The utility of hierarchical logistic regression for predicting repeated measures binary responses

This report will employ a hierarchical logistic regression model with mixed effects as an alternative to the traditional analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach that is often used when repeated observations are taken for each treatment. In the case of a binary response variable, ANOVA approaches typically require the user to first convert responses to an appropriate continuous variable, often a total score. The data used in this report include responses from 83 participants and are coded binary. Each participant was asked to make 12 separate decisions based on information received from videos of adult informants. The original purpose of the study was to determine the effect of subjects’ age (between-subjects) and of video characteristics (within-subjects) on the likelihood that children will make the correct choice. The purpose of this report was instead methodological in nature. The results of the hierarchical model are compared to the results of a traditional mixed design analysis of variance to illustrate the strengths gained from applying hierarchical models to data that includes repeated observations per subject and to compare results when the dichotomous nature of the outcomes is appropriately modeled.Statistic

Implementasi Pembinaan Melalui Program Rehabilitasi Dan Reintegrasi Sosial Bagi Narapidana Terorisme

Coaching for terrorism inmates in institution is an effort to counter terrorism. Coaching is done through rehabilitation and social reiintegration. In this study there were two issues discussed the implementation of training for terrorism prisoners as well as the factors driving and inhibiting formation for terrorism prisoners. This type of research is empirical legal research. The research is descriptive. Primary data sourced from observation and interviews while secondary data sourced from literatures and electronic articles. Secondary data was collected through library research. Data is collected, processed and presented qualitative descriptive analysis.Coaching for terrorism inmates in prisons have not been implemented optimally. It can be seen from the formation of the terrorist network that carried out in prisons. Former inmates also returned to terrorism after being released from prison. The driving factor for the development of terrorist prisoners is because terrorism is a crime that should ditanggulagi. Guidance is also the mandate of Act Number 12 of 1995 Concerning Correctional Institution and the Indonesian Government Regulation Number 99 of 2012 concerning the Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 32 of 1999 on Terms and Procedures for Implementation of the Right of Corrections Inmates and the vision and mission of the institution. Coaching effort is one of community protection movement. Coaching is a limiting factor in terms of the legal structure and legal culture. Prison staff lack the ability to Islam, a lack of awareness of officers, there is no coaching format for terrorism prisoners, the view that training for terrorism prisoners are tightening and the lack of specialized staff in fostering terrorism inmates. Legal culture includes cultural terrorist prisoners law does not regret his actions and legal culture society reject terrorism inmates

PERBANDINGAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA ANTARA YANG MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN MACROMEDIA FLASH DAN MACROMEDIA CAPTIVATE PADA KONSEP SISTEM PENCERNAAN (Studi Eksperimen di Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Losari Kabupaten Brebes)

MALIKI : Penggunaan media pembelajaran yang baik dapat memberikan dampak yang sangat positif bagi kemampuan dan kemauan siswa untuk mengikuti proses pembelajaran. Salah satu media pembelajaran yang dapat diujikan yaitu menggunakan macromedia flash dan macromedia captivate yang merupakan salah satu software komputer yang digunakan untuk mendesain animasi. Dengan proses pembelajaran yang menggunakan macromedia flash dan macromedia captivate siswa tidak hanya menghayal, tetapi siswa dapat melihat langsung konsep yang dijelaskan oleh guru. Hal ini tentunya bisa menarik perhatian siswa dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar di kelas. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah (1) Mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa setelah menggunakan media pembelajaran macromedia flash pada konsep sistem pencernaan.(2) Mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar siswa setelah menggunakan macromedia captivate pada konsep sistem pencernaan. (3) Mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa yang signifikan antara yang menggunakan macromedia flash dan macromedia captivate pada konsep sistem pencernaan.(4) Mengetahui respon siswa terhadap penggunaan media pembelajaran macromedia flash dan macromedia captivate pada konsep sistem pencernaan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen,pengumpulan data berupa penyebaran angket dan tes. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak dengan menetapkan teknik random sampling, yaitu mengambil sampel secara acak sebanyak 2 kelas yaitu kelas VIII. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penggunaan media pembelajaran macromedia flash mengalami peningkatan dengan nilai rata-rata N-Gain sebesar 0,50. Sedangkan Hasil belajar siswa dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran macromedia captivate mengalami peningkatan dengan nilai rata-rata N-Gain sebesar 0,41. Pada uji hipotesis diperoleh nilai sig (2-tiled )= 0,000(< 0,05),berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima menunjukan bahwa ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan media pembelajaran macromedia flash dengan macromedia captivate.Pada respon siswa dalam pengguanan media pembelajaran macromedia flash sebesar 84,58% dan media pembelajaran macromedia captivate sebesar 83,63% pada konsep sistem pencernaan berkategori sangat kuat. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan media pembelajaran macromedia flash lebih baik dibandingkan yang menggunakan media pembelajaran macromedia captivate

