Self-employment for autonomous robots using smart contracts

The physical autonomy of robots is well understood both theoretically and practically. By contrast, there is almost no research exploring a robot's potential economic autonomy. In this paper, we present the first economically autonomous robot -- a robot able to produce marketable goods while having full control over the use of its generated income. In our proof-of-concept, the robot is self-employed as an artist. It produces physical artistic goods and uses blockchain-based smart contracts on the Ethereum network to autonomously list its goods for sale in online auctions. Using the blockchain-based smart contract, the robot then uses its income from sales to autonomously order more materials from an online shop, pay for its consumables such as network fees, and remunerate human assistance for support tasks. The robot also uses its income to repay investor loans that funded its initial phase of production. In these transactions, the robot interacts with humans as a peer, not as a tool. In other words, the robot makes peer financial transactions with humans in the same way that another human would, first as an investment vehicle, then as a seller at an auction, and then as a shop customer and a client. Our proof-of-concept is conducted as an in-lab experiment, but gives rise to an important discussion of the legal implications of economically autonomous robots, which under existing frameworks can already be embedded in corporate entities that are classed as artificial persons.Comment: Discussion extended with the legal implications subsectio

A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4)

A primary sink of air pollutants and their precursors is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across chemical transport models, yet an understanding of the model spread is incomplete. Here, we introduce Activity 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative Phase 4 (AQMEII4). We examine 18 dry deposition schemes from regional and global chemical transport models as well as standalone models used for impact assessments or process understanding. We configure the schemes as single-point models at eight Northern Hemisphere locations with observed ozone fluxes. Single-point models are driven by a common set of site-specific meteorological and environmental conditions. Five of eight sites have at least 3 years and up to 12 years of ozone fluxes. The interquartile range across models in multiyear mean ozone deposition velocities ranges from a factor of 1.2 to 1.9 annually across sites and tends to be highest during winter compared with summer. No model is within 50 % of observed multiyear averages across all sites and seasons, but some models perform well for some sites and seasons. For the first time, we demonstrate how contributions from depositional pathways vary across models. Models can disagree with respect to relative contributions from the pathways, even when they predict similar deposition velocities, or agree with respect to the relative contributions but predict different deposition velocities. Both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake contribute to the large model spread across sites. Our findings are the beginning of results from AQMEII4 Activity 2, which brings scientists who model air quality and dry deposition together with scientists who measure ozone fluxes to evaluate and improve dry deposition schemes in the chemical transport models used for research, planning, and regulatory purposes

Boris Papandopulo: Sinfonietta for String Orchestra

Ovaj rad posebno se bavi analizom djela Sinfoniette za gudački orkestar. Navedeno djelo ubraja se u najbolje Papandopulove skladbe pa smatram da zaslužuje posebnu pozornost. Analiza se posebno usmjerava na oblik, harmonijski jezik i kompozicijske tehnike. Rad će se dotaknuti i skladateljeva života te njegovih dostignuća koja ga svrstavaju u najznačajnije hrvatske glazbenike 20. stoljeća.This paper is particularly concerned with the analysis of the piece Sinfonietta for String Orchestra. The aforementioned piece is considered one of Papandopulo's best compositions so I think it deserves special attention. The analysis focuses especially on form, harmonic language and compositional techniques. The work will touch on the composer's life and his achievements which make him one of the most important Croatian musicians of the 20th century

Boris Papandopulo: Sinfonietta for String Orchestra

Ovaj rad posebno se bavi analizom djela Sinfoniette za gudački orkestar. Navedeno djelo ubraja se u najbolje Papandopulove skladbe pa smatram da zaslužuje posebnu pozornost. Analiza se posebno usmjerava na oblik, harmonijski jezik i kompozicijske tehnike. Rad će se dotaknuti i skladateljeva života te njegovih dostignuća koja ga svrstavaju u najznačajnije hrvatske glazbenike 20. stoljeća.This paper is particularly concerned with the analysis of the piece Sinfonietta for String Orchestra. The aforementioned piece is considered one of Papandopulo's best compositions so I think it deserves special attention. The analysis focuses especially on form, harmonic language and compositional techniques. The work will touch on the composer's life and his achievements which make him one of the most important Croatian musicians of the 20th century

