Mobilization of cadmium from festuca ovina roots and its distribution between operational fractions in soil

Festuca ovina was grown hydroponically on the Hoagland medium supplemented with CdCl2 (10 µg Cd ml-1). Next, the plants were transplanted into pots (100 plants in pots) with uncontaminated soil and incubated under controlled conditions for 12 months. Approximately 420 µg Cd were introduced into 200 g of soil via the plant roots, the released cadmium being distributed between fractions with varying stability and extractability. After 2 months, the pool of Cd exchangeable and bound to Fe and Mn oxides was 16% and 75%, respectively. After the end of the pot cultivation, the content of Cd in these fractions had decreased to 5% and 53%, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of Cd defined as organically bound increased from 6% (after 2 months) to 43% (after 12 months). The residual fraction was 2% of the metal present in the soil and was constant during plant cultivation. The results obtained indicate that the Cd stabilization by roots was dependent on time. Additionally, the distribution of Cd among the tested fractions was seen to have changed during the experiment. The amount of Cd bound to soil organic matter increased, lowering the amount of the bioavailable Cd form and Cd fraction bound to the oxide minerals

W poszukiwaniu jednostki mowy : metodologiczne refleksje w obliczu nowego rozumienia języka

Celem tego artykułu jest rewizja takich pojęć jak zdanie, wypowiedź, akt mowy, zdarzenie komunikacyjne w obliczu nowych potrzeb badawczych i szerszego rozumienia języka - języka uwikłanego w złożony proces komunikowania, a zatem jako narzędzia służącego nie tyle do produkcji znaczeń, ile do ich przekazywania i interpersonalnego współtworzenia. Z takiej perspektywy język jawi się nie jako system, ale jako jedno z narzędzi symbolizowania znaczeń i intencjonalnych przesłań, które służą do wytwarzania i regulowania więzi społecznych. Zamiarem autorek jest zatem taka redefinicja tradycyjnych dla językoznawstwa i pragmatyki mowy pojęć, aby stały się one dobrym narzędziem dla opisu typu zdarzenia komunikacyjnego i wytworzonej jednostkowej interakcji. Chcemy też usunąć istniejące zamieszanie terminologiczne, tzn. wyeliminować używanie tych samych pojęć dla określenia innych zjawisk mownych lub innych poziomów mowy, a w rezultacie zhierarchizować te pojęcia oraz wytyczyć im przejrzyste ramy definicyjne. A wszystko to po to, by w tych ramach dała się zawrzeć także perspektywa odbiorcy jako czynnego uczestnika i współtwórcy komunikacyjnego zdarzenia, wypowiedzi, a nawet zdania.The article aims at a revision of such terms as sentence, utterance, speech act, or communication event in view of new research needs and a broader understanding of language as involved in a complex communication process and, thus, considered a tool for not only generating meanings but also conveying them in interpersonal collaboration. From such a perspective, language appears to be not only a system but also one of the tools of symbolising meanings and intentional acts which serve the purpose of generating and regulating social bonds. The purpose of the authors is, thus, to define traditional linguistic concepts in order to make them good tools to describe the types of communication events and the ensuing individual interactions. We also intend to resolve the existing terminological confusion, i.e. to eliminate the employment of the same terms to describe different speech events and different levels of speech, and, as a result, to place the concepts in a hierarchy and assign them clear definitions. All this is undertaken in order to fit in the perspective of the observer as an active participant and contributor to the communication event, utterance or even a sentence

Course participants’ expectations regarding fitness instructors’ professional competences

Prezentowana publikacja dotyczy wybranych zagadnień związanych z kulturą fizyczną i zdrowotną współczesnego człowieka. Autorzy – specjaliści z zakresu pedagogiki, nauk medycznych i nauk o kulturze fizycznej – podejmują m.in. problematykę wartości kultury fizycznej w procesie kształcenia i wychowania, współczesnych czynników promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej, zdrowotnych uwarunkowań aktywności ruchowej czy społecznych kontekstów idei olimpijskiej. Tematyka ta wpisuje się w ważny nurt rozważań, w którym poszukuje się nowych rozwiązań pedagogicznych, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do idei edukacji olimpijskiej i zdrowotnej.Purpose of the study: Establishing a model of professional competences of fitness instructors, running choreographic classes with music, based on the courses’ participants’ opinions depending on their training period. Research material and method: The respondents were clients of four fitness clubs in Poznań. The research material consisted of two groups: the participants with the training period in a fitness club shorter than 3 months (n = 75) and with the training period longer than half a year (n = 80). The research method was a diagnostic survey and a questionnaire was a research tool. Conclusions: The most essential fitness instructor’s trait, from the participants’ point of view, is motivating to physical effort, an ability to create a friendly atmosphere, warmth, a sense of humour, providing good energy. The training period slightly influences the practitioners’ expectations related to the instructors’ competences

Differential influence of four invasive plant species on soil physicochemical properties in a pot experiment

