The GDPR Transfer Regime and Modern Technologies

Health data comes within a person’s most intimate sphere. It is therefore considered to be sensitive data due to the great impact it could have on a person’s life if this data were freely available. Unauthorized disclosure may lead to various forms of discrimination and violation of fundamental rights. Rapid modern technological developments bring enormous benefits to society. However, with this digitization, large amounts of health data are generated. This makes our health data vulnerable, especially when transferred across borders. The new EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) legal framework provides for rights for users of modern technologies (data subjects) and obligations for companies (controllers and processors) with regard to the processing of personal data. Chapter V of the GDPR protects personal data that are transferred to third countries, outside the EU. The term ‘transfer’ itself, however, is not defined by the GDPR. This paper examines whether transfer within the meaning of the GDPR applies to health data processed by modern technologies and if the complexity of the GDPR legal framework as such sufficiently reflects reality and protects health data that moves across borders, in particular to jurisdictions outside the EU

ON THE SOLVABILITY OF CERTAIN (SSIE) WITH OPERATORS OF THE FORM B(r, s)

Given any sequence z = (zn)n≥1 of positive real numbers and any set E of complex sequences, we write Ez for the set of all sequences y = (yn)n≥1 such that y/z = (yn/zn)n≥1 ∈ E; in particular, sz(c) denotes the set of all sequences y such that y/z converges. In this paper we deal with sequence spaces inclusion equations (SSIE), which are determined by an inclusion each term of which is a sum or a sum of products of sets of sequences of the form Xa(T) and Xx(T) where a is a given sequence, the sequence x is the unknown, T is a given triangle, and Xa(T) and Xx(T) are the matrix domains of T in the set X . Here we determine the set of all positive sequences x for which the (SSIE) sx(c) (B(r, s)) sx(c)⊂ (B(r', s')) holds, where r, r', s' and s are real numbers, and B(r, s) is the generalized operator of the first difference defined by (B(r, s)y)n = ryn+syn−1 for all n ≥ 2 and (B(r, s)y)1 = ry1. We also determine the set of all positive sequences x for which ryn + syn−1 /xn → l implies r'yn + s'yn−1 /xn → l (n → ∞) for all y and for some scalar l. Finally, for a given sequence a, we consider the a–Tauberian problem which consists of determining the set of all x such that sx(c) (B(r, s)) ⊂ sa(c)

INFINITE MATRICES ASSOCIATED WITH POWER SERIES AND APPLICATION TO OPTIMIZATION AND MATRIX TRANSFORMATIONS

In this paper we first recall some properties of triangle Toeplitz matrices of the Banach algebra Sr associated with power series. Then for boolean Toeplitz matrices M we explicitly calculate the product MN that gives the number of ways with N arcs associated with M. We compute the matrix BN (i, j), where B (i, j) is an infinite matrix whose the nonzero entries are on the diagonals m &#8722; n = i or m &#8722; n = j. Next among other things we consider the infinite boolean matrix B+&#8734; that have infinitely many diagonals with nonzero entries and we explicitly calculate (B+&#8734;)N. Finally we give necessary and sufficient conditions for an infinite matrix M to map c (BN (i, 0)) to c.</p

The bases of reflexotherapy : 2. Anatomy

En médecine comme dans beaucoup de domaines il faut savoir revenir aux fondements. Les réflexothérapies n’échappent pas à cette règle. À partir des bases de l’anatomie classique thoracoabdominale, et en particulier de celles du nerf intercostal, nous nous rendons compte que les points d’acupuncture, comme ceux de réflexothérapie, ont une véritable authenticité.In medicine as in many domains it is necessary to know how to go back to sources. Reflexotherapy does not escape this rule. From the basics of classical thoraco-abdominal anatomy, and in particular those of the intercostal nerve, we realize that the acupuncture points, as those of reflexotherapy, have true authenticity

Candidate genes for temporal lobe epilepsy: a replication study

The objective of this study is to replicate previously published results regarding the involvement of several susceptibility genes in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE): interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 1β (IL-1α), interleukin 1RA (IL-1RA), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and prodynorphin (PDYN). We used a case-control approach comparing several polymorphisms within these candidate genes between unrelated TLE patients and matched controls. We were thus able to confirm the role of ApoE, IL-1α and IL-1RA genes in TLE disease, but failed to confirm the involvement of IL-1β and PDYN. This failure should be interpreted with caution, as this may be due to the small size of our study groups and the resultant lack of statistical powe

