Hacia la gestión eficiente de los servicios de alumbrado público: resultados de los estudios comparativos sobre eficiencia energética y lumínica aplicados a las nuevas tecnologías en iluminación urbana

La presente tesis, se presenta como compendio de publicaciones con el Informe Favorable de su Director, el profesor y Dr. D. José Ramón de Andrés Díaz. Las razones que nos han llevado, a elegir este formato de tesis se pueden resumir, en las siguientes: • El empleo de nuevas tecnologías más eficientes energéticamente,aplicadas a la iluminación urbana, se ha comprobado es un tema muy novedoso y de gran trascendencia e interés actualmente.Enla mayoría de las ocasiones, se ha abordado, desde un punto de vistaprofesional o comercial, pero muchas menos veces, desde un punto de vista puramente científico. • El tema seleccionado y la elaboración compendiada de los artículos que aquí se exponen, permite poner en conocimiento de la comunidad científica, y por ende a los profesionales y técnicos, los resultados y conclusiones obtenidos, de una forma absolutamente objetiva. Además se lleva acabo, sin necesidad de concluir por completo la tesis y exponiéndolos con claridad, antes de que éstos pierdan originalidad y para que puedan servir, como herramienta de selección tecnológica.Las investigaciones realizadas, que pasamos a exponer a continuación, son el fruto de un riguroso trabajo de evaluación y estudios comparados. • Nos encontramos actualmente sumergidos en una situación vertiginosa, de cambios constantes, en el campo de la iluminación vial de nuestras ciudades. Los resultados aquí expuestos contribuyen, a aclarar en parte, la difícil tarea de decisión, a la que se enfrentan los tecnicos municipales, gestores energéticos y profesionales en general. • Ratificar que los trabajosque han servido de base y sustentación de esta tesis por compendio, han sido publicados, en revistas científicas y profesionales de gran relevancia. Algunas de ellas con muy alto factor de impacto y prestigio profesional, científico y técnico.Todos los artículos de este compendio, han superado las estrictas revisiones ciegas por pares, realizadas por expertos profesionales, en las areas de conocimiento abordadas. • Por último señalar que los artículos compendiados en esta tesis, han sido firmados exclusivamente, por el autor doctorando y su Director. Al margen de esto hay que indicar, que los trabajos han involucrado a más personas y colaboradores que, de una u otra forma, han contribuido, a la consecución de los mismos, especialmente en lo que respecta a las mediciones de campo.Se considera que esta publicaciones, son suficientes para avalar la calidad, originalida e interés de la tesis compendiada. Este trabajo de Tesis, se presenta como un compendio de cuatro publicaciones, resultado de los estudios experimentales sobre eficiencia energética y lumínica, aplicados a fuentes de luz que se utilizan en las nuevas tecnologías de iluminación urbana a saber: Tecnología Cerámica aplicada a lámparas de descarga con halogenuros metálicos (HM) yLEDs(light-emiting diode) Para ello se realizaron cuatro estudios y se analizaron los resultados obtenidos, que dieron origen a los cuatro artículos publicados posteriormente a la presentación del proyecto de Tesis con fecha 04-03-200

Electrical consequences of large-scale replacement of metal halide by LED luminaires

The recent trend for large-scale replacement of luminaires using discharge light sources with LED luminaires without any significant adjustments to the electrical installation has generated controversy. This study examines the main electrical measures in a large outdoor lighting installation before and after the replacement of a large number of metal halide floodlights with LED luminaires. The electrical parameters of both technologies are discussed in detail and compared, with special attention given to the odd-numbered harmonics of voltage and current, the generated wave deformation, currents in the neutral conductor, the wattless reactive volt amps and the peak inrush currents. At cold start-up, the LED luminaires generate large power-on currents, much larger than those generated by the metal halide lamps, despite requiring 36% less real installed power. This is a basic problem to be solved when planning a public lighting renovation with LED luminaires as the rest of electrical parameters are reduced. To address this problem, it is proposed to energise the luminaires using magneto-thermal protection circuits with slow trip curves that will tolerate the large short-term inrush currents

Analysis of Outdoor Lighting Control Systems Applied to the New Smart City Models

