EFFICACY OF ANTI-BACTERIAL AND ANTI-FUNGAL ACTION ON THREE MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACT THE Rosa gallica, Psidium guajava AND Vitis vinifera AGAINST Streptococcus mutans AND Candida albicans -AN In-vitro STUDY

Introduction: World health organization has been an initiative for the widespread practice of herbal medicine been practiced in developing countries and created a scientific basis to treat infection. Aim: The aim of the study was to test the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of three medical plant extract the Rosa gallica, Psidium guajava L and Vitis vinifera against the streptococcus Mutans and Candida albicans organisms. Settings and Design: An in-vitro study was conducted collaborated with the department of microbiology and the Department of Public Health Dentistry in SRM Dental College and Hospital for a period of four months. The extract of medical plant of Rosa gallica, Psidium guajava L and Vitis vinifera was tested in different concentration to find out the effective anti-bacterial and anti-fungal action. Methods and Materials: Extract obtained from the medicinal plant of Rosa gallica, psidium guajava L and Vitis vinifera was procured and powdered. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the obtained extracts was determined by using the tube dilution method and the bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was cultured into the extract obtained at concentration of 1 mg/ml, 500 µg/ml, 250 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive statistics was done to analysis the bacterial count in different concentration. Results: The extracts obtained from Rosa gallica and psidium guajava L had a better anti-bacterial property when compared to the other medicinal plants and the extracts obtained from Rosa gallica and psidium guajava L had a better anti-fungal property when compared to the other two medicinal plants. Conclusions: These plants extracts showed anti-bacterial property in previous studies to add on to the review of literature in our study it proved that Rosa gallica and psidium guajava L had a better anti-fungal activity when compared to another two medicinal plant extract. The clinical significance of the medicinal plant extract can be effectively used as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent as it was compared with the gold standard values of kanamycin and Ketoconazole

The Effect of Different Beverages on Salivary pH in 12-Year-Old School Children in Chennai

Aim: This analytical study aims to evaluate the effect of different beverages on salivary pH in 12-year-old school children. Materials and methods: The course of different beverageson the salivary pH was evaluated among two groups. Group A subjects (n = 16) constituted children who had DMFT = 0 and group B subjects (n = 16) constituted children who had DMFT≥ 5. Five group of test beverages were chosen for the study (fresh fruit group, acidic group, milk group, drink fortified with calcium and phosphorous group and basal group). Baseline saliva and beverage parameters were evaluated. The pH change from 1 to 60 minutes was recorded and compared using t test. Results: It was shown in this study, that group B subjects had a more pronounced salivary pH fall than the group A subject and this was found to be statistically significant. Also the group B subjects’ salivary pH returned to the baseline values much later than the group A subjects. Conclusion: It could be concluded from this study that salivary pH fall is attenuated in the presence of dental caries posing a greater risk for quicker progression of dental caries.&nbsp

A prospective study of abdominal wall endometriomas: a review of 16 cases

Background: Endometriosis is a disorder in which an ectopic endometrial tissue grows outside the uterine cavity. The ectopic endometrium in abdominal wall is called as abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE). AWE is a very rare condition and exact incidence is not known. This is usually known to develop along with previous surgical scars especially following Caesarean section and Hysterectomy.Methods: Retrospective analysis of the patients operated for AWE was done. Data relating to age, symptomology, and previous caesarean section, relation to symptoms with the menstrual cycle, physical examination, surgical treatment and post-operative course was analyzed.Results: 16 patients were operated during the study period of 3 years between September 2013-september 2016.The ages ranged between 20-35 years. Presences of local mass and cyclical pain during menstruation were the main symptoms. Ultrasonography was done in all the cases and CT abdomen was done in few cases (2) to know the exact depth of the mass and to differentiate from other diseases. Wide surgical excision was carried out in all cases.Conclusions: There is definite relationship with AWE and caesarean sections in women

A study to assess factors contributing for the occurrence of incisional hernia among patients operated with pfannenstiel incision and management with mesh repair

Background: Incisional hernia is due to failure of lines of closure of abdominal wall following laparotomy. Bowel or a part of bowel or omentum can bulge through the gap. The early occurrence (within 5 years) is mainly due to early sepsis and obesity. Objective of present study was to assess the factors contributing for the occurrence of incisional hernia.Methods: All the women who were operated between March 2014-December 2016 using a low transverse Pfannenstiel incision and who did not have any other lower (vertical) incisions and laparoscopic surgeries were followed up in the outpatient department. 1,252 cases were followed up during the above-mentioned period and the detail history was elicited and meticulous physical examination was conducted. USG Abdomen was done in all the cases. Out of 1,252 cases 25 were having incisional hernia and mesh repair was done for incisional hernia.Results: Nearly 2% of these cases had incisional hernia. Obesity was the main risk factor in 36% of the study participants followed by wound infection in 32%.Conclusions: Obesity, redo surgeries, size of the incision and type of suture materials used contribute to the formation of incisional hernia. Although the incidence is low still incisional hernia can occur following Pfannenstiel low transverse abdominal incision