The bases of reflexotherapy : 1. Embryology

Ancien chargé de recherche du Dr René Bourdiol, au sein du Groupe d’Etude en Médecine Manuelle et Réflexe, le G.E.M.M.E.R., le docteur Philippe Malafosse a passé les connaissances acquises et les hypothèses émises au filtre de son activité professionnelle. Cette dernière se déroule aussi bien en cabinet privé qu’en milieu hospitalo-universitaire ainsi que dans le sport professionnel. Pour asseoir une pratique, il faut des bases solides, fiables, et validées. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’embryologie, l’anatomie et la physiologie seront les piliers des communications sur les fondements des réflexothérapies.Former research fellow in Dr René Bourdiol’s group, Doctor Philippe Malafosse checked his knowledge through his professional activity, in his office, in hospital setting, in university and in high level sport. To confirm a practice, strong accurate and validated foundations are needed. Embryology, anatomy and physiology will be the pillars of communication about reflexotherapy

BRD2 and TAP-1 genes and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a genetically determined common subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Linkage of JME to the chromosomal region 6p21.3 has been reported. An association has been previously observed between JME and the positional candidate, 6p21.3 linked, BRD2. Another candidate in this region is the TAP-1 gene encoding the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing. The aim of the present study is to determine whether these two genes modulate the vulnerability to JME. While no difference was observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of BRD2 between JME and controls, an association was found between a TAP-1 haplotype and JME, suggesting that this gene may be another 6p21.3 linked vulnerability factor to JM

Collecting Saliva by Mail for Genetic and Cotinine Analyses in Participants Recruited through the Internet

The authors assessed whether collection by mail of saliva and buccal cells for genetic analysis was feasible in participants recruited through the Internet. In 2003, 14,773 visitors of a smoking cessation website were invited by e-mail to take part in the study. Salivettes (plastic vials containing a cotton roll) were mailed to participants, for collection of saliva and buccal cells. Because of limited resources, the authors stopped recruitment when 392 participants (3% of 14,733) were registered. They received 315 saliva samples back (80% of 392). Salivary cotinine was analyzed in 145 daily smokers. Cotinine concentration could be assessed in 141 samples (97%) (range 0.7-899ng/ml, median 260ng/ml). DNA extraction was achieved in all the 285 samples in which it was attempted. Quality of DNA was assessed by optical density measurements and by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a gene coding for the α-4 nicotinic receptor, with the detection of a known polymorphism. Successful results were obtained in 235 samples (82% of 285). Thus collecting saliva by mail for cotinine and DNA analysis in participants recruited through the internet produced samples of good quality at a reasonable cost. This approach should be valuable for genetic epidemiology and pharmacogenetic researc

MIREP: an innovative approach to private participation in rural water infrastructure

Acting on the insufficiency of financial resources is most probably one of the major stakes in access to drinking water in developing countries. The goal of the millennium is to halve the number of people deprived of drinking water and sanitation by 2015. The World Water Commission estimates that 180 billion dollars per year need to be spent to accomplish this; current expenditure is less than 75 billion. This level can only be reached through the massive mobilisation of private investors. But who should these private investors be and what framework for cooperation should be applied? For the past two years in Cambodia, GRET and the Cambodian engineering firm Kosan have been testing (in the framework of the MIREP Programme) the creation of rural piped water systems using local private investments in partnership with local decentralisation stakeholders

Genetic association of the Phosphoinositide-3 kinase in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and interaction with a BDNF gene polymorphism

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class III (PIK3C3) is a member of the phosphoinosite-3-kinases family, involved in cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and neurodevelopment. Previous studies have indeed shown an association between PIK3C3 gene variants and both bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurodevelopmental factor, which can regulate the PI3K signaling pathway. Associations have been reported between BDNF gene polymorphisms and affective and psychotic disorders. The aim of the present study was to replicate an association between PIK3C3 and BDNF gene variants in SZ and BD and a putative epistasis between the two genes. Patients meeting the DSM-IV criteria of BD and SZ were included in this study (98 BD and 79 SZ) as well as 158 healthy controls. Blood DNA was extracted and genotyping was performed either by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique followed by enzymatic digestion or by the high-resolution melt (HRM) method. Genotype and haplotype association was assessed with the UNPHASED statistical program.The results showed one nominal association with BD (P < 0.02) and two risk haplotypes in both SZ (P < 0.001) and BP (P < 0.0005), which survived multiple testing correction. A modest interaction between a BDNF variant and PI3KC3 polymorphism was observed (P < 0.04).These preliminary results confirm the genetic association of PI3K gene variants with both SZ and BD, and support the hypothesis that SZ and BD share a genetic background