Lighting accounts for more than 19% of the world’s electricity consumption. Simply replacing existing lighting systems with other LED technology would reduce energy consumption by up to 40%, and if we also use lighting controls, the figure can reach 80%. The transition to efficient lighting technologies (LEDs) is economically one of the most realistic and simple energy efficiency initiatives. Control systems play an important role in the world of lighting. Wherever you have exterior lighting, there will be a need for control. The systems that have been used so far have precedents that date back more than 35 years and allow control and monitoring functions of groups of light points, i.e. not individually. One of the major drawbacks of these systems is that they do not have flexibility, since they do not allow the individualization of the point of light, and in addition the orders that can emit are of generic character and affect the group, obtaining a rather inaccurate information of the installation. Complete telemanagement systems are currently being developed to meet the needs of different application segments. Experience shows that it is necessary to work with open systems so that the lighting management system works and communicates with other systems such as air treatment, safety systems, etc. Intelligent lighting, in addition to its control and energy management functions, also contributes to reducing the excess of artificial light to which our cities are subject, making them more livable

The Thermal Dissipation of LED Outdoor Lighting Luminaires: Comparative Analysis for a Real Case of Study

Today LED technology is being imposed, day by day, in our cities and homes as an efficient way of lighting. The performance of its lighting, durability, energy efficiency, and light, coupled with the economy of its use, is shifting to other classic forms of lighting. However, some problems associated with the durability of equipment associated with thermal dissipation and high-temperature problems, which end up affecting the light intensity and service life, are beginning to be detected. The objective of this paper is to compare the results obtained previously, at different contour temperatures, with the current practical results obtained with a FLUKETI25 thermal imaging camera. The theoretical results will be compared with the current results applied to the different luminaires. Where real thermal dissipation is studied, it is obtained for each of them in the laboratory of illumination with the thermographic camera FLUKE TI. The theoretical and experimental results are evaluated, and the results are discussed. This study shows that instead of LED technology, it is less risky for quality depreciation and durability of lighting if a project has already been achieved that favors optimal thermal dissipation, supported by the importance of choosing an appropriate design and appropriate materials

Analytical and economic methodology for storage of large heavyweight equipment in industrial processes

Numerous studies concerning warehouse-design methodologies have been performed focused on the storage of products on pallets or of intermediate size and/or moderate weight loads. These studies, however, do not provide with optimal results for industries that work with equipment or objects of uncommon sizes and shapes and with large weights, which are difficult to move and involve high costs and complex operational actions, affecting to the production processes and interfering with the logistic processes or the supply-chain of a company. This study proposes an analytical methodology using economic and technical qualitative criteria that can be applied specifically to large and heavy equipment warehouses. Both quantitative aspects, such as availability and cost of space, and also qualitative considerations, such as flexibility requirements, impact on manufacturing process and risks associated, are evaluated. To determine an optimum implementation solution, several decision-making methods, such as Electra I & II and Analytic Hierarchy Process are employed with due consideration of multiple criteria. The results obtained are modulated and reinforced using a SWOT (strengths-weaknesses, opportunities- threats) and a Risk analysis to verify this single ultimate solution. The said process led to the establishment of a decision-making methodology suitable for any organization possessing large-scale storage systems

Application of the data envelopment analysis technique to measure the environmental efficiency of the 27 countries of the European Union during the period 2012-2020

In the last decade, we have experienced a changing geopolitical context that has caused changes in the energy context. In addition, human activity contributes to global warming or sea level rising, i.e., climate change. A set of action policies have been implemented to continue fighting against this environmental situation (such as the Paris Agreement, the COP27, or the European Green Deal for 2030); therefore, it is necessary to determine whether we are on the right track. It is compulsory to develop predictive models that accurately analyze the current status and the already path undertaken. To this end, this article analyzes the environmental efficiency of the 27 countries of the European Union (excluding the UK) using the so-called data envelopment analysis (DEA). In particular, economic (GDP and GDP per capita), environmental (CO2 and CH4 emissions), electricity production data, the volume of vehicles, and the industrial production rate of the different countries were collected to calculate environmental efficiency. Once these data were collected, the environmental efficiency was calculated using two methods based on the DEA. The results show that out of the 27 countries, only 12 have a relatively high environmental efficiency, although it could be improved, implementing a set of corrections. However, other countries have a low eco-efficiency performance and they must improve in the coming years. We can highlight that rich countries are closer to achieving high environmental efficiency than less developed countries.Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Jaén / CBUA. This work is framed within the Research Project [Code UHU-202031] with the Title "Development of predictive models and analysis of evolution scenarios of CO2 emissions derived from the energy transition in Andalusia. Towards the fulfilment of the European Union goals for 2030", supported by Junta de Andalucía

