Toll-Like Receptors and Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells represent a heterogeneous subpopulation of lymphocytes of the innate immune system with a powerful antitumor activity, a function given by a complex collection of receptors. They act synergistically to recognize, regulate, or amplify the response according to the microenvironment, thus highlighting Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a type of receptors that allows sensing evolutionarily molecules conserved of pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Those TLRs are essential to start the immune response. There is little information about the different subpopulations that form NK cells as well as their expression profile of innate immune response receptors in hematological cancers

Las sociedades por acciones simplificadas, su impacto en la constitución de sociedades en Colombia desde la óptica del análisis económico del derecho societario

Este trabajo se plantea como problema de investigación la indagación acerca del desarrollo conceptual y empírico de las SAS en el derecho Colombiano, intentando describir como se asumió la figura en nuestra legislación y como se ha desarrollado la misma en la práctica del campo societario en Colombia. Podría formularse la pregunta en el siguiente sentido ¿El Análisis Económico de Derecho Societario influenció en la expedición de la Ley 1258 de 2008, y está a su vez ha impactado en la práctica mercantil, entendida como la creación y formalización de empresas y sociedades comerciales en Colombia?Pregrad

Ampliación plaza de mercado Zipaquirá, encuentro de saberes entre lo urbano y lo rural

La ampliación y mejoramiento de la plaza de mercado de Zipaquirá, busca crear nuevas posibilidades de desarrollo humano a través de la conjugación de dinámicas de sostenibilidad y la teoría de transición.The expansion and improvement of the market place of Zipaquirá, seeks to create new possibilities for human development through the conjugation between principles of sustainability and transition theory.Arquitecto (a)Pregrad

Quality of Life in Spanish Patients with Liver Transplant

Background: Liver transplantation is the optimal method of treatment in patients with end-stage liver failure. Transplantation medicine has significantly progressed in the last time, but some psychology and psychosomatic problems still remain unsolved. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) in liver transplant is considered a useful measure of evolutionary process of the illness. Objective: The authors analyzed the evolution of HRQL in pre-transplant (waiting-list patients) and post-transplant (first year after liver transplant) periods of liver transplant Spanish patients. Methods: A prospective and longitudinal study was carried out among patients who received a liver transplant from a deceased donor. They were assessed in four phases: at the time of inclusion on the transplant waiting-list, and 3, 6, and 12 months after receiving the graft. We used a structured interview and SF-36 and Euroqol-5D (EQ-5D) Health Questionnaires. Results: The greater differences were found between pre-transplant and post-transplant stages with less well-being in the stage before the transplant. No significantly differences were observed when comparing the 3, 6 and 12 months from posttransplant stage. Conclusion: The HQRL of liver patients improved after the transplant, being appreciated a tendency to the stabilization from three months onwards. We suggest that the psychological intervention, in liver patients, should be conducted in waiting- list patients and in the first 3 months post-transplant, periods with a poor mental health (anxiety, depression, and stress by fear to the unknown thing) and a low adhesion to the treatment that can generate a smaller graft and/or patient survival.Transplant Research Network RETIC FIS C03/03Junta de Andalucí

Impacts of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) combined with the regeneration mode in a compression ignition diesel engine operating at cold conditions

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211013986[EN] Internal combustion engines working at cold conditions lead to the production of excessive pollutant emissions levels. The use of the exhaust gas recirculation could be necessary to reduce the nitrogen oxides emissions, even at these conditions. This paper evaluates the impact of using the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation strategy while the diesel particulate filter is under active regeneration mode on a Euro 6 turbocharged diesel engine running at low ambient temperature (-7 degrees C). This strategy is evaluated under 40 h of operation, 20 of them using the two systems in combination. The results show that the activation of the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation during the particulate filter regeneration process leads to a 50% nitrogen oxides emissions reduction with respect to a reference case without exhaust gas recirculation. Moreover, the modification of some engine parameters compared to the base calibration, as the exhaust gas recirculation rate, the main fuel injection timing and the post injection quantity, allows to optimize this strategy by reducing the carbon monoxide emissions up to 60%. Regarding the hydrocarbons emissions and fuel consumption, a small advantage could be observed using this strategy. However, the activation of the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation at low temperatures can produce fouling deposits and condensation on the engine components (valve, cooler, intake manifold, etc.) and can contribute to reach saturation conditions on the particulate filter. For these reasons, the regeneration efficiency is followed during the experiments through the filter status, concluding that the use of low high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation rates in combination with the regeneration mode also allows to clean the soot particles of the particulate filter. These soot depositions are visualized and presented at the end of this work with a brief analysis of the soot characteristics and a quantitative estimation of the total soot volume produced during the experimental campaign.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Authors want to acknowledge the support of "Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-17) de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.''Galindo, J.; Dolz, V.; Monsalve-Serrano, J.; Bernal-Maldonado, MA.; Odillard, L. (2021). Impacts of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) combined with the regeneration mode in a compression ignition diesel engine operating at cold conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(12):3548-3557. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211013986S35483557221

EGR cylinder deactivation strategy to accelerate the warm-up and restart processes in a Diesel engine operating at cold conditions

