28 research outputs found

    Comprehensive <i>in silico</i> and functional studies for classification of <i>EPAS1/HIF2A</i> genetic variants identified in patients with erythrocytosis

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    Gain-of-function mutations in the EPAS1/HIF2A gene have been identified in patients with hereditary erythrocytosis that can be associated with the development of paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma and somatostatinoma. In the present study, we describe a unique European collection of 41 patients and 28 relatives diagnosed with an erythrocytosis associated with a germline genetic variant in EPAS1. In addition we identified two infants with severe erythrocytosis associated with a mosaic mutation present in less than 2% of the blood, one of whom later developed a paraganglioma. The aim of this study was to determine the causal role of these genetic variants, to establish pathogenicity, and to identify potential candidates eligible for the new hypoxia-inducible factor-2 α (HIF-2α) inhibitor treatment. Pathogenicity was predicted with in silico tools and the impact of 13 HIF-2b variants has been studied by using canonical and real-time reporter luciferase assays. These functional assays consisted of a novel edited vector containing an expanded region of the erythropoietin promoter combined with distal regulatory elements which substantially enhanced the HIF-2α-dependent induction. Altogether, our studies allowed the classification of 11 mutations as pathogenic in 17 patients and 23 relatives. We described four new mutations (D525G, L526F, G527K, A530S) close to the key proline P531, which broadens the spectrum of mutations involved in erythrocytosis. Notably, we identified patients with only erythrocytosis associated with germline mutations A530S and Y532C previously identified at somatic state in tumors, thereby raising the complexity of the genotype/phenotype correlations. Altogether, this study allows accurate clinical follow-up of patients and opens the possibility of benefiting from HIF-2α inhibitor treatment, so far the only targeted treatment in hypoxia-related erythrocytosis disease

    Strategy for functional validation of variants of uncertain significance in red blood cell diseases

