Structural identification and presence of some p-menth-1-enediols in grape products

The present work aims at clearing the structure of some p-menthenediols, which are already known to be present in musts and wines as glycosides, referred to as isomers 1, 2 and 3. Isomers 2 and 3 correspond to cis-p-menth-1-ene-6,8-diol and p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol; isomer 1, which is only found in traces, is probably identical with trans- p-menth-1-ene-6,8-diol. Their concentration is reported for both free and bound forms in musts from some varieties and compared with the alpha-terpineol and 2-exo-hydroxy-1,8-cineole concentrations. In general, the free forms were scarcely present; among the bound forms p-menth-1-ene-7,8-diol first and then cis-p-menth-1-ene-6,8-diol prevailed. Besides improvement of varietal classification, the compounds identified give evidence of allylic hydroxylase activity in grape berries

Neue Monoterpendiole in Traubenmosten und Weinen und ihre Bedeutung für die Genese einiger cyclischer Monoterpenäther

Mit Hilfe gaschromatographisch-massenspektrometrischer Untersuchungen konnten wir 4 weitere Monoterpendiole erstmals im Traubenmost und Wein (Rebsorte Morio-Muskat) nachweisen:3, 7-Dimethyl-7-octen-1,6-diol(Z)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,7-octadien-1,6-diol -(E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2, 7-octadien-1,6-diol(E,E)-3, 7-Dimethyl-2,5-octadien-1, 7-diolDie Bedeutung dieser Diole im Hinblick auf die Entstehung einiger Monoterpenäther des Trauben- und Weinaromas wird diskutiert. Die identifizierten Verbindungen fügen sich in den von ÜHLOFF und Mitarbeitern vorgeschlagenen Bildungsweg einiger Monoterpenäther durch Photooxidation von Monoterpenalkoholen ein. Über das Vorkommen dieser Monoterpendiole in biologischem Material wurde bisher nicht berichtet.New monoterpenoic alcohols in grape must and wine and their significance for the biogenesis of some cyclic monoterpene ethersWith the aid of GC-MS analyses it was possible to identify the following additional monoterpene diols in Morio-Muskat grape must and wine:3, 7-Dimethyl-7-octene-1,6-diol(Z)-3, 7-Dimethyl-2, 7-octadiene-1,6-diol(E)-3, 7-Dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-l,6-diol(E,E)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,5-octadiene-1,7-diolThe significance of these diols with respect to the formation of some monoterpene ethers in grape and wine aroma is discussed. The presence of the identified diols can be accounted for in terms of the pathway for some monoterpene ethers by photooxidation of monoterpene alcohols as proposed by ÜHWFF and collaborators. The occurrence of these monoterpene diols in biological material has not been reported before

Neue Monoterpendiole in Traubenmost und Wein sowie in Kulturen von Botrytis cinerea

New monoterpenediols in grape must and wine andin cultures of Botrytis cinereaIn CFCl3/CH2Cl2 extracts from grape must and wine, cv. Morio-Muskat, (E) and (Z)-8-hydroxylinalool were identified. Both compounds are original constituents of the must and wine flavour. It could be shown by model experiments that these compounds are also produced by Botiytis cinerea from linalool

Flüchtige Inhaltsstoffe aus "Flüssigzucker"

Aus Aromaanreicherungen (Dichlormethan- und Freon 11/Dichlormethan-Extrakten) verschiedener invertierter Saccharoselösungen (Invertzuckersirup, sog. „Flüssigzucker") wurden etwa 20 Inhaltsstoffe mittels GC-MS identifiziert.Der überwiegende Teil der identifizierten Komponenten entsteht bei Dehydratisierungsreaktionen aus Glucose bzw. Fructose.Das Vorkommen von 2-Hydroxyacetylfuran in Wein - eine Verbindung, die bisher weder in Süßreserven noch in Traubenmost bzw. in Weinen, die nur aus Traubenmost hergestellt wurden, nachgewiesen werden konnte - kann als ein Indiz zum Nachweis eines Zusatzes von Invertzuckerlösungen (u. a. des sog. „Flüssigzuckers") zu Traubenmost oder Wein verwendet werden.Volatile ingredients from inverted sucrose solutions ("Flüssigzucker")Approximately 20 volatile ingredients were identified by GC-MS in various inverted sucrose solutions. This was accomplished using an aroma enrichment method with Freon/dichloromethane and dichloromethane.The majority of the identified components (furan compounds) arise by dehydration reactions from glucose and fructose.The compound 2-hydroxyacetylfuran could not be found till now in wine which was fermented from grape must and also not in grape juice. Therefore the presence of 2-hydroxyacetylfuran in wine could be used as circumstantial evidence that inverted sucrose solutions (so-called "Flüssigzucker") had been added to the grape must or wine

Is hugging a robot weird? Investigating the influence of robot appearance on users' perception of hugging

Humanoid robots are expected to be able to communicate with humans using physical interaction, including hug, which is a common gesture of affection. In order to achieve that, their physical embodiment has to be carefully planned, as a user-friendly design will facilitate interaction and minimise repulsion. In this paper, we investigate the effect of manipulating the visual/tactile appearance of a robot, covering wires and metallic parts with clothes, and the auditory effect by enabling or disabling the connector of the hand. The experiment consists in a hugging interaction between the participants and the humanoid robot ARMAR-IIIb. Results after participation of 24 subjects confirm the positive effect from using clothes to modify the appearance and the negative effect of noise and vibration

Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions

Farmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low-input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management-related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6–20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non-organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face-to-face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale

Interaction of Three Regiospecific Amino Acid Residues Is Required for OATP1B1 Gain of OATP1B3 Substrate Specificity

The human organic anion-transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 (SLCO1B1) and OATP1B3 (SLCO1B3) are liver-enriched membrane transporters of major importance to hepatic uptake of numerous endogenous compounds including bile acids, steroid conjugates, hormones, and drugs including the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Co-A reductase inhibitor (statin) family of cholesterol-lowering compounds. Despite their remarkable substrate overlap, there are notable exceptions: in particular, the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8) is a high affinity substrate for OATP1B3 but not OATP1B1. We utilized homologous recombination of linear DNA by E. coli to generate a library of cDNA containing monomer size chimeric OATP1B1-1B3 and OATP1B3-1B1 transporters with randomly distributed chimeric junctions to identify three discrete regions of the transporter involved in conferring CCK-8 transport activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of three key residues in OATP1B1 transmembrane helices 1 and 10, and extracellular loop 6, to the corresponding residues in OATP1B3, resulted in a gain of CCK-8 transport by OATP1B1. The residues appear specific to CCK-8, as the mutations did not affect transport of the shared OATP1B substrate atorvastatin or the OATP1B1-specific substrate estrone sulfate. Regions involved in gain of CCK-8 transport by OATP1B1, when mapped to the crystal structures of bacterial transporters from the major facilitator superfamily, suggest these regions could readily interact with drug substrates. Accordingly, our data provide new insight into the molecular determinants of the substrate specificity of these hepatic uptake transporters with relevance to targeted drug design and prediction of drug-drug interactions