PENERAPAN RELASI MATEMATIKA DALAM PROGRAM APLIKASI BASIS DATA UNTUK SISTEM UJIAN ONLINE

Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi dan komunikasi pada zaman sekarang ini yang semakin berkembang dengan sangat pesat, ujian yang semula hanya berupa ujian tulis dan lisan mulai bergeser ke arah ujian online. Untuk membuat program ujian online ini diperlukan suatu perancangan basis data yang baik. Perancangan basis data disini merupakan penerapan dari konsep relasi matematika, atau biasa dikenal basis data relasional. Basis data yang telah dirancang, kemudian akan diuji apakah itu merupakan basis data yang baik atau tidak dengan menggunakan proses normalisasi. Setelah didapat basis data yang baik, dibuatlah implementasi basis data tersebut dengan menggunakan program basis data MYSQL dan dipadukan dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian adalah berupa program aplikasi ujian online. Program ini terdiri dari beberapa menu yang setiap menunya terdapat tabel-tabel yang merupakan sebuah relasi dalam matematika. Kata kunci: relasi, basis data, normalisasi, PHP   Trend of technology has been growing very fast. Basically, test were only in a written test and verbal test. Right now began move to online test. To make an online test program is needed a good database design. Database design here is the application of the concept of mathematical relations, or commonly known as a relational database. The database has been designed, then tested whether it is a good database or not by using the process of normalization. Having obtained a good database, made the implementation of the database by using a database program MySQL and combined with the PHP programming language. The results obtained are then is an online examination application program. The program consists of several menus, each menu there are tables that is a relation in mathematics. Keywords: relationships, databases, normalization, PH

Effects of Oryzanol and Tocotrienol on Platelet Aggregation and Blood Lipid Profile in Rats

Rice bran is the outer brown layer of the rice kernel that is removed during the milling process to produce white rice. The bran portion of the rice kernel is one of the most nutritious portions of the kernel. Recently, there are evidences suggesting that key components of rice may play a role in health maintenance and disease prevention. Fully-processed rice bran oil contains higher amount of unsaponifiable components than most vegetable oils. The focus has been on oryzanol and vitamin E, especially tocotrienols which were found to have many health benefits. Thus, this project was undertaken to determine the effect of oryzanol in combination with tocotrienol on platelet aggregation, plasma lipid profile, kidney and liver function parameters and the histology of the aorta in rats. A total of 140 male Sprague-Dawley rats with body weights ranging from 230 to 280 g were divided into 2 treatment batches (n=70/batch). The first batch received intervention treatment while receiving a high cholesterol diet. The second batch was given a high cholesterol diet for one month before treatment and followed by normal rat chow at the time the dietary treatment was instituted. In the first treatment batch, a total of 70 rats were randomly distributed into 7 groups (n=10/group); Control, HCD (Control + 1% cholesterol + 0.15% cholic acid), HCD + ASA (HCD + 0.5% aspirin), HCD + ORY (HCD + 0.5% oryzanol in triolein), HCD + TRF (HCD + 0.5% tocotrienol-rich fraction in triolein), HCD + OT (HCD + 0.5% oryzanol + tocotrienol in triolein) and HCD + EMUL (HCD + 0.5% oryzanol + tocotrienol emulsion). Each group of animals was fed one type of diet treatment only and allowed free access to water throughout the study period. Treatments were applied by oral gavage for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected rice throughout this study; at 0 week, 4 weeks and 8 weeks of treatment. The second treatment batch on the other hand received intervention diets after hypercholesterolemia induction. They were also randomly distributed into 7 groups (n=10/group); Control, HCD (Control + 1% cholesterol + 0.15% cholic acid), ASA (0.5% aspirin), ORY (0.5% oryzanol in triolein), TRF (0.5% tocotrienol-rich fraction in triolein), OT (0.5% oryzanol + tocotrienol in triolein) and EMUL (0.5% oryzanol + tocotrienol emulsion). All groups were fed with high cholesterol diet (normal + 1% cholesterol + 0.15% cholic acid) for 4 weeks except for Control group, which was fed with normal rat chow. The hypercholesterolemic rats were then orally treated for 8 weeks. The blood samples were collected 4 times throughout this experiment; at the beginning of the experiment (pre-induction week), 4 weeks after induction with cholesterol (0 week) and at 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. At the termination of the experiment, the rats were weighed and blood was collected by cardiac puncture. Complete autopsies were performed after the rats had been sacrificed. The rats were dissected and the aortas removed, opened longitudinally, and prepared for detection and estimation of lipid deposits in the intima. The part of the aorta proximal to the heart was cut, labeled, fixed in 10% formalin and prepared for light microscopy examination hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Whole blood was analysed for platelet aggregation. The total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine plasma concentrations were also analysed. The present study demonstrates that all treatments (ASA, ORY, TRF, OT and EMUL) reduced plasma TC and LDL concentrations and inhibit platelet aggregation in rats. The oryzanol and tocotrienol combination showed the highest inhibition on platelet aggregation in the first treatment batch by –42.33%, -35.94%, and –61.40% and in the second batch by -54.04%, -57.80%, and –69.20% with 10 μl adenosine-5’-diphosphate (ADP), 20 μl ADP, and 20 μl collagen respectively. The results from this study have shown that the combination of oryzanol and tocotrienol is potentially a good hypocholesterolemic agent. In addition, treatment with combination of oryzanol and tocotrienol in triolein showed significant decreases (p<0.05) in plasma TC and LDL concentrations in first batch of rats by –10% and -36% and in the second batch by - 37.5% and –73.49% respectively. Treatment with oryzanol either oryzanol plus tocotrienol in triolein or oryzanol plus tocotrienol emulsion decreased the concentrations of kidney (urea and creatinine) and liver (ALT and GGT) function parameters suggesting that there is no toxic effect on the kidneys or liver. Histological assessment also showed that the blood vessel tissues were not affected by the treatment. No lipid deposit was detected in the aorta of rats. In summary, these studies suggested that in hypercholesterolemic rats the combination of oryzanol and tocotrienol have a synergistic effect. The results indicated that various components of rice bran have potential as anti-platelet aggregation and hypocholesterolemic agents. Therefore, the synergistic properties of oryzanol and tocotrienol could play an important role in reducing the risk of development of cardiovascular diseas