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    Le dĂ©ploiement du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit (SHD) ces derniĂšres annĂ©es au sein des laboratoires de gĂ©nĂ©tique hospitaliers en France et dans le monde a rĂ©volutionnĂ© la prise en charge des maladies rares dont les anĂ©mies hĂ©molytiques constitutionnelles (AHC). Il a conduit Ă  la multiplication des variations de signification incertaine (VSI) nĂ©cessitant la mise en Ɠuvre de tests fonctionnels pour aboutir Ă  une re-classification. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une stratĂ©gie rĂ©aliste et efficace d’exploration fonctionnelle de VSI associĂ©s aux AHC. Cette dĂ©marche repose sur les Ă©tudes gĂ©nĂ©tiques familiales, l’étude de transcrits sur tubes Paxgene, le dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodes d’études du GR comme le LORRCA pour l’étude de la membrane, la rĂ©orientation de techniques comme la courbe de densitĂ© des GR par gradient de phtalates et la mise en place d’un rĂ©seau collaboratif (CNRS de Roscoff pour les Ă©tudes Ă©lectrophysiologiques). Nous avons montrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt du SHD chez ces patients avec suspicion d’AHC et mis en Ă©vidence des associations de variations d’intĂ©rĂȘt dans diffĂ©rents gĂšnes de pathologies du GR chez un mĂȘme patient (Mansour-Hendili et al 2020). Nous avons identifiĂ© une nouvelle entitĂ© pathologique chez deux patients avec une anĂ©mie hĂ©molytique « auto-immune Ă  test direct Ă  l’antiglobuline nĂ©gatif » non rĂ©pondeurs aux immunomodulateurs. Il s’agit d’un mĂ©canisme de sphĂ©rocytose acquise par mutation ponctuelle du gĂšne ANK1 probablement associĂ© Ă  une hĂ©matopoiĂšse clonale du sujet ĂągĂ© (soumission en cours). La rĂ©alisation d’un gĂ©nome entier a permis d’aboutir Ă  un diagnostic pour un enfant atteint d’une hĂ©molyse inexpliquĂ©e transfuso-dĂ©pendante avec retard neurodĂ©veloppemental due au gĂšne VPS4A (Lunati-Rozie et al 2021). Via un systĂšme de reconvocation de patients, les explorations complĂ©mentaires ont pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©es. Vingt-cinq patients ont eu une Ă©tude de transcrits permettant la reclassification de seize variations. Dix Ă©tudes familiales ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dont une excluant le caractĂšre dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre d’un VSI du gĂšne GATA1. Nous avons montrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la mesure de la densitĂ© des GR comme outil de screening des pathologies de membrane du GR. Son utilisation comme test fonctionnel dans les cas d’associations de variations dans des gĂšnes de membrane a mis en exergue l’utilitĂ© du taux de cellules denses comme marqueur diffĂ©rentiel de la prĂ©sence/absence de la variation associĂ©e. De plus, les profils d’osmoscan permettent de discriminer des profils de patients avec associations de variations comparativement Ă  des tĂ©moins « positifs » sans association. Les Ă©tudes de stabilitĂ© menĂ©es pour ces tests Ă  diffĂ©rents temps et tempĂ©ratures de stockage montrent l’importance des conditions prĂ©-analytiques. Nous avons illustrĂ© ce problĂšme avec la mutation connue du gĂšne KCNN4 : p.R352H dĂ©crite avec des profils d’osmoscan et d’ektacytomĂ©trie normaux. Nous avons retrouvĂ© Ă  deux reprises sur deux Ă©chantillons et manipulations indĂ©pendantes rĂ©alisĂ©es sans stockage des profils d’osmoscan anormaux. Par ailleurs, nous montrons l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’étude des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrophysiologiques des canaux PIEZO1 et KCNN4 rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  Roscoff dans la classification de VSI (Mansour-Hendili et al 2021). Pour les cas d’associations de variations d’intĂ©rĂȘt les profils d’interprĂ©tation sont plus complexes mais montrent Ă©galement des diffĂ©rences de profil par rapport Ă  des tĂ©moins bien choisis. Ce travail a permis de dĂ©montrer l’utilitĂ© en plus des Ă©tudes familiales et de transcrits, d’outils diagnostic ou de suivi phĂ©notypiques du GR (LORRCA, densitĂ© des GR) pour l’aide Ă  la validation fonctionnelle de VSI isolĂ©s ou en association. Cela nĂ©cessite des moyens de reconvocation, des contrĂŽles positifs adĂ©quats et un respect des conditions prĂ©analytiques. La mise en place de rĂ©seaux collaboratifs apporte une vĂ©ritable utilitĂ© et une plus-value intellectuelle et humaine rĂ©ciproque. Le retour au phĂ©notype est indispensable Ă  la classification des VSI concernant les AHC.The deployment of next generation sequencing (NGS) over the past ten years in hospital genetic laboratories in France and around the world has revolutionized the management of rare diseases, including constitutional hemolytic anemia (CHA). It has led to the multiplication of variations of uncertain significance (VUS) requiring the implementation of functional tests to permit a re-classification. The objective of this work is to propose a realistic and effective strategy for the functional exploration of VUS associated with CHs. This approach is based on family genetic studies, study of transcripts on Paxgene tubes, development of methods on-site such as the LORRCA MaxSis for the study of the RBC membrane properties, improvment of techniques such as the RBC density measurement by phthalate gradient and establishment of a collaborative network (example of CNRS in Roscoff for electrophysiological studies). We have shown the interest of NGS in these patients with suspected CHA and have highlighted associations of variations of interest in different genes of RBC pathologies in the same patient (Mansour-Hendili et al 2020). We identified a new pathological entity in two patients with “autoimmune direct antiglobulin test negative” haemolytic anemia who did not respond to immunomodulators. This is a mechanism of acquired spherocytosis by point mutation of the ANK1 gene probably due to clonal hematopoiesis in the elderly (submission in progress). The realization of a whole genome sequencing led to a diagnosis for a child suffering from unexplained transfusion-dependent hemolysis with neurodevelopmental delay due to the VPS4A gene (Lunati-Rozie et al 2021). Via a patient recall system, additional explorations have been carried out. Twenty-five patients underwent a transcript study allowing the reclassification of sixteen variations. Ten family studies have been carried out, one of which excludes the deleterious nature of a VUS of the GATA1 gene. We have shown the interest of measuring RBC density as screening tool for RBC membrane diseases. Its use as a functional test in the case of associations of variations in RBC membrane genes has highlighted the usefulness of the dense cell rate as a differential marker of the presence/absence of the associated variation. Concerning the LORRCA, osmoscan profiles make it possible to discriminate patient with associations of variations compared to “positive” controls without association. Stability studies conducted for these phenotypic tests at different storage times and temperatures show the importance of pre-analytical conditions. We illustrated this problem with the known KCNN4 gene mutation: p.R352H described with a normal osmoscan and ektacytometry profiles. We found twice on two independent samples and manipulations realized on D0 without storage abnormal osmoscan profiles. In addition, we show the interest of the study of electrophysiological properties of the PIEZO1 and KCNN4 channels carried out in Roscoff in the classification of VUS (case one patient with a new KCNN4 mutation and thrombosis, Mansour-Hendili et al 2021). For the associations of variations of interest, the interpretation profiles are more complex but also show profiles differences compared to well-chosen controls. This work has made it possible to demonstrate the usefulness, in addition to family and transcript studies, of RBC phenotypic diagnostic or monitoring tools (LORRCA, density of the GR) to help with the functional validation of isolated or associated VUS in CHA patients. This requires means of revocation, adequate positive controls (intrafamilial cases) and compliance with preanalytical conditions. The establishment of collaborative networks also brings real usefulness and reciprocal intellectual and human added value. The return to the phenotype is an essential recourse for the classification of VUS in particular for the CHA