Energy recovery via thermal gasification from waste insulation electrical cables (Wiec)

project 0330_IDERCEXA_4_E project number 88881.156267/2017-01The recovery of noble metals from electrical wires and cables results in waste materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE), that is, waste insulation electrical cables (WIEC), which have been processed by gasification for energy recovery. This study focused on the effect of blending the ratio of WIEC on the gasification feedstock composition and the lower heating value (LHV) of produced syngas, through controlled tests and tests under different loads on the generator. The controlled gasification experiments were carried out at blending ratios between pine biomass and WIEC of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30 and with pine biomass only (100%). For the loads gasification, the experiments were carried out at a blending ratio of 80:20. The controlled experimental results presented that the highest hydrogen content, approximated 17.7 vol.%, was observed at a blending ratio of 70:30 between pine biomass and WIEC and the highest LHV of syngas was observed at a blending ratio of 90:10, with 5.7 MJ/Nm3. For the load gasification experiments, the results showed that the highest hydrogen content was obtained with a load of 15 kW in the generator, approximately 18.48 vol.% of hydrogen content, and the highest LHV of synthesis gas was observed during the 5 kW test, with 5.22 MJ/Nm3. Overall, the new processing of waste insulation electrical cables using a downdraft gasification reactor demonstrates great promise for high quality syngas production.publishersversionpublishe

Power Quality and Energy Efficiency in the Pre-Evaluation of an Outdoor Lighting Renewal with Light-Emitting Diode Technology: Experimental Study and Amortization Analysis

In this work, a practical methodology is proposed to analyze, before undertaking a large investment, an outdoor lighting installation renewal with light-emitting diode (LED) luminaires. The main problems found in many of the luminaires tested are associated with inrush peak currents in cold start (which may cause ignition problems with random shutdowns), the harmonic distortions caused by their AC/DC associated electronic nature driver, and their working and efficiency dependency on the ambient temperature. All these issues have been tested in the context of a large metal halide (MH) to LED luminaires lighting point renewal where six commercial LED projectors have been analyzed with the above considerations. This research has isolated a single-phase circuit powered with constant stabilized 230 VAC voltage source in a real public lighting installation. All of them have been sequentially installed and their main electrical and power-quality parameters measured and recorded. The results indicate that each luminaire option will influence the expected long-term reliability (>50.000 h or more as expressed by the U.S. Department of Energy) of the lighting installation (in the case poor power quality is generated on the grid). The economic analysis made to estimate the profitability of the investment may be severely affected by the difference between the declared and the real consumption values in which they perform in our specific installation

LED Lighting Installations in Professional Stadiums: Energy Efficiency, Visual Comfort, and Requirements of 4K TV Broadcast

Nowadays, LED lighting technology reaches a higher Value of Energy Efficiency in Installations (VEEI) (W/m2*100 lux) than current luminaire lighting due to the number of lumens per watt that these are able to generate, as well as the directional nature of their emissions together with the adjustment capability through concentrator lenses with beam graduations that reach 5º. This achieves energy savings of up to 80%. Furthermore, also considering the substantial decrease in flickers, and that it noticeably improves usage of ultra-slow-motion cameras and the fading of switching-on or rearm times upon failure, LED technology stands out as the main solution for illumination of professional sports facilities. This article describes the evolution of regulatory requirements that are being imposed by the governing institutions of sports (FIFA, UEFA, FIBA, etc.) and professional leagues (LaLiga, Euroliga, etc.) in order to guarantee their competence as high-quality television products. In addition, the trends in requirements and specifications regarding lighting equipment and its installation, which are intended to convert stadiums into optimized centers for the celebration and dissemination of mass events, are analyzed (settings, photometry, etc.), particularly those concerning horizontal, vertical, and camera illuminance, average and extreme uniformities, glare, reduction of intrusive light in bleachers, flickers, color rendering index (CRI), correlated color temperature (CCT), and start-up times