Diseño y construcción del horno en la primera etapa del proceso de termoformado para el grupo de investigación Gideter

El presente proyecto técnico se refiere al diseño y construcción de un horno eléctrico en la primera etapa del proceso de termoformado de polipropileno para el grupo de investigación GIDETER. Se realizó el diseño térmico del horno tomando en consideración las propiedades del material a ser tratado, entre ellas: calor específico, densidad, volumen y temperatura de fusión; se determinó que el calor de generación requerido es de 2125 W para una temperatura máxima en el interior del horno de 240 º. Luego se calculó el calor que se transfiere en el interior del horno debido a los mecanismos de conducción, convección y radiación, así como las pérdidas de calor en las paredes hacia el ambiente exterior, teniendo en cuenta las temperaturas en cada una de las superficies. Con la finalidad de restringir la transferencia de calor hacia el exterior del horno se utilizó aislante lana de vidrio, en cuanto a la estructura del horno, se efectuó un diseño mecánico para la selección de los perfiles y las dimensiones requeridas del material, el cual se validó en un software de diseño 3D, el factor de seguridad es de 13. Adicionalmente se implementó un sistema de control para el funcionamiento del horno para el proceso de termoformado, el circuito de mando se realizó con utilización de una placa Arduino Uno. Los materiales para la fabricación del horno se seleccionaron en base a la disponibilidad y factibilidad económica existentes en el mercado y en función de los parámetros térmicos requeridos. La construcción del horno se ejecutó en un taller siguiendo los pasos descritos en el procedimiento de construcción y montaje, el circuito eléctrico de mando y potencia se colocó en un tablero metálico. Finalmente se efectuaron pruebas de funcionamiento para caracterizar los parámetros como tiempos de calentamiento y de enfriamiento.This technical project refers to the design and construction of an electric oven in the first stage of the polypropylene thermoforming process for the GIDETER research group. The thermal design of the furnace was carried out taking into consideration the properties of the material to be treated, among them: specific heat, density, volume and melting temperature; The heat of generation required was determined to be 2125 W for a maximum temperature inside the furnace of 240 º. Then the heat transferred inside the oven due to conduction, convection and radiation mechanisms was calculated, as well as the heat losses from the walls to the outside environment, considering the temperatures on each of the surfaces. To restrict the heat transfer to the outside of the furnace, glass wool insulation was used, as for the furnace structure, a mechanical design was carried out for the selection of the profiles and the required dimensions of the material, which was validated in a 3D design software, the safety factor is 13. Additionally, a control system was implemented for the operation of the oven for the thermoforming process, the control circuit was made using an Arduino Uno board. Materials For the manufacture of the furnace were selected based on the availability and economic feasibility existing in the market and based on the required thermal parameters. The construction of the furnace was carried out in a workshop following the steps described in the construction and assembly procedure, the electrical control and power circuit was placed on a metal panel. Finally, performance tests were carried out to characterize the parameters such as heating and cooling times

La Disciplina Positiva y su Impacto en el Rendimiento Académico de los Estudiantes.

Positive discipline is an educational approach that focuses on teaching social and emotional skills, as well as building healthy relationships between the student and the teacher. It focuses on fostering responsibility and self-regulation in students through the teaching of social and emotional skills. Therefore, it allows the creation of a positive and respectful school environment among peers. The objective of the study is to establish the relationship of positive discipline with the academic performance of students in different educational institutions. Based on the methodological framework, it is a study with a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental design; for data collection, the survey was used as a technique and the questionnaire as an instrument; similarly, to process the collected data, Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics software were used. The findings found in the present investigation resulted in the impact of positive discipline of students in relation to academic performance has a significant effect. Some studies have found that students who receive an education based on positive discipline have better educational results in classroom processes than those who do not.La disciplina positiva es un enfoque educativo que se centra en la enseñanza de habilidades sociales y emocionales, así como en la construcción de relaciones saludables entre el educando y el docente. Se enfoca en fomentar la responsabilidad y la autorregulación en los estudiantes a través de la enseñanza de habilidades sociales y emocionales. Por lo tanto, permite la creación de un ambiente escolar positivo y respetuoso entre compañeros. El objetivo del estudio es establecer la relación de la disciplina positiva con el rendimiento académico de los educandos en las diferentes instituciones educativas. En base al marco metodológico es un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo con diseño pre-experimental; para la recolección de datos se utilizó como técnica la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario; de igual forma, para procesar los datos recolectados se utilizó el software Microsoft Excel e IBM SPSS Statistics. Los hallazgos encontrados en la presente investigación dieron como resultado que el impacto de la disciplina positiva de los estudiantes en relación al rendimiento académico tiene un efecto significativo. Algunos estudios han encontrado que los estudiantes que reciben una educación basada en la disciplina positiva tienen mejores resultados educativos en los procesos áulicos que aquellos que no la reciben

