungsi ekologis, arsitektural, dan sosial. Dari hasil analisis dengan menggunakan kuesioner yaitu uji sampel dengan regresi linear sederhana dengan pendekatan analisis pengguna dan analisis karakteristik ruang terbuka publik. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan penilaian baik terhadap korelasi variabel bebas yaitu persepsi masyarakat terhadap variabel terikat yaitu Alun-alun Kota Bandung, setiap kali pertanyaan yang berkenaan dengan Persepsi masyarakat terhadap Alun-alun Kota Bandung akan mempengaruhi nilai hasil pengujian yang cenderung meningkat akan keberadaan Alun-alun itu sendiri. Hasil penelitian ini bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengangkat kembali citra Alun-alun Kota Bandung sebagai ruang publik atau (Central Square).[Public Perception of The Alun-alun Bandung as Public Open Space] Bandung is a city that has a value that strategic long history in the struggle. Alun Bandung square is the result of inherited traits of traditional town built by the colonial rulers which is the center of the city open space. Over time, Bandung town square has undergone several changes, both form and function, resulting in degradation of the meaning of the function for the city of London itself. The phenomenon then leads to the research question is how the public perception of the square is the city of Bandung reviewed as public open space for the present study tries to analyze the function of the existence of Bandung City Square as a public space. The purpose of this study was to determine the public perception of the square is the city of Bandung. From these objectives, the target does is identify the character and function of public open space that is the function of ecological, architectural and social. From the analysis by using a questionnaire that test samples with a simple linear regression analysis approach and analysis of the characteristics of users of public open space. The results of this study resulted in better assessment of the correlation of the independent variable is the public perception of the dependent variable is the town square of Bandung, every time queries regarding the public\u27s perception of the town square Bandung will affect the value of the test results are likely to increase in the existence Square itself. the results of this study can be used to lift the image of Bandung city square as a public space or (Central Square)

Structural insights into molecular mechanism for N6-adenosine methylation by MT-A70 family methyltransferase METTL4

METTL4 belongs to a subclade of MT-A70 family members of methyltransferase (MTase) proteins shown to mediate N6-adenosine methylation for both RNA and DNA in diverse eukaryotes. Here, we report that Arabidopsis METTL4 functions as U2 snRNA MTase for N6−2’-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am) in vivo that regulates flowering time, and specifically catalyzes N6-methylation of 2’-O-methyladenosine (Am) within a single-stranded RNA in vitro. The apo structures of full-length Arabidopsis METTL4 bound to S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and the complex structure with an Am-containing RNA substrate, combined with mutagenesis and in vitro enzymatic assays, uncover a preformed L-shaped, positively-charged cavity surrounded by four loops for substrate binding and a catalytic center composed of conserved residues for specific Am nucleotide recognition and N6-methylation activity. Structural comparison of METTL4 with the mRNA m6A enzyme METTL3/METTL14 heterodimer and modeling analysis suggest a catalytic mechanism for N6-adenosine methylation by METTL4, which may be shared among MT-A70 family members

Many suspensions, many problems: a review of self-suspending tasks in real-time systems

In general computing systems, a job (process/task) may suspend itself whilst it is waiting for some activity to complete, e.g., an accelerator to return data. In real-time systems, such self-suspension can cause substantial performance/schedulability degradation. This observation, first made in 1988, has led to the investigation of the impact of self-suspension on timing predictability, and many relevant results have been published since. Unfortunately, as it has recently come to light, a number of the existing results are flawed. To provide a correct platform on which future research can be built, this paper reviews the state of the art in the design and analysis of scheduling algorithms and schedulability tests for self-suspending tasks in real-time systems. We provide (1) a systematic description of how self-suspending tasks can be handled in both soft and hard real-time systems; (2) an explanation of the existing misconceptions and their potential remedies; (3) an assessment of the influence of such flawed analyses on partitioned multiprocessor fixed-priority scheduling when tasks synchronize access to shared resources; and (4) a discussion of the computational complexity of analyses for different self-suspension task models

Rapid Cold Hardening Confers a Transient Increase in Low Temperature Survival in Diapausing Chilo suppressalis Larvae

The striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker), overwinters as a diapausing larva. The diapausing larvae were tested for a rapid cold hardening (RCH) response and its role in the insect’s survival of sub-zero temperatures. When laboratory-reared diapausing larvae were transferred directly from the rearing temperature of 25 °C to −14 °C and maintained there for 2 h, 21% survived. Acclimation of diapausing larvae for 4 h at 5 °C before their exposure for 2 h to −14 °C increased survival to approximately 41%, indicating an RCH response. Durability of RCH effects on low temperature survival was less than 1 h. Although transient in the test, the increased survival acquired through rapid cold hardening may play a role in preparing the diapausing larvae for abrupt temperature drops in the field that would otherwise be lethal

Load scheduling: Reducing Pressure on Distributed Register files for free

Abstract In this paper we describe load scheduling, a novel method that balances load among register files by residual resources. Load scheduling can reduce register pressure for clustered VLIW processors with distributed register files while not increasing VLIW scheduling length. We have implemented load scheduling in compiler for Imagine and FT64 stream processors. The result shows that the proposed technique effectively reduces the number of variables spilled to memory, and can even eliminate it. The algorithm presented in this paper is extremely efficient in embedded processor with limited register resource because it can improve registers utilization instead of increasing the requirement for the number of registers

Silicon-mediated resistance in a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée), is one of the most destructive rice pests in Asian countries. Rice varieties resistant to the rice leaf folder are generally characterized by high silicon content. In this study, silicon amendment, at 0.16 and 0.32 g Si/kg soil, enhanced resistance of a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder. Silicon addition to rice plants at both the low and high rates significantly extended larval development and reduced larval survival rate and pupation rate in the rice leaf folder. When applied at the high rate, silicon amendment reduced third-instars' weight gain and pupal weight. Altogether, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproduction rate of the rice leaf folder population were all reduced at both the low and high silicon addition rates. Although the third instars consumed more in silicon-amended treatments, C:N ratio in rice leaves was significantly increased and food conversion efficiencies were reduced due to increased silicon concentration in rice leaves. Our results indicate that reduced food quality and food conversion efficiencies resulted from silicon addition account for the enhanced resistance in the susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder

Effects of silicon addition to rice plants (TN1) on food consumption efficiency in third instars of <i>Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</i>.

<p>A: Food consumed, B: relative consumption rate (<i>RCR</i>), C: relative growth rate (<i>RGR</i>), D: approximate digestibility (<i>AD</i>), E: efficiency of conversion of ingested food (<i>ECI</i>), F: efficiency of conversion of digested food (<i>ECD</i>). Values are expressed as means ± SE. Bars with different letters are significantly different (Tukey’s multiple range test, <i>P</i> = 0.05). Numbers in bars indicate replications.</p

Effects of silicon addition to rice plants (TN1) on growth and development of <i>Cnaphalocrocis medinalis</i> larvae and pupae.

<p>A: Larval duration, B: weight of third instars, C: larval survival rate, D: pupal duration, E: pupal weight, F: pupation rate. Values are expressed as means ± SE. Bars with different letters are significantly different (Tukey’s multiple range test, <i>P</i> = 0.05). Numbers in bars indicate replications. Larval duration, larval survival rate and pupation rate were observed to three 150-first-instar groups in each treatment.</p