    Mise en place d’une stratĂ©gie de validation fonctionnelle de variations de signification incertaine dans les pathologies constitutionnelles du globule rouge

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    The deployment of next generation sequencing (NGS) over the past ten years in hospital genetic laboratories in France and around the world has revolutionized the management of rare diseases, including constitutional hemolytic anemia (CHA). It has led to the multiplication of variations of uncertain significance (VUS) requiring the implementation of functional tests to permit a re-classification. The objective of this work is to propose a realistic and effective strategy for the functional exploration of VUS associated with CHs. This approach is based on family genetic studies, study of transcripts on Paxgene tubes, development of methods on-site such as the LORRCA MaxSis for the study of the RBC membrane properties, improvment of techniques such as the RBC density measurement by phthalate gradient and establishment of a collaborative network (example of CNRS in Roscoff for electrophysiological studies). We have shown the interest of NGS in these patients with suspected CHA and have highlighted associations of variations of interest in different genes of RBC pathologies in the same patient (Mansour-Hendili et al 2020). We identified a new pathological entity in two patients with “autoimmune direct antiglobulin test negative” haemolytic anemia who did not respond to immunomodulators. This is a mechanism of acquired spherocytosis by point mutation of the ANK1 gene probably due to clonal hematopoiesis in the elderly (submission in progress). The realization of a whole genome sequencing led to a diagnosis for a child suffering from unexplained transfusion-dependent hemolysis with neurodevelopmental delay due to the VPS4A gene (Lunati-Rozie et al 2021). Via a patient recall system, additional explorations have been carried out. Twenty-five patients underwent a transcript study allowing the reclassification of sixteen variations. Ten family studies have been carried out, one of which excludes the deleterious nature of a VUS of the GATA1 gene. We have shown the interest of measuring RBC density as screening tool for RBC membrane diseases. Its use as a functional test in the case of associations of variations in RBC membrane genes has highlighted the usefulness of the dense cell rate as a differential marker of the presence/absence of the associated variation. Concerning the LORRCA, osmoscan profiles make it possible to discriminate patient with associations of variations compared to “positive” controls without association. Stability studies conducted for these phenotypic tests at different storage times and temperatures show the importance of pre-analytical conditions. We illustrated this problem with the known KCNN4 gene mutation: p.R352H described with a normal osmoscan and ektacytometry profiles. We found twice on two independent samples and manipulations realized on D0 without storage abnormal osmoscan profiles. In addition, we show the interest of the study of electrophysiological properties of the PIEZO1 and KCNN4 channels carried out in Roscoff in the classification of VUS (case one patient with a new KCNN4 mutation and thrombosis, Mansour-Hendili et al 2021). For the associations of variations of interest, the interpretation profiles are more complex but also show profiles differences compared to well-chosen controls. This work has made it possible to demonstrate the usefulness, in addition to family and transcript studies, of RBC phenotypic diagnostic or monitoring tools (LORRCA, density of the GR) to help with the functional validation of isolated or associated VUS in CHA patients. This requires means of revocation, adequate positive controls (intrafamilial cases) and compliance with preanalytical conditions. The establishment of collaborative networks also brings real usefulness and reciprocal intellectual and human added value. The return to the phenotype is an essential recourse for the classification of VUS in particular for the CHA.Le dĂ©ploiement du sĂ©quençage haut dĂ©bit (SHD) ces derniĂšres annĂ©es au sein des laboratoires de gĂ©nĂ©tique hospitaliers en France et dans le monde a rĂ©volutionnĂ© la prise en charge des maladies rares dont les anĂ©mies hĂ©molytiques constitutionnelles (AHC). Il a conduit Ă  la multiplication des variations de signification incertaine (VSI) nĂ©cessitant la mise en Ɠuvre de tests fonctionnels pour aboutir Ă  une re-classification. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une stratĂ©gie rĂ©aliste et efficace d’exploration fonctionnelle de VSI associĂ©s aux AHC. Cette dĂ©marche repose sur les Ă©tudes gĂ©nĂ©tiques familiales, l’étude de transcrits sur tubes Paxgene, le dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodes d’études du GR comme le LORRCA pour l’étude de la membrane, la rĂ©orientation de techniques comme la courbe de densitĂ© des GR par gradient de phtalates et la mise en place d’un rĂ©seau collaboratif (CNRS de Roscoff pour les Ă©tudes Ă©lectrophysiologiques). Nous avons montrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt du SHD chez ces patients avec suspicion d’AHC et mis en Ă©vidence des associations de variations d’intĂ©rĂȘt dans diffĂ©rents gĂšnes de pathologies du GR chez un mĂȘme patient (Mansour-Hendili et al 2020). Nous avons identifiĂ© une nouvelle entitĂ© pathologique chez deux patients avec une anĂ©mie hĂ©molytique « auto-immune Ă  test direct Ă  l’antiglobuline nĂ©gatif » non rĂ©pondeurs aux immunomodulateurs. Il s’agit d’un mĂ©canisme de sphĂ©rocytose acquise par mutation ponctuelle du gĂšne ANK1 probablement associĂ© Ă  une hĂ©matopoiĂšse clonale du sujet ĂągĂ© (soumission en cours). La rĂ©alisation d’un gĂ©nome entier a permis d’aboutir Ă  un diagnostic pour un enfant atteint d’une hĂ©molyse inexpliquĂ©e transfuso-dĂ©pendante avec retard neurodĂ©veloppemental due au gĂšne VPS4A (Lunati-Rozie et al 2021). Via un systĂšme de reconvocation de patients, les explorations complĂ©mentaires ont pu ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©es. Vingt-cinq patients ont eu une Ă©tude de transcrits permettant la reclassification de seize variations. Dix Ă©tudes familiales ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es dont une excluant le caractĂšre dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre d’un VSI du gĂšne GATA1. Nous avons montrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt de la mesure de la densitĂ© des GR comme outil de screening des pathologies de membrane du GR. Son utilisation comme test fonctionnel dans les cas d’associations de variations dans des gĂšnes de membrane a mis en exergue l’utilitĂ© du taux de cellules denses comme marqueur diffĂ©rentiel de la prĂ©sence/absence de la variation associĂ©e. De plus, les profils d’osmoscan permettent de discriminer des profils de patients avec associations de variations comparativement Ă  des tĂ©moins « positifs » sans association. Les Ă©tudes de stabilitĂ© menĂ©es pour ces tests Ă  diffĂ©rents temps et tempĂ©ratures de stockage montrent l’importance des conditions prĂ©-analytiques. Nous avons illustrĂ© ce problĂšme avec la mutation connue du gĂšne KCNN4 : p.R352H dĂ©crite avec des profils d’osmoscan et d’ektacytomĂ©trie normaux. Nous avons retrouvĂ© Ă  deux reprises sur deux Ă©chantillons et manipulations indĂ©pendantes rĂ©alisĂ©es sans stockage des profils d’osmoscan anormaux. Par ailleurs, nous montrons l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’étude des propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrophysiologiques des canaux PIEZO1 et KCNN4 rĂ©alisĂ©e Ă  Roscoff dans la classification de VSI (Mansour-Hendili et al 2021). Pour les cas d’associations de variations d’intĂ©rĂȘt les profils d’interprĂ©tation sont plus complexes mais montrent Ă©galement des diffĂ©rences de profil par rapport Ă  des tĂ©moins bien choisis. Ce travail a permis de dĂ©montrer l’utilitĂ© en plus des Ă©tudes familiales et de transcrits, d’outils diagnostic ou de suivi phĂ©notypiques du GR (LORRCA, densitĂ© des GR) pour l’aide Ă  la validation fonctionnelle de VSI isolĂ©s ou en association. Cela nĂ©cessite des moyens de reconvocation, des contrĂŽles positifs adĂ©quats et un respect des conditions prĂ©analytiques. La mise en place de rĂ©seaux collaboratifs apporte une vĂ©ritable utilitĂ© et une plus-value intellectuelle et humaine rĂ©ciproque. Le retour au phĂ©notype est indispensable Ă  la classification des VSI concernant les AHC