Calibration of the highly segmented SoLid antineutrino detector

International audienceSoLid is a short baseline neutrino experiment, which is currently operating a 1.6 tons detector at the SCK$\bullet$CEN BR2 research reactor in Belgium. SoLid will address the study of the so called Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA), whose origin could be the existence of a light sterile neutrino state with a mass around the eV scale. In addition, it will perform a new measurement of the antineutrino energy spectrum produced by the $^{235}$U isotope, which will help in the understanding of the 5-MeV distortion observed in previous reactor antineutrino experiments.SoLid leverages a novel technology, combining PVT cubes of 5$\times$5$\times$5 cm$^{3}$ dimensions and $^{6}$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens of $\sim$250 $\mu$m thickness. To detect antineutrino interactions, signals are readout by a network of wavelength shifting fibers and SiPMs. The fine granularity (12800 cells) provides powerful tools to distinguish signal from background, but presents a challenge in ensuring homogeneous detector response and calibrating the energy scale and neutron detection efficiency. In this contribution the methods that have been developed for the calibration of such a segmented detector will be described. In addition, the calibration results are presented

Développement du système de calibration par sources de l’expérience STEREO et recherche de neutrinos stériles auprès de l'ILL

The STEREO experiment has been proposed to give an unambiguous response to the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino state (∆m² ∼ 1eV²) as the origin of the reactor antineutrino anomaly. Its goal is to confirm or reject this hypothesis by searching at short distance (9-11 m) for a neutrino oscillation pattern in the energy spectrum of the ν¯e’s emitted by the research nuclear reactor of the Laue-Langevin Institute in Grenoble (France). To this end, the detector is composed of 2 tons of Gd-loaded liquid scintillator read out by an array of PMTs, and is segmented in 6 cells in the direction of the ν¯e’s propagation. Antineutrinosare detected via the IBD process by observing a time correlated signal composed of a prompt energy deposit from a positron and a delayed signal produced by the neutron capture. Measuring small oscillations superimposed on the reactor antineutrino energy spectrum requires a good energy resolution and an excellent knowledge of the detector response. This manuscript presents a dedicated Geant 4 simulation study of a calibration system based on radioactive sources. This system has been conceived to fulfill all the STEREO physics requirements: calibrating the energy scale and the neutron capture efficiency at the 2 % level, knowing the energy response in the reactor antineutrino energy spectrum (0-8 MeV),and characterizing the detector response in a broader sense (non-uniformities, non-linearity, particle identification, etc). To this end, we propose three calibration subsystems: one automated subsystem to move radioactive sources around the detector, whose main role is to calibrate the energy scale in each cell independently; a second subsystem to inter-calibrate the neutron capture efficiency between cells by moving an AmBe source under the detector; and finally, a third subsystem consisting in three manual calibration tubes inside the liquid scintillator, necessary to assess the absolute neutron capture efficiency inside three different cells. The final part of this manuscript is devoted to the study of the selection criteria, and the proposal of methods to reject the expected gamma background.L'expérience STEREO a été proposé afin de donner une réponse sans ambiguïté à l'idée d'un état de neutrino stérile léger (∆m² ∼ 1eV²) comme l'origine de l'anomalie réacteur des antineutrinos. Le but de l'expérience est de confirmer ou de rejeter cette hypothèse en recherchant un patron d'oscillation à courte distance (9-11 m) dans le spectre en énergie des ν¯e's émis par le réacteur nucléaire de recherchede l'Institut Laue-Langevin à Grenoble (France). A cet effet, le détecteur est composé de 2 tonnes du liquide scintillant dopé au Gd et lu par un réseau detubes photomultiplicateurs, et est segmenté en 6 cellules dans la direction de propagation des antineutrinos. Les ν¯e's sont détectés par le processus IBD en observant un signal corrélé dans le temps d'un dépôt d'énergie rapide d'un positron et un signal retardé produit par la capture d'un neutron. La mesure des petites oscillations deformant le spectre d'énergie des antineutrinos nécessite une bonne résolution en énergie et une excellente connaissance de la réponse du détecteur. Ce manuscrit présente une étude de simulation détaillée basée sur le logiciel Geant 4 STEREO, ce quia permis le développement du système de calibration par sources. Ce système a été conçu pour répondre à toutes les exigences physiques de STEREO: calibrer l'échelle de l'énergie et de l'efficacité de capture de neutrons au niveau de 2%, connaître la réponse en énergie dans le spectre d'énergie réacteur antineutrino(1-8 MeV), étudier et la caractériser la réponse et des non-uniformités du détecteur. A cet effet, on propose un système de calibration consistant en trois sous-systèmes : un sous-système automatisé pour déplacer des sources radioactives autour du détecteur pour calibrer l'échelle en énergie dans chaque cellule de manière indépendante. Un second sous-système pour déplacer une source AmBe sous le détecteur, dont l'objectif est d'inter-calibrer l'efficacité de capture de neutrons entre les cellules. Enfin, un troisième système manuel qui consistent en trois tubes de calibration placés à l'intérieur du liquide scintillante pour évaluer l'efficacité absolue de la capture des neutrons dans trois cellules différentes. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude et la caractérisation du bruit de fond gamma et les signaux neutrino attendus