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874211039587[EN] The aftertreatment systems used in internal combustion engines need high temperatures for reaching its maximum efficiency. By this reason, during the engine cold start period or engine restart operation, excessive pollutant emissions levels are emitted to the atmosphere. This paper evaluates the impact of using a new cylinder deactivation strategy on a Euro 6 turbocharged diesel engine running under cold conditions (-7 degrees C) with the aim of improving the engine warm-up process. This strategy is evaluated in two parts. First, an experimental study is performed at 20 degrees C to analyze the effect of the cylinder deactivation strategy at steady-state and during an engine cold start at 1500 rpm and constant load. In particular, the pumping losses, pollutant emissions levels and engine thermal efficiency are analyzed. In the second part, the engine behavior is analyzed at steady-state and transient conditions under very low ambient temperatures (-7 degrees C). In these conditions, the results show an increase of the exhaust temperatures of around 100 degrees C, which allows to reduce the diesel oxidation catalyst light-off by 250 s besides of reducing the engine warm-up process in approximately 120 s. This allows to reduce the CO and HC emissions by 70% and 50%, respectively, at the end of the test.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Authors want to acknowledge the support of "Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-17) de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia''.Galindo, J.; Dolz, V.; Monsalve-Serrano, J.; Bernal-Maldonado, MA.; Odillard, L. (2022). EGR cylinder deactivation strategy to accelerate the warm-up and restart processes in a Diesel engine operating at cold conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 23(4):614-623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087421103958761462323

Advantages of using a cooler bypass in the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation line of a compression ignition diesel engine operating at cold conditions

This is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in International Journal of Engine Research. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published as https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420914725[EN] The low efficiency of the after-treatment systems during the cold start period of the internal combustion engines leads to excessive pollutant emissions levels. To reduce the nitrogen oxide emissions at these conditions, it could be necessary to use the high- and low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation strategies, even operating at low temperatures. This article evaluates the impact of using a low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation cooler bypass in a Euro 6 turbocharged diesel engine running under cold conditions (-7 degrees C). A new compact line fitted with a bypass system for the cooler is used with the aim of accelerating the engine warm-up process as compared to the original low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation line. The system is evaluated following two strategies, first performing exhaust gas recirculation without bypass and then performing exhaust gas recirculation bypassing the cooler. The results show that the activation the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation from the engine cold start leads to a significant nitrogen oxide emissions reduction. Moreover, the bypass activation leads to increase the engine intake temperature, reducing the engine warm-up time and the CO emissions due to better combustion efficiency. However, the activation of the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation at low temperatures could produce condensation and fouling deposits on the engine components affecting their life span. These phenomena are visualized using endoscope cameras in order to identify the condensation time and the final conditions of the elements. In addition, a chemical analysis of some condensates collected during the experiments and a comparison versus other species found in the literature is presented.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the "Programa de Ayudas de Investigacion y Desarrollo (PAID-01-17) de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.''Galindo, J.; Dolz, V.; Monsalve-Serrano, J.; Bernal-Maldonado, MA.; Odillard, L. (2021). Advantages of using a cooler bypass in the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation line of a compression ignition diesel engine operating at cold conditions. International Journal of Engine Research. 22(5):1624-1635. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420914725S1624163522

Estructura genética de un grupo de chigüiros (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, rodentia) en los llanos orientales colombianos

One of the key ecological aspects to define strategies of managing the animal social populations is the size and the social structure of the group. These investigations had as aim identify the genetic structure and intern variability of a group of Chigüiros (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) that share the same geographical space. Genetic structure was evaluated with the population basic statisticians: number of alleles, allele frequency, polymorphisms and heterozygosis. We obtained positive amplification for five of seven studied scoreboards. Of the obtained amplifications we had a variation between 20 and 31 individuals with profiles allelic reliable. The analysis of the profiles allelic shows that a high proportion of individuals exists heterocigotes in the scoreboards Capy24, Capy14 and Capy11, and only a scoreboard (Capy12), it showed high proportion of bond they are in phase of analysis, as the geneticUno de los aspectos ecológicos clave para definir estrategias de manejo de poblaciones animales sociales es el tamaño y la estructura social del grupo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la estructura genética y variabilidad interna de un grupo de Chigüiros (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) que comparten el mismo espacio geográfico. La estructura genética fue evaluada con los estadísticos poblacionales básicos: número de alelos, frecuencias alélicas, tasas de polimorfismos y heterocigosis esperadas insesgadas a partir de marcadores microsatelitales. Obtuvimos amplificación positiva para cinco de los siete marcadores estudiados. De ello tuvimos una variación entre 20 y 31 individuos con perfiles alélicos confiables. El análisis de los perfiles alélicos muestra que existe una alta proporción de individuos heterocigotos en los marcadores Capy24, Capy14 y Capy11, y sólo un marcador (Capy12), mostró alta proporción de ligamiento, este está en fase de análisis, al igual que las muestras genéticas; sin embargo, resultados previos dejan ver que existe unainteresante variabilidad genética dentro del grupo

Análisis del área libre en la vivienda unifamiliar de la Urbanización Paseo del Mar en tiempos de pandemia, Nuevo Chimbote 2021

El continuo confinamiento social provocado por la pandemia, ha generado impacto en el papel de la vivienda, puesto que en poco tiempo se convirtió en un espacio de refugio, trabajo, escuela, así como de cuidado médico. Donde el área libre es determinante porque realiza una función significativa al constituir un ambiente con múltiples cualidades que puede albergar distintas actividades y también servir como organizador y distribuidor de la vivienda. Por ello, debido a que es importante su consideración, la investigación tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de eficiencia del área libre en las viviendas unifamiliares de la Urbanización Paseo del mar en tiempos de pandemia, Nuevo Chimbote 2021, Áncash – Perú. Por lo que, se llevó a cabo un análisis cualitativo, donde la investigación fue de tipo básica y de diseño fenomenológico. Se concluyó que el área libre de las viviendas unifamiliares de Paseo del mar, presentan un nivel deficiente en sus dimensiones funcionales, espaciales, tecnológico - ambientales y emocionales