341 research outputs found
Homicidios en América del Sur: ¿los pobres son peligrosos?
This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences.violence, homicides, poverty, South America
Atouts et limites de la filière coton au Mali
This thesis analyzes the different aspects of the cotton sector in Mali based on its strengths and limitations through a theoretical approach, applied and field. This sector is the result of a long process that began in the early 20th century. Successive governments after the country’s sovereignty in 1960 reserved a special place in the development of activities directly or indirectly related to cotton. The goal was and is to ensure the country’s participation in international trade through a product for which the economy has positive externalities in terms of foreign exchange earnings and job creation.Our research has allowed us to identify the strengths of the country that actors must improve and endogenous challenges they face, in order to sustain the development of this sector called "space maker" in the heart of an economy still largely dominated by agriculture. The relevance of specialization in cotton production has proven through an econometric model "panel data", which allows to take into account the temporal and spatial structures of cotton production in the country by returning in the regional context of West African countries. The results of the various estimates classify Mali in good position (leader, co-leader or second).This result should reinforce the actors of cotton (states, Malian Textile Development Com¬pany, Producers) and technical and financial partners to do more to improve the competitiveness of the sector, despite the country is experiencing "price taker" in an environment where some major economies (USA, China, Spain) produce the same product, using sometimes questionable means, that penalize the situation of producers in non-developed countries.The crisis that hit the industry in the 2000s has replaced cotton by gold as the first export earnings (INSTAT - Mali 2012, Mainguy et al., 2013). Is this a sufficient argument for abandoning the cotton industry? We do not believe it after seeing during our three field surveys its dynamism and its impact on other sectors. In addition, the impact of cotton production on improving socio¬economic conditions of the population remains essential so that, despite its challenges, it remains a major driver of the country’s economic growth.Cette thèse analyse les différents aspects de la filière cotonnière au Mali en se basant sur ses atouts et limites à travers une démarche théorique, appliquée et de terrain. Cette filière est issue d’un long processus amorcé au début du 20ème siècle. Les gouvernements successifs après la souveraineté du pays en 1960 ont réservé une place de choix au développement des activités ayant un rapport direct ou indirect avec le coton. L’objectif était et reste d’assurer la participation du pays aux échanges internationaux à travers un produit pour lequel, l’économie bénéficie d’externalités positives en termes d’entrée de devises et de création d’emplois. Notre recherche nous a permis d’identifier les atouts du pays que les acteurs doivent améliorer et les défis endogènes qu’ils doivent relever, afin de pérenniser le développement de ce secteur qualifié de « space maker », au cœur d’une économie encore largement dominée par l’agriculture. La pertinence d’une spécialisation dans la production cotonnière est avérée à travers un modèle économétrique en « données de panel », qui permet de prendre en compte l’aspect temporel et spatial des structures de production cotonnière du pays en les restituant dans le contexte régional des pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest. Les résultats des différentes estimations classent le Mali en bonne position (leader, co-leader ou deuxième). Ce résultat doit conforter les acteurs du coton (États, Compagnie Malienne de Développement des Textiles, Producteurs) et les partenaires techniques et financiers à s’investir davantage pour améliorer la compétitivité de la filière, malgré que le pays soit en situation de preneur de prix « price taker », dans un environnement où certaines grandes puissances économiques (États-Unis, Chine, Espagne) produisent le même produit, en utilisant des moyens parfois critiquables, qui pénalisent la situation des producteurs dans les pays non développés.La crise qui a secoué la filière lors de la décennie 2000 a substitué l’or au coton comme première recette d’exportation (Instat-Mali 2012, Mainguy et al., 2013). Est-ce un argument suffisant pour délaisser la filière cotonnière ? Nous ne le croyons pas après avoir constaté lors de nos trois enquêtes de terrain son dynamisme et ses retombées sur les autres secteurs d’activités. En outre, l’impact de la dite filière sur l’amélioration des conditions socioéconomiques des populations demeure essentiel de sorte que, malgré ses défis, elle reste un levier majeur de la croissance économique du pays
TUBEIMOSIDE-1, A TRITERPENOID SAPONIN: AN UPDATE ON ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
It is known that humans have been using natural products for medicinal use for ages. Tubeimoside-1 (TBMS1) is a triterpenoid saponin first isolated in China from Bolbostemma paniculatum (Maxim) Franquet, Cucurbitaceae. This review provides a deep overview on TBMS1 and extensively summarizes its pharmacological functions. As result, TBMS1 has drawn great interest in medicinal field due to its multiple pharmacological functions such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, anti-human immunodeficiency viruses, and neuroprotective properties. Further, TBMS1 plays an important role in a wide range of pharmacological processes. Although possessing important functions, further experimentations are required to broaden the scope of its application
How Secure is Code Generated by ChatGPT?
In recent years, large language models have been responsible for great
advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). ChatGPT in particular,
an AI chatbot developed and recently released by OpenAI, has taken the field to
the next level. The conversational model is able not only to process human-like
text, but also to translate natural language into code. However, the safety of
programs generated by ChatGPT should not be overlooked. In this paper, we
perform an experiment to address this issue. Specifically, we ask ChatGPT to
generate a number of program and evaluate the security of the resulting source
code. We further investigate whether ChatGPT can be prodded to improve the
security by appropriate prompts, and discuss the ethical aspects of using AI to
generate code. Results suggest that ChatGPT is aware of potential
vulnerabilities, but nonetheless often generates source code that are not
robust to certain attacks
Importance socioéconomique de Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Palmier à huile) en Basse-Casamance (SENEGAL)
Lower Casamance harbors enormous economic potentialities due to the importance of its forest resources. Among the forest species of the area, Elaeis guineensis is one of the most exploited for its many services and products. Despite its importance, the oil palm tree is experiencing real threats linked to a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The overall objective of this study is to contribute and evaluate the goods and services provided by the agroforestry parks in Lower Casamance which will lead to an alert to the whole community about the threats to these secular systems. For that purpose, an individual questionnaire was administered to a sample of 146 invidious (33 in Carounate, 57 in Kabiline and 56 in Kaguite) according to their business sector in the palm plantation in each of the sites. Corresponding to 5% poll rate. It should be noted that most of the surveyed population acquires their product through harvesting (72% in Carounate, 70.97% in Kabiline and 70.21 in Kaguite). All parts of the oil palm are exploited by the local population for various purposes. Thus the most important frequencies are the use in construction (100%), the production of palm oil on average (94.87% and the making of brooms on average (92.97%). The sale of the palm products is a source of unshakeable revenue that can provide up to 865000F cfa for palm oil, 675000Fcfa for palm wine and 280000F cfa for brooms. This is why, according to 90.91% of the respondents in Carounate, 37.41% in Kabiline and 45.71%, the exploitation of the oil palm occupies the second place, after agriculture, in their activities. It is therefore all the interest to permanently preserve these secular systems
L’OR BLANC DU MALI, LEVIER CONTRE L’EXTREME PAUVRETE
LĂ©conomie malienne repose sur lagriculture et dĂ©pend largement des recettes dexportation des produits comme le coton (près de 12 % des recettes de lÉtat en 2013 selon lInstat). Les effets des instabilitĂ©s sociopolitiques, le conflit dans le nord, les alĂ©as naturels ou issus de lactivitĂ© humaine risquent de compromettre les progrès effectuĂ©s jusquen 2011 dans lamĂ©lioration des conditions pour latteinte des objectifs du dĂ©veloppement durable (ODD). Dans ce papier nous prĂ©sentons lapport de la filière coton dans lamĂ©lioration de la situation socioĂ©conomique des populations Ă travers lĂ©radication de lextrĂŞme pauvretĂ© qui constitue le premier ODD.Â
Surpoids et obésité dans la population générale de 5 à 19 ans en milieu urbain bamakois (Mali)
Introduction: déterminer la prévalence du surpoids et de l'obésité dans la population âgée de 5 à 19 ans et fournir des données de référence pour de futures études.
Méthodes: notre échantillon est issu de la première étude sur les pathologies cardiovasculaires basée sur l'approche STEP de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) en sélectionnant tous les sujets âgés de 5 à 19 ans. Nous avons utilisé les méthodes de l'OMS et de l'International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) pour déterminer la prévalence du surpoids et de l'obésité dans la population générale.
Résultats: la moyenne d'âge était de 11,75 ans ± 4,387 et le sex-ratio M:F était de 0,79. les moyennes pour le poids et la taille étaient de 36,85 kg et 143,48 cm. Selon les critères OMS 1,61% des garçons et 3,28 % des filles étaient en surpoids et 0,92% des garçons contre 1,46% des filles obèses. Selon les critères de l'IOTF 4,10% des garçons et 5,94% des filles étaient en surpoids tandis que 0,72% des garçons et 2,68% des filles étaient obèses.
Conclusion: malgré sa faible prévalence le surpoids et l'obésité doivent être régulièrement étudiés pour reconnaître des tendances et prendre des mesures adéquates de prévention. Les 2 méthodes utilisées ont permis d'avoir des données de référence pour de futures études au Mali et ailleurs
An assessment of cultural perceptions and recognition of Ebola virus disease, and its correlation with traditional burial practice in rural Guinea
Background:
In the midst of the unprecedented Ebola outbreak in West Africa during 2014-2016, the humanitarian response to control the disease was hampered in part because there was a limited understanding of local traditional rituals or indigenous medicine (ethnomedicine) on the part of the responders. The Ebola outbreak claimed 11,310 lives, more than all other outbreaks combined. West African burial funeral ceremonies and surrounding rituals may have hindered interventions that included the forceful removal of the sick or dead from the community.
Objective:
Our objective was to understand transmission associated with traditional burial practices in rural Guinea. Through the lens of cultural and medical anthropology, this study aims to examine how knowledge of transmission might influence views on traditional burial practices, and how ethnomedical beliefs might block (or mediate) the effect of this knowledge.
Method:
A survey of 385 household members was administered in 2015 throughout Guinea to capture knowledge and behaviors related to Ebola. Discrete and marginal change in probability models were used to examine disease transmission knowledge on the outcome of whether respondents practice traditional burial rituals. The independent variables were knowledge about person-to-person (PTP) transmission and personal protective equipment (PPE), and the dependent binary variable was the use of traditional burial practice. Within the context of burial behavior, this study controlled for three confounders: 1. demographics (age, sex, years lived in community, ethnicity, occupation, education), 2. knowledge of Ebola etiology & symptoms, and 3. access to medical care. STATA14/MP was used.
Results:
Once controlling for three potential confounders (demographics, knowledge of Ebola etiology & symptoms, and access to medical care), there was no significant association between the outcome, practicing traditional burial ritual, and knowledge about PTP (person-to-person infection: 12.2 percentage points, p \u3c 0.1 by one-tail test) & PPE (5.8 percentage points, p \u3e 0.1).
Conclusion:
The result implies that knowledge about PTP & PPE will not necessarily lead respondents to stop traditional burial rituals. To prevent another Ebola outbreak in the future, it is essential to design a social and behavioral intervention that is specially tailored to the culture of the traditional burial ritual
EFFET DE LA CRISE AU SAHEL SUR LA SECURITE ALIMENTAIRE : CAS DU MALI
Ce papier permet de faire le point, sur la capacité de résilience du Mali par rapport à la sécurité alimentaire, malgré sa situation géographique de pays sahélien. Comme toutes les économies en développement, il se caractérise par un poids considérable du secteur primaire. Il a un produit intérieur brut (PIB) de 837 Dollars (483 924 FCFA) par habitant en 2018 selon l’Institut national de la statistique (Instat, 2019), avec 37% généré par l’agriculture. À travers une analyse documentaire et une étude de terrain, nous répondons à la problématique de la sécurité alimentaire dans un contexte d’instabilité majeure. Notre étude a permis de souligner la capacité du pays, face à l’insécurité alimentaire malgré les aléas dans une zone très difficile.
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