АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ПИЩЕВОЙ АЛЛЕРГИИ В ПЕДИАТРИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

Food allergy (FA) in children, especially in infancy, is still a significant public health problem. The severity and prognosis of disease progression associated with FA considerably depends on the correct and early diagnostics of this pathology, as well as on the following management of a child. At the same time delayed elimination diet administration, unreasonable or overlong dietary intervention might have become abuse management of a patient and have a negative impact on the development of a child and reduce the quality of life. The article summarizes the current practical approaches to the diagnosis of FA based on evidence-based medicine and adopted European and Russian national consensus documents, as well as on our own experience of management of patients with this pathology. FA diagnosis in a child usually includes clinical laboratory tests and clarification of clinical and anamnestic data. Unfortunately, it is a fact that preference is given to laboratory methods for diagnosis based on specific IgE determination or skin samples. However, the basis for cause-significant allergen identifying is detecting detailed medical history and clinical picture of a disease which still appears to be the most reliable tool for FA diagnosis. Пищевая аллергия (ПА) у детей, особенно в раннем возрасте, до сих пор остается существенной проблемой здравоохранения. Тяжесть течения и прогноз заболеваний, связанных с ПА, во многом зависят от правильной и своевременной диагностики данной патологии, а также от дальнейшей тактики ведения ребенка. При этом как несвоевременное назначение элиминационной диеты, так и неоправданная диета или ее слишком длительное соблюдение могут являться ошибочной тактикой ведения пациента, негативно влиять на развитие и снижать качество жизни ребенка. В статье кратко изложены современные практические подходы к диагностике ПА, основанные на доказательной медицине и принятые в качестве Европейских и отечественных согласительных документов, а также на собственном опыте ведения больных с данной патологией. Диагностика ПА у ребенка, как правило, включает в себя проведение лабораторных исследований и выяснение клинико-анамнестических данных. К сожалению, часто приходиться сталкиваться с тем, что предпочтение отдается лабораторным методам диагностики, которые основаны на определении специфических IgE или кожных пробах. Однако основой идентификации причинно-значимого аллергена остается детальный сбор анамнестических данных, который вместе с клинической картиной заболевания до сих пор является наиболее надежным инструментом диагностики ПА.

Возрастная эпидемиология распространенности антительного ответа у детей с пищевой аллергией

Food allergy (FA) is an important health problem which determines lower life quality of a patient and his family. Egg proteins, milk, soy, wheat, and nuts provoke FA more often but any food product may potentially cause allergic reactions. So the aim was to study the age-specific dynamics of antibody response and select the most meaningful IgE production triggers in children with PA. Materials and Methods. The study included 682 children with FA divided into groups according to age: 2−5 months, 6−18 months, 1.5−4 years, 4−10 years, older than 10 years. The IgE levels to cereals, vegetables, bananas, meat, and poultry allergens were measured in blood samples. Results. The age dynamic of IgE-positive responses was detected. The frequency of positive responses was higher in older children. The most significant IgE production triggers for 2−5 months children were allergens of potatoes, pork and cereals (8−14%); for 6−18 month children potatoes (22.7%), buckwheat (19,3%), cereals (10−15%); for 1.5−4 years children ― bananas (29.5%), cereals, carrots and potatoes (19,5−24%); for 4−10 years children ― bananas, carrots and cereals (20−28%); for the senior children ― carrots (47.5%), bananas, cereals and tomatoes (30−36%). Chicken-specific IgE-positive response was minimal for all ages, and meat or poultry specific IgE were observed in 8−15% of patients. Conclusion. Different groups of food allergens provoke sensitization in children during their life. The range of food products with low allergenic activity remains constant in various ages. Age characteristics of IgE production requires differentiated diagnosis approach. Пищевая аллергия (ПА) ― важная проблема здравоохранения, значительно ухудшающая качество жизни пациента и членов его семьи. ПА у детей наиболее часто обусловлена белками яйца, молока, сои, пшеницы и орехов, однако любой пищевой продукт может потенциально вызвать аллергическую реакцию. В связи с этим цель исследования ― изучить возрастную динамику антительного ответа и выбрать наиболее значимые триггеры образования специфических IgE у детей с ПА. Материалы и методы. В исследование включены 682 ребенка с ПА, разделенные на группы в соответствии с возрастом: 2−5 месяцев, 6−18 месяцев, 1,5−4 года, 4−10 лет, старше 10 лет. Пациентам определен уровень IgE к аллергенам злаков, овощей, банана, мяса и птицы. Результаты. Выявлена возрастная динамикачисла IgE-положительных ответов. Для детей 2−5 месяцев наиболее значимыми триггерами образования IgE являлись картофель, свинина и злаки (8−14%). Высокая частота позитивных ответов наблюдалась у более старших детей. Наиболее значимыми триггерами образования IgE для детей 6−18 месяцев являлись аллергены картофеля (22,7%), гречки (19,3%), злаков (10−15%), для детей 1,5−4 лет ― аллергены банана (29,5%), злаков, моркови и картофеля (19,5−24%), для детей 4−10 лет ― аллергены банана, моркови и злаков (20−28%), для детей старше 10 лет ― аллергены моркови (47,5%), банана, злаков и томатов (30−36%). Среди всех детей, включенных в исследование, число пациентов с позитивным ответом на курицу было минимальным, а IgE к животным аллергенам встречались у 8−15% из них. Заключение. У детей разных возрастных периодов сенсибилизация обусловлена различными аллергенами, она расширяется по мере взросления, при этом спектр пищевых продуктов с низкой аллергенной активностью остается для пациентов постоянным. Возрастные особенности антительного ответа требуют дифференцированного подхода в диагностике.