Status of the SoLid experiment: Search for sterile neutrinos at the SCK CEN BR2 reactor

International audienceThe reactor antineutrino energy spectra and flux were reevaluated during the preparation of the recent experiments devoted to the measurement of θ13. Consequently some discrepancies between data and the theoretical predictions in reactor antineutrino experiments at short distances were observed when using the new predicted flux and spectra. This problem has been called the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly (RAA), which together with the gallium anomaly, both show discrepancies with respect to the expectations at the ∼ 3 σ level. Oscillations into a light sterile neutrino state (Δm 2 ~ 1eV2) could account for such deficits. The SoLid experiment has been conceived to give an unambiguous response to the hypothesis of a light sterile neutrino as the origin of the RAA. To this end, SoLid is searching for an oscillation pattern at short baselines (6-9 m) in the energy spectrum of the (math)’s emitted by the SCK • CEN BR2 reactor in Belgium. The detector uses a novel technology, combining PVT (cubes of 5×5×5 cm3) and 6LiF:ZnS (sheets ∼ 250 μm thickness) scintillators. It is highly segmented (modules of 10 planes of 16×16 cubes), and it’s read out by a network of wavelength shifting fibers and SiPMs. The fine segmentation and the hybrid technology of the detector allows the clear identification of the neutrino signals, reducing significantly backgrounds. Thus, a high experimental sensitivity can be achieved. A 288 kg prototype was deployed in 2015, showing the feasibility of the detection principle. A full scale detector (1.6 tons) is currently under construction, the data taking with the first detector modules is expected by the end of 2017. In this proceeding, the status of the construction and the first results of the calibration of the first SoLid planes are presented

Performance of the SoLid Reactor Neutrino Detector

International audienceThe SoLid collaboration is currently operating a 1.6 tons neutrino detector near the Belgian BR2 reactor, with main goal the observation of the oscillation of electron antineutrinos to previously undetected flavor states. The highly segmented SoLid detector employs a compound scintillation technology based on PVT scintillator in combination with a $^{6}$LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens containing $^{6}$Li isotopes. The experimenthas demonstrated a channel-to-channel response that can be controlledto the level of a few percent, and energy resolution of better than 14\% at 1 MeV, and a determination of the interaction vertex with a precision of 5 cm.In this contribution we will highlight the major outcomes of the R\&D program that preceded theconstruction of the full-scale detector, the quality control during component manufacture and integration,as well as the current performance and stability of the full-scale system. The possibilities for in-situcalibration of the detector with various radioactive sources will be discussed as well

Calibration and Energy Scale in Solid

<p>Calibration and Energy Scale in Solid</p

Desarrollo de una aplicación móvil Android como herramienta de estudio de los parámetros geométricos de un motor de combustión interna alternativo

Se realizó el proyecto con el fin de desarrollar una aplicación móvil Android, por medio del lenguaje de programación Delphi, como herramienta de estudio y autoformación inherente en los parámetros geométricos del motor de combustión interna alternativo, finalizando con pruebas de funcionalidad que permiten asegurar su disponibilidad.The project was carried out in order to develop an Android mobile application, through the Delphi programming language, as a tool for study and self-training inherent in the geometric parameters of the alternative internal combustion engine, ending with functionality tests to ensure availability

Development of multi-element monolithic germanium detectors for X-ray detection at synchrotron facilities

In past years efforts have concentrated on the development of arrays of Silicon Drift Detectors for X-ray spectroscopy. This is in stark contrast to the little effort that has been devoted to the improvement of germanium detectors, in particular for synchrotron applications. Germanium detectors have better energy resolution and are more efficient in detecting high energy photons than silicon detectors. In this context, the detector consortium of the European project LEAPS-INNOV has set an ambitious R&D program devoted to the development of a new generation of multi-element monolithic germanium detectors for X-ray detection. In order to improve the performance of the detector under development, simulations of the different detector design options have been performed. In this contribution, the efforts in terms of R&D are outlined with a focus on the modelization of the detector geometry and first performance results. These performance results show that a signal-to-background ratio larger than 1000 can be achieved in the energy range of interest from 5 keV to 100 keV