Dental hard tissue erosion rates and soft drinks – A gender based analysis in Chennai city, India

AbstractBackgroundA shift in the type and quantity of beverages consumed has been noticed, especially the decrease in the intake of milk and increased consumption of soft drinks. Soft drinks have a pH level of 2 which causes the need to assess its effect on the oral cavity, especially that of dental erosion. The study was done to evaluate if dental erosion was more prevalent in any one particular gender. Also a comparison was done between carbonated and non carbonated type of soft drinks, the various amounts and frequencies of consumption, the favourite brand of soft drink and their consequent dental erosion rates were evaluated.Materials and methodsA cross sectional descriptive study was done among 400, middle income adults, belonging to the age group of 18–25years. They were examined between January and March in the year 2012, by a single examiner. A questionnaire was circulated previously in two zones of Chennai, India and the subjects were chosen by lottery method. Clinical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Department of Public Health Dentistry, SRM Dental College, India to conduct the dental assessment. The dental erosion rates were estimated using Smith and Knight Index.ResultsParticipants who consumed beverages weekly (17.65% males) had less erosion than those who consumed it daily (61.23% males). Higher the quantity of consumption more was the Erosion Index. Higher index values were seen in those who consumed only carbonated soft drinks (35.16 of female) than those who consumed only non-carbonated soft drinks (15.93% of female). On comparison of variables between genders, the p values (0.221 for type of soft drink, 0.826 for quantity of soft drink consumed) obtained were greater than the level of significance (>0.05).ConclusionsErosion causes deleterious effects to the dental hard tissues. No sex predilection was seen

Self-reported Barriers to Regular Dental Care in Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the self-reported barriers to regular dental care in Chennai city, Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods: The cross-sectional study was doneon 352 people, aged 18 to 60 years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The study included 154 males and 196 females. The samples were selected by stratified random sampling and a 10 itemquestionnaire was given. Level of significance was set at <0.005, with 5% alpha error and 95% confidence interval. Results: Factor analysis revealed the factors of barriers whichwere daily brushing, practical reasons, unpleasant experiences, laziness and lack of appreciation. Sex showed significant correlation with reasons preventing daily brushing. The moreeducated the patients were the fewer barriers they had related to unpleasant experiences and factors of appreciation and laziness. The older people had more barriers relating practical reasons. Conclusion: The most significance reasons found were lack of knowledge, lack of interest, long distance to a particular dentist, restraint work

Laparoscopy in management of appendicitis in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: a multicenter, prospective, cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency worldwide. Differences between high- and low-income settings in the availability of laparoscopic appendectomy, alternative management choices, and outcomes are poorly described. The aim was to identify variation in surgical management and outcomes of appendicitis within low-, middle-, and high-Human Development Index (HDI) countries worldwide. METHODS: This is a multicenter, international prospective cohort study. Consecutive sampling of patients undergoing emergency appendectomy over 6 months was conducted. Follow-up lasted 30 days. RESULTS: 4546 patients from 52 countries underwent appendectomy (2499 high-, 1540 middle-, and 507 low-HDI groups). Surgical site infection (SSI) rates were higher in low-HDI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.33-4.99, p = 0.005) but not middle-HDI countries (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.76-2.52, p = 0.291), compared with high-HDI countries after adjustment. A laparoscopic approach was common in high-HDI countries (1693/2499, 67.7%), but infrequent in low-HDI (41/507, 8.1%) and middle-HDI (132/1540, 8.6%) groups. After accounting for case-mix, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.42-0.71, p < 0.001) and SSIs (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14-0.33, p < 0.001). In propensity-score matched groups within low-/middle-HDI countries, laparoscopy was still associated with fewer overall complications (OR 0.23 95% CI 0.11-0.44) and SSI (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.09-0.45). CONCLUSION: A laparoscopic approach is associated with better outcomes and availability appears to differ by country HDI. Despite the profound clinical, operational, and financial barriers to its widespread introduction, laparoscopy could significantly improve outcomes for patients in low-resource environments. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02179112