Пищевая аллергия у детей с врожденным буллезным эпидермолизом. Результаты собственного наблюдательного исследования

Background: Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) refers to a group of rare inherited disorders characterized by severe damage of skin and in most patients — the gastrointestinal mucosa, what leads to a violation of skin and mucosal barrier properties in relation to allergens. However, the issues of food sensitization and food allergy in this category of patients have not been studied, and the study of this problem is important.Aim: To evaluate the clinical manifestations of food allergy (FA) and IgE-response to food proteins in children with EB.Methods: 82 patients with EB aged from 2 months to 16 years were entered this open non-randomized observational prospective study, including 20 patients with simple form of EB and 62 patients with dystrophic form of EB. We analyzed allergic history and clinical manifestations of the FA in all the patients. Every patient in this study underwent of determination of the concentration of total serum IgE and specific serum IgE to the most important food allergens, as well as to mixtures of household allergens in some cases (UniCAP System, Phadia AB). Results: Skin lesion in patients with EB masks allergic skin manifestations, causing a hypodiagnosis of the FA in this category of patients, which in turn leads to erroneous organization of nutritional support. FA (clinical manifestations) was identified in 20.7% of children with EB (in 10% of cases with simple form of EB and in 24.2% — in patients with dystrophic form of EB). Products containing cow’s milk protein, cereals, and eggs were identified as etiologic factors of FA in most cases. In the group of children with comorbidity FA and EB high and very high levels of total IgE (1000 kUA / l) were detected most frequently. The main cause-significant allergens are cow’s milk proteins, cereals, eggs. Conclusions: Comorbidity with FA is high in patients with dystrophic form of EB. The main cause-significant allergens are cow’s milk proteins, cereals, eggs.Обоснование. Врожденный буллезный эпидермолиз (ВБЭ) относится к группе редких наследственных заболеваний, характеризующихся тяжелым поражением кожных покровов и у большинства больных ― слизистой оболочки желудочно-кишечного тракта, что приводит к нарушению их барьерных свойств по отношению к аллергенам. Однако вопросы пищевой сенсибилизации и пищевой аллергии у данной категории больных не исследованы, и изучение этой проблемы является актуальным. Цель исследования ― оценить особенности клинических проявлений пищевой аллергии (ПА) и сенсибилизации к пищевым белкам у детей с ВБЭ. Методы. Проведено открытое нерандомизированное наблюдательное проспективное исследование. Включены 82 ребенка с ВБЭ в возрасте от 2 мес до 16 лет, в том числе 20 детей с простой и 62 ― с дистрофической формой ВБЭ. Оценивались аллергологический анамнез и клинические проявления ПА; всем больным проводилось определение общей концентрации IgE в сыворотке крови, sIgE сыворотки крови к наиболее значимым пищевым аллергенам, по показаниям ― к смесям бытовых аллергенов с применением технологий UniCAP System, Thermo Fisher Scientific (ранее Phadia АВ). Результаты. Поражение кожи при ВБЭ маскирует проявления ПА у детей, обусловливая гиподиагностику заболевания у этой категории пациентов, что в свою очередь ведет к неправильной организации нутритивной поддержки. ПА была выявлена у 20,7% детей с ВБЭ (в 10% случаев при простой и в 24,2% при дистрофической форме ВБЭ). В качестве этиологического фактора наиболее часто выступали продукты, содержащие белок коровьего молока, злаки, яйца. В группе детей с коморбидностью ПА и ВБЭ наиболее часто встречались высокие и крайне высокие уровни общего IgE(1000 kUA/l). Заключение. Дети с дистрофической формой ВБЭ по сравнению с пациентами с простой формой заболевания чаще имеют клинические проявления ПА. Основными причинно-значимыми аллергенами являются белки коровьего молока, злаки, яйца.

Application of non-HDL cholesterol for population-based cardiovascular risk stratification: results from the Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium.

BACKGROUND: The relevance of blood lipid concentrations to long-term incidence of cardiovascular disease and the relevance of lipid-lowering therapy for cardiovascular disease outcomes is unclear. We investigated the cardiovascular disease risk associated with the full spectrum of bloodstream non-HDL cholesterol concentrations. We also created an easy-to-use tool to estimate the long-term probabilities for a cardiovascular disease event associated with non-HDL cholesterol and modelled its risk reduction by lipid-lowering treatment. METHODS: In this risk-evaluation and risk-modelling study, we used Multinational Cardiovascular Risk Consortium data from 19 countries across Europe, Australia, and North America. Individuals without prevalent cardiovascular disease at baseline and with robust available data on cardiovascular disease outcomes were included. The primary composite endpoint of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease was defined as the occurrence of the coronary heart disease event or ischaemic stroke. Sex-specific multivariable analyses were computed using non-HDL cholesterol categories according to the European guideline thresholds, adjusted for age, sex, cohort, and classical modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. In a derivation and validation design, we created a tool to estimate the probabilities of a cardiovascular disease event by the age of 75 years, dependent on age, sex, and risk factors, and the associated modelled risk reduction, assuming a 50% reduction of non-HDL cholesterol. FINDINGS: Of the 524 444 individuals in the 44 cohorts in the Consortium database, we identified 398 846 individuals belonging to 38 cohorts (184 055 [48·7%] women; median age 51·0 years [IQR 40·7-59·7]). 199 415 individuals were included in the derivation cohort (91 786 [48·4%] women) and 199 431 (92 269 [49·1%] women) in the validation cohort. During a maximum follow-up of 43·6 years (median 13·5 years, IQR 7·0-20·1), 54 542 cardiovascular endpoints occurred. Incidence curve analyses showed progressively higher 30-year cardiovascular disease event-rates for increasing non-HDL cholesterol categories (from 7·7% for non-HDL cholesterol <2·6 mmol/L to 33·7% for ≥5·7 mmol/L in women and from 12·8% to 43·6% in men; p<0·0001). Multivariable adjusted Cox models with non-HDL cholesterol lower than 2·6 mmol/L as reference showed an increase in the association between non-HDL cholesterol concentration and cardiovascular disease for both sexes (from hazard ratio 1·1, 95% CI 1·0-1·3 for non-HDL cholesterol 2·6 to <3·7 mmol/L to 1·9, 1·6-2·2 for ≥5·7 mmol/L in women and from 1·1, 1·0-1·3 to 2·3, 2·0-2·5 in men). The derived tool allowed the estimation of cardiovascular disease event probabilities specific for non-HDL cholesterol with high comparability between the derivation and validation cohorts as reflected by smooth calibration curves analyses and a root mean square error lower than 1% for the estimated probabilities of cardiovascular disease. A 50% reduction of non-HDL cholesterol concentrations was associated with reduced risk of a cardiovascular disease event by the age of 75 years, and this risk reduction was greater the earlier cholesterol concentrations were reduced. INTERPRETATION: Non-HDL cholesterol concentrations in blood are strongly associated with long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We provide a simple tool for individual long-term risk assessment and the potential benefit of early lipid-lowering intervention. These data could be useful for physician-patient communication about primary prevention strategies. FUNDING: EU Framework Programme, UK Medical Research Council, and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research

INTESTINAL DYSBIOSIS IN CHILDREN WITH FOOD ALLERGY: PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS AND MODERN CORRECTION METHODS

Background paper analyses the role of intestinal micro-flora at the stage of forming immunity, the importance of intestinal microflora abnormalities during the periods of allergic diseases development (primarily food allergies), as well as mechanisms of dysbiosis effect on the allergic processes in child's body. The study discusses the mechanisms of treatment and prevention effect of probiotics for cases of child allergic diseases. The work also specifies modern approaches to correcting dysbiotic abnormalities for children with food allergies, reviews the options of diet and medication treatment of food allergy, suggests a new algorithm of gradual treatment that targets correction of dysbiosis in this patient category.Key words: children, food allergy, dysbiosis, probiotics, prebiotics, diet therapy.</strong

COMBINED SKIN AND RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS OF ALIMENTARY ALLERGY IN CHILDREN: ETIOLOGY, CLINICS, COMPLEX TREATMENT

The article describes peculiarities of skin and respiratory symptoms of alimentary allergy, main etiological factors and pathogenetical stages of pathology’s formation. Authors present a description of alimentary allergy in different age periods, methods of its diagnostics, treatment of skin and respiratory signs of alimentary allergy.Key words: children, alimentary allergy, atopic dermatitis, respiratory allergy.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(2):74-81

THE ROLE OF COMPOUNDS BASED ON HYDROLYZED PROTEIN IN PROPHYLAXIS AND DIET TREATMENT OF ALIMENTARY ALLERGY IN INFANTS

Alimentary allergy in infants occurs because of intolerance to the cow’s milk protein. Infant formulas with hydrolyzed protein are widely used for the prophylaxis and treatment of alimentary allergy in children. The article describes main peculiarities and principles of administration of hypoallergenic infant formulas and formulas based on hydrolyzates of serum proteins or casein. Special attention is given to the nutrients’ role (nucleotides, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids), included into hypoallergenic formulas. The peculiarities and terms of supplementary feeding introduction in patients with alimentary allergy are discussed. Key words: children, alimentary allergy, hypoallergenic formulas, nucleotides, oligosaccharides.(Voprosy sovremennoi pediatrii — Current Pediatrics. 2010;9(1):150-156

APPLICATION EXPERIENCE OF CETIRIZINE SYRUP IN THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS AMONG CHILDREN

The article gives the findings of the scientific research, whose purpose was to study the impact of cetirizine syrup (Zodiac, Zentiva, Czech Republic) on the run of atopic dermatitis among 36 children aged between 2 and 6 years old. The work shows that introduction of the medication into the complex therapy of atopic dermatitis among children provides a fast clinical effect. Cetirizine syrup is well tolerated by the children.Key words: atopic dermatitis, children, cetirizine, treatment

APPLICATION EXPERIENCE OF CETIRIZINE SYRUP IN THE TREATMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS AMONG CHILDREN

The article gives the findings of the scientific research, whose purpose was to study the impact of cetirizine syrup (Zodiac, Zentiva, Czech Republic) on the run of atopic dermatitis among 36 children aged between 2 and 6 years old. The work shows that introduction of the medication into the complex therapy of atopic dermatitis among children provides a fast clinical effect. Cetirizine syrup is well tolerated by the children.Key words: atopic dermatitis, children, cetirizine, treatment

FOOD ALLERGY PREVENTION IN INFANCY

The article deals with new data about food tolerance induction among the children, belonging to the high risk groups disposed to atopy. Authors show the role of gut microflora in formation of child immune system, effect of breast feeding on activation of local immune response, growth stimulation of bifid bacteria and lactic acid bacilli. The present work gives the randomized research findings, which confirm the effectiveness of prolonged breast feeding, use of highly or partially hydrolyzed mixtures and timely introduction of supplemental feeding in food allergy prevention.Key words: prevention, food allergy, children, breast feeding, hypo allergic mixtures, milk protein hydrolysates, supplemental feeding, gut microflora, probiotics