Boris Papandopulo: Sinfonietta for String Orchestra

Ovaj rad posebno se bavi analizom djela Sinfoniette za gudački orkestar. Navedeno djelo ubraja se u najbolje Papandopulove skladbe pa smatram da zaslužuje posebnu pozornost. Analiza se posebno usmjerava na oblik, harmonijski jezik i kompozicijske tehnike. Rad će se dotaknuti i skladateljeva života te njegovih dostignuća koja ga svrstavaju u najznačajnije hrvatske glazbenike 20. stoljeća.This paper is particularly concerned with the analysis of the piece Sinfonietta for String Orchestra. The aforementioned piece is considered one of Papandopulo's best compositions so I think it deserves special attention. The analysis focuses especially on form, harmonic language and compositional techniques. The work will touch on the composer's life and his achievements which make him one of the most important Croatian musicians of the 20th century

Polynomial and Poisson dependence in free Poisson algebras and free Poisson fields

We prove that any two Poisson dependent elements in a free Poisson algebra and a free Poisson field of characteristic zero are algebraically dependent, thus answering positively a question from Makar-Limanov and Umirbaev (2007) [8]. We apply this result to give a new proof of the tameness of automorphisms for free Poisson algebras of rank two (see Makar-Limanov and Umirbaev (2011) [9], Makar-Limanov et al. (2009) [10]). (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.FAPESP [2006/59114-1, 2010/50347-9]NSA [H98230-09-1-0008]NSF [DMS-0904713]United States-Israel Educational FoundationCNPq [305344/2009-9

Self-employment for autonomous robots using smart contracts

The physical autonomy of robots is well understood both theoretically and practically. By contrast, there is almost no research exploring a robot's potential economic autonomy. In this paper, we present the first economically autonomous robot---a robot able to produce marketable goods while having full control over the use of its generated income. In our proof-of-concept, the robot is self-employed as an artist. It produces physical artistic goods and uses blockchain-based smart contracts on the Ethereum network to autonomously list its goods for sale in online auctions. Using the blockchain-based smart contract, the robot then uses its income from sales to autonomously order more materials from an online shop, pay for its consumables such as network fees, and remunerate human assistance for support tasks. The robot also uses its income to repay investor loans that funded its initial phase of production. In these transactions, the robot interacts with humans as a peer, not as a tool. In other words, the robot makes peer financial transactions with humans in the same way that another human would, first as an investment vehicle, then as a seller at an auction, and then as a shop customer and a client. Our proof-of-concept is conducted as an in-lab experiment, but gives rise to an important discussion of the legal implications of economically autonomous robots, which under existing frameworks can already be embedded in corporate entities that are classed as artificial persons

Self-employment for autonomous robots using smart contracts

The physical autonomy of robots is well understood both theoretically and practically. By contrast, there is almost no research exploring a robot's potential economic autonomy. In this paper, we present the first economically autonomous robot---a robot able to produce marketable goods while having full control over the use of its generated income. In our proof-of-concept, the robot is self-employed as an artist. It produces physical artistic goods and uses blockchain-based smart contracts on the Ethereum network to autonomously list its goods for sale in online auctions. Using the blockchain-based smart contract, the robot then uses its income from sales to autonomously order more materials from an online shop, pay for its consumables such as network fees, and remunerate human assistance for support tasks. The robot also uses its income to repay investor loans that funded its initial phase of production. In these transactions, the robot interacts with humans as a peer, not as a tool. In other words, the robot makes peer financial transactions with humans in the same way that another human would, first as an investment vehicle, then as a seller at an auction, and then as a shop customer and a client. Our proof-of-concept is conducted as an in-lab experiment, but gives rise to an important discussion of the legal implications of economically autonomous robots, which under existing frameworks can already be embedded in corporate entities that are classed as artificial persons