    NLRPs et anomalies de la reproduction humaine (une Ă©tude de deux gĂšnes candidats)

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    MONTPELLIER-BU Pharmacie (341722105) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Rapid Gardos Hereditary Xerocytosis Diagnosis in 8 Families Using Reticulocyte Indices

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    International audienceGardos channelopathy (Gardos-HX) or type 2 stomatocytosis/xerocytosis is a hereditary hemolytic anemia due to mutations in the KCNN4 gene. It is rarer than inherited type 1 xerocytosis due to PIEZO1 mutations (Piezo1-HX) and its diagnosis is difficult given the absence of a specific clinical or biological phenotype. We report here that this diagnosis can be sped up using red blood cell (RBC) indices performed on an ADVIA 2120 (Siemens(R)) analyzer, which measures reticulocyte mean corpuscular volume (rMCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (rMCHC). We studied reticulocyte indices in 3 new and 12 described patients (8 families) with Gardos-HX, 11 subjects presented the recurrent p.Arg352His mutation, 4 cases (two families) carried a private KCNN4 mutation. They were compared to 79 described patients (49 families) with Piezo1-HX. Surprisingly, in Gardos-HX cases, rMCV revealed to be smaller than MCV and rMCHC higher than MCHC, in contrast with normal or Piezo1-HX RBC. Consequently, Delta MCV (rMCV-MCV) was -0.9 +/- 5 fL vs. 19.8 +/- 3 fL (p < 0.001) in Gardos compared with Piezo1-HX and Delta MCHC (rMCHC-MCHC) was 18.7 +/- 13 vs. -50 +/- 8.7 g/L (p < 0.001). A threshold of 8.6 fL for Delta MCV and -5.5 g/L for Delta MCHC could discriminate between Gardos and Piezo1-HX with 100% sensitivity and specificity, regardless of age, mutation or splenectomy status. Consequently, we showed that reticulocytes indices are useful to suggest Gardos-HX on blood count results, allowing to rapidly target these patients for gene analysis. In addition, these parameters may prove useful as a `functional tool' in interpreting new KCNN4 variants

    Recurrent Intragenic Duplication within the <b><i>NR5A1</i></b> Gene and Severe Proximal Hypospadias

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    International audienceA heterozygous intragenic duplication within the repeated area (CTGCAGCTG)×2 of the NR5A1 gene was found in a 15-year-old 46,XY DSD (disorders/differences of sex development) patient with micropenis and severe proximal hypospadias. This heterozygous duplication has already been described twice in boys with a similar phenotype, whereas a deletion of 3 amino acids at the same position in the protein SF-1 has been described in a 46,XX patient with primary ovarian failure and short stature. These data suggest that this region within the NR5A1 gene has an important role for SF-1 protein function in gonads and is a hotspot for intragenic rearrangements
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