Purpose This study compared the effects of four invasive plants, namely Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria japonica, Rudbeckia laciniata, and Solidago gigantea, as well as two native species-Artemisia vulgaris, Phalaris arundinacea, and their mixture on soil physicochemical properties in a pot experiment. Materials and methods Plants were planted in pots in two loamy sand soils. The soils were collected from fallows located outside (fallow soil) and within river valley (valley soil) under native plant communities. Aboveground plant biomass, cover, and soil physicochemical properties such as nutrient concentrations, pH, and water holding capacity (WHC) were measured after two growing seasons. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to identify soil variables responsible for the discrimination between plant treatments. Identified variables were further compared between treatments using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test. Results and discussion Plant biomass, cover, and soil parameters depended on species and soil type. DA effectively separated soils under different plant species. DA on fallow soil data separated R. laciniata from all other treatments, especially I. glandulifera, native species and bare soil, along axis 1 (related mainly to exchangeable K, N-NH_{4}, total P, N-NO_{3}, and WHC). Large differences were found between R. laciniata and S. gigantea as indicated by axis 2 (S-SO_{4}, exchangeable Mg, total P, exchangeable Ca, and total Mg). DA on valley soil data separated R. japonica from all other treatments, particularly S. gigantea, R. laciniata, and native mixture, along axis 1 (N-NO_{3}, total N, S-SO_{4}, total P, pH). Along axis 2 (N-NO_{3}, N-NH_{4}, Olsen P, exchangeable K, WHC), large differences were observed between I. glandulifera and all other invaders. Conclusions Plant influence on soil differed both among invasive species and between invasive and native species. Impatiens glandulifera had a relatively weak effect and its soil was similar to both native and bare soils. Multidirectional effects of different invaders resulted in a considerable divergence in soil characteristics. Invasion-driven changes in the soil environment may trigger feedbacks that stabilize or accelerate invasion and hinder re-colonization by native vegetation, which has implications for the restoration of invaded habitats

The dynamic of the changes of the motoric features and physical fitness in the group of the children training the acrobatic

The goal of that publication is to assess the tempo and dynamics of the basic somatic changes and physical fitness among young students – acrobats within 3 - year observation. The source of the study are the results of the longitudinal research conducted in the primary sports school no 69 in Poznań. The children are trained there within 3 year program continuously. The research covers the students from the sports classes and the students from the ordinary classes, attending the same primary school. The detailed analysis of the results shows, that the improved level of the sports activity, involving the systematic and dedicated physical training of the initial and basic acrobatics exercises does not considerably influence the differences of the tempo and the dynamic of the improvement of the certain physical features and physical fitness between the sports class students and control group

Words can cure : why the quality of communication betw doctors and patients is important?

Komunikacja pomiędzy lekarzami a pacjentami odgrywa jedną z kluczowych ról w procesie leczenia. Obok specjalistycznej wiedzy oraz lat doświadczeń wpływa nie tylko na czas postawienia diagnozy i przebieg leczenia, lecz także na budowanie relacji między lekarzem i pacjentem, efektywne przekazywanie informacji, poprawne ich rozumienie oraz na wnioski wyciągane na ich podstawie. Wymaga to od lekarza wykształcenia wysokiej świadomości językowej i komunikacyjnej. Wszystkie te elementy są niezwykle ważne w rozumieniu dynamiki tej relacji, dynamiki bardzo złożonej, gdyż będącej rezultatem równoczesnego działania dwóch mechanizmów regulujących zachowania społeczne: potrzeby zachowania dystansu i skracania go.Effective doctor-patient communiaction plays very important part in health care. A doctor’s communication and interpersonal skills encompass the ability to gather information in order to facilitate accurate diagnosis, counsel appropriately, give therapeutic instructions, and establish caring relationships with patients. There are many barriers to good communication in the doctor-patient relationship, including social needs of keeping personal distance and the tendency to shorthen it

Forward, Polonia! A Review of Online Educational Initiatives for Polish Diaspora

This is an overview article. It presents examples of Internet support for Polish diaspora education, and the promotion of Poland and Polish culture through free access to Internet sources, including open educational resources and e- learning courses. The starting point of this review is therefore to understand the problems of the Polish diaspora and the need to develop an educational offer that takes into account educational and socio-cultural needs of Polish diaspora. The initiative undertaken may also be used to strengthen the activities of Polish scientific departments at foreign universities, schools, consultation centres, teachers, and Polish diaspora organisations that, with their hard work and personal commitment, care for Polish culture, tradition, language and national values abroad, while requiring support from the Polish government and educational institutions, as well as from academia. Marsz Polonia! Przegląd internetowych inicjatyw edukacyjnych na rzecz PoloniiNiniejszy tekst ma charakter przeglądowy. Zaprezentowano w nim przykłady internetowego wsparcia oświaty polonijnej, promocji Polski i polskiej kultury poprzez bezpłatny dostęp do źródeł internetowych, w tym otwartych zasobów edukacyjnych i kursów e-learