Acceleration of protons and heavy ions to suprathermal energies during dipolarizations in the near-Earth magnetotail

In this work we present an analysis of the dynamics of suprathermal ions of different masses (H+, He+, O+) during prolonged dipolarizations in the near-Earth magnetotail (X > -17 R-E/according to Cluster/RAPID observations in 2001- 2005. All dipolarizations from our database were associated with fast flow braking and consisted of multiple dipolarization fronts (DFs). We found statistically that fluxes of suprathermal ions started to increase similar to 1 min before the dipolarization onset and continued to grow for similar to 1 min after the onset. The start of flux growth coincided with the beginning of a decrease in the spectral index . The decrease in gamma was observed for protons for similar to 1 min after the dipolarization onset, and for He+ and O+ ions for similar to 3 and similar to 5 min after the onset respectively. The negative variations of gamma for O+ ions were similar to 2.5 times larger than for light ions. This demonstrates more efficient acceleration for heavy ions. The strong negative variations of gamma were observed in finite energy ranges for all ion components. This indicates the possibility of nonadiabatic resonant acceleration of ions in the course of their interaction with multiple DFs during dipolarizations. Our analysis showed that some fraction of light ions can be accelerated up to energies >= 600 keV and some fraction of oxygen ions can be accelerated up to similar to 1.2 MeV. Such strong energy gains cannot be explained by acceleration at a single propagating DF and suggest the possibility of multistage ion acceleration in the course of their interaction with multiple DFs during the prolonged dipolarizations

Amygdala subnuclei response and connectivity during emotional processing

The involvement of the human amygdala in emotion-related processing has been studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for many years. However, despite the amygdala being comprised of several subnuclei, most studies investigated the role of the entire amygdala in processing of emotions. Here we combined a novel anatomical tracing protocol with event-related high-resolution fMRI acquisition to study the responsiveness of the amygdala subnuclei to negative emotional stimuli and to examine intra-amygdala functional connectivity. The greatest sensitivity to the negative emotional stimuli was observed in the centromedial amygdala, where the hemodynamic response amplitude elicited by the negative emotional stimuli was greater and peaked later than for neutral stimuli. Connectivity patterns converge with extant findings in animals, such that the centromedial amygdala was more connected with the nuclei of the basal amygdala than with the lateral amygdala. Current findings provide evidence of functional specialization within the human amygdala

Expanded Reality: Just a Trend of our Time or do We Need Technology?

The article defines the concepts of distance analysis. Their main forms, types and meanings in the are considered. The historical foundations of distance learning and all the stages of its formation are clearly traced, followed by the definition of characteristic features. Describes possible ways to eliminate existing problems and improve the quality of such learning. Considerable attention is paid to distance learning technology and its resources, in particular, expanded reality. Its key features, strengths and weaknesses, importance in the educational process and distance education are outlined. To create this article we used methods of synthesis and analysis, historical, comparative, and theoretical analysis of scientific literature and thematic journals and collection of data from sources. To achieve the proposed goal, we used the literature of various scientists and researchers who devoted their works to the subject of distance education. This allowed an in-depth study and research on this topic and came to the conclusion that distance learning is not inferior to traditional and is in increasing demand every year. In turn, expanded reality technology is exactly what the modern student needs to fully immerse himself in the world of learning and make the process exciting, interesting and interactive

Intense Current Structures Observed at Electron Kinetic Scales in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail During Dipolarization and Substorm Current Wedge Formation

We use data from the 2013–2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere Campaign, with its uniquely small spacecraft separations (less than or equal to electron inertia length, λe), to study multiscale magnetic structures in 14 substorm‐related prolonged dipolarizations in the near‐Earth magnetotail. Three time scales of dipolarization are identified: (i) a prolonged growth of the BZ component with duration ≤20 min; (ii) BZ pulses with durations ≤1 min during the BZ growth; and (iii) strong magnetic field gradients with durations ≤2 s during the dipolarization growth. The values of these gradients observed at electron scales are several dozen times larger than the corresponding values of magnetic gradients simultaneously detected at ion scales. These nonlinear features in magnetic field gradients denote the formation of intense and localized (approximately a few λe) current structures during the dipolarization and substorm current wedge formation. These observations highlight the importance of electron scale processes in the formation of a 3‐D substorm current system.Key PointsMultiscale current structure formed during dipolarization growthIntense current structures are transiently (≤2 s) observed at the leading and trailing edges of BZ pulses during dipolarization growthSpatial scales of the intense current structures are ~100–200 km ~(2.5–5.0)λePeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142547/1/grl56899_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142547/2/grl56899.pd

Contrasting dynamics of electrons and protons in the near-Earth plasma sheet during dipolarization

The fortunate location of Cluster and the THEMIS P3 probe in the near-Earth plasma sheet (PS) (at X similar to -7-9- R-E) allowed for the multipoint analysis of properties and spectra of electron and proton injections. The injections were observed during dipolarization and substorm current wedge formation associated with braking of multiple bursty bulk flows (BBFs). In the course of dipolarization, a gradual growth of the B-Z magnetic field lasted similar to 13 min and it was comprised of several B-Z pulses or dipolarization fronts (DFs) with duration 50 keV) electron fluxes - the injection boundary - was observed in the PS simultaneously with the dipolarization onset and it propagated dawnward along with the onset-related DF. The subsequent dynamics of the energetic electron flux was similar to the dynamics of the magnetic field during the dipolarization. Namely, a gradual linear growth of the electron flux occurred simultaneously with the gradual growth of the B-Z field, and it was comprised of multiple short (similar to few minutes) electron injections associated with the B-Z pulses. This behavior can be explained by the combined action of local betatron acceleration at the B-Z pulses and subsequent gradient drifts of electrons in the flux pile up region through the numerous braking and diverting DFs. The nonadiabatic features occasionally observed in the electron spectra during the injections can be due to the electron interactions with high-frequency electromagnetic or electrostatic fluctuations transiently observed in the course of dipolarization. On the contrary, proton injections were detected only in the vicinity of the strongest B-Z pulses. The front thickness of these pulses was less than a gyroradius of thermal protons that ensured the nonadiabatic acceleration of protons. Indeed, during the injections in the energy spectra of protons the pronounced bulge was clearly observed in a finite energy range similar to 70-90 keV. This feature can be explained by the nonadiabatic resonant acceleration of protons by the bursts of the dawn-dusk electric field associated with the B-Z pulses

Features of surface modification of copper-based alloys under powerful plasma exposures

Paper presents features of plasma alloying of Cu-based materials with Ti-Cr, Ti-Cr-Ti-Nb, Ti-Cr-Ti-Zr, Ti-Cr-TiZrO coatings in different regimes of the QSPA Kh-50. Targets were made from copper samples covered of multilayer PVD coatings have been deposited within a Bulat-type facility. Prepared targets were irradiated with powerful plasma streams with energy loads achieved 0.6 MJ/m2 and the pulse duration of 0.25 ms. Influence of plasma impacts on modification different copper alloys has been analyzed. Mechanisms of modification of thin multilayered coatings mixed with Сu substrate in a liquid phase under the plasma processing are evaluated.Описано особливості плазмового легування матеріалів на основі міді з покриттями Ti-Cr, Ti-Cr-Ti-Nb, TiCr-Ti-Zr, Ti-Cr-Ti-ZrO в різних режимах КСПП Х-50. Проаналізовано вплив плазмових навантажень на модифікацію різних мідних сплавів. Зразки було виготовлено з міді та багатошарових покриттів, які утворювались PVD-методом в установці булатного типу. Підготовлені мішені опромінювалися потужними плазмовими потоками з енергетичними навантаженнями, що досягали 0,6 МДж/м 2 , з тривалістю імпульсу ~ 0,25 мс. Обговорюються механізми модифікації тонких багатошарових покриттів, змішаних з мідною підкладкою в рідкій фазі при плазмовому опроміненні.Описаны особенности плазменного легирования материалов на медной основе с покрытиями Ti-Cr, Ti-CrTi-Nb, Ti-Cr-Ti-Zr, Ti-Cr-Ti-ZrO в разных режимах КСПУ Х-50. Проанализировано влияние плазменных нагрузок на модификацию разных медных сплавов. Образцы были изготовлены из меди и многослойных покрытий, осажденных PVD-методом в установке булатного типа. Подготовленные мишени облучались мощными плазменными потоками с энергетическими нагрузками, достигавшими 0,6 МДж/м2 , с длительностью импульса ~ 0,25 мс. Обсуждаются механизмы модификации тонких многослойных покрытий, смешанных с медной подложкой в жидкой фазе при плазменном облучении

О РОЛИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ НАУКИ В РАЗВИТИИ АТОМНОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ БЕЛАРУСЬ

The history of the development of nuclear science researches in the nuclear center of the Republic of Belarus is described. There were two State programs in Belarus devoted to the problems of the nuclear power. One of them was finished in 2010. Within the program, there have been resolved such tasks as: necessity of the nuclear power engineering, selection of the site for the nuclear power plant, developments of the legislation and regulations to ensure nuclear and radiation safety, as well as project of the strategy for radioactive waste management and spent fuel management. At the second stage for fulfilling the tasks of development and implementation of scientific and technical suggestions, the State program «Scientific support of nuclear power development in the Republic of Belarus for 2009–2010 and for the period till 2020» is carried out. The results of researches within the second program for 2013–2015 years are presented.В статье дается краткий обзор научной деятельности в области атомной энергетики в советский и постсоветский периоды развития Республики Беларусь. Приводятся сведения о производстве и потреблении электроэнергии, которые свидетельствуют о целесообразности развития атомной энергетики в Республике Беларусь. Описываются этапы развития работ в этой области. Первый этап включает обоснование необходимости строительства АЭС, ее мощности, определение места размещения, выбор площадки АЭС, разработку нормативной правовой и нормативной технической базы и проекта стратегии обращения с радиоактивными отходами и отработавшим ядерным топливом в Республике Беларусь. Указанные задачи решались в 2006–2010 гг. в рамках Государственной научно-технической программы «Ядерно-физические технологии для народного хозяйства Беларуси». На втором этапе с целью разработки и внедрения научно-технических предложений об оптимизации технологических процессов, повышающих ядерную, радиационную и экологическую безопасность, физическую защиту, а также эффективность объектов использования атомной энергии, была утверждена Государственная программа «Научное сопровождение развития атомной энергетики в Республике Беларусь на 2009–2010 годы и на период до 2020 года». Поскольку результаты выполнения заданий этой программы за 2009–2012 гг. были опубликованы ранее, в статье приводятся результаты исследований за 2013–2015 гг.

Метаболический синдром и присоединение бактериальной инфекции как факторы риска фатального исхода при гриппе А / H1N1, осложненном пневмонией

Metabolic syndrome and bacterial infection as risk factors of death in influenza А / H1N1 complicated by pneumonia.Метаболический синдром и присоединение бактериальной инфекции как факторы риска фатального исхода при гриппе А / H1N1, осложненном пневмонией