ANALISIS BIOMEKANIKA TENDANGAN SABIT ANTARA SKILL DAN UNSKILL DALAM OLAHRAGA PENCAK SILAT

Kita ketahui bahwa menendang adalah suatu pembelajaran motorik dasar manusia. Sejak kecil manusia sudah memperlajari motorik dasar seperti berjalan, berlari, menendang, memukul, dan lain-lain. Didalam olahraga beladiri bahwa menendang adalah teknik yang paling dominan sering digunakan dalam olahraga beladiri seperti, tarung derajat, taekwondo, pencak silat, wushu, dan karate. Tendangan sabit dalam pencak silat itu berbeda dari tendangan yang lain, karena ada tahapan-tahapan untuk melakukan tendangan sabit yang benar. Jadi, hanya yang memiliki skill dalam cabang olahraga pencak silat yang dapat melakukan tendangan sabit yang benar, sedangkan yang tidak memiliki skill dalam pencak silat tidak bisa melakukan tendangan sabit yang benar. Untuk mengetahui teknik tendangan yang baik dan benar kita harus melakukan evaluasi teknik dengan menggunakan analisis biomekanika. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menganalisis perbedaan gerak teknik tendangan sabit antara skill dan unskill dalam olahraga pencak silat. Ada 3 hal yang dianalisis dalam penelitian iniyaitu knee angular velocity, kecepatan linear punggung kaki dan impuls. Sampel penelitian berjumlah yaitu 7 orang skill dan 7 orang unskill. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah komparatif, karena penelitian ini untuk mengungkapkan perbedaan knee angular velocity, kecepatan linear punggung kaki dan impuls antara skill dan unskill dalam tendangan sabit pencak silat. Hasil dari analisis ini didapatkan dengan menggunakan aplikasi software kinovea video analysis. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik terdapat perbedan yang signifikan antara kecepatan linear punggung kaki dan impuls antara skill dan unskill dalam tendangan sabit olahraga pencak silat, sedangkan knee angular velocity tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara skill dan unskill dalam tendangan sabit olahraga pencak silat. We all know that kicking is a basic human motor learning. Since childhood, men have been learning a basic motor skills such as walking, running, kicking, hitting, and others. In the martial arts that kicking was the most dominant technique is often used in sports such as martial arts, fighting degrees, taekwondo, martial arts, wushu and karate. Crescent kick in a martial arts kick is different from the others, because there are stages to do the right crescent kick. Thus, only those with skills in martial arts sport that can do the right crescent kick, while those not having skill in the martial arts can not do the right crescent kick. To find a good kick technique and really we have to do an evaluation techniques using biomechanical analysis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences between the motion of the crescent kick technique and unskill skill in martial arts sport. There were three things that were analyzed in the study iniyaitu knee angular velocity, linear velocity instep and impulses. These samples included are 7 people skills and 7 unskill. The method used is comparative, because the research is to reveal the differences in knee angular velocity, linear velocity instep and impulses between skill and unskill in crescent kick martial arts. The results of this analysis can be obtained using video analysis software applications kinovea. Based on the test results are statistically significantly different between the linear velocity and impulses between the instep and unskill skill in martial arts sport crescent kick, knee angular velocity while there was no significant difference between skill and unskill in crescent kick martial arts sport. Keywords : martial arts, kinovea video analysis, linear speed of the instep, impulse, skill and unskill, crescent kicks

Resistensi Kelompok Minoritas Keagamaan Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia

This paper explores the contestation among islamic sub-altern communities and islamic mainstream communities. It discusses two important things. First, the forms of resistance of Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) of Yogyakarta toward the practice of minoritization. Second, how the Yogyakarta city, which best known as a tolerance city, facilitate the dialogue among islam communities. This paper conclude that the resistance of JAI of Yogyakarta is a respond toward minoritization employed by islamic mainstream communities. In this case, the JAI of Yogyakarta has succeed in mobilizing supports from their external network of academic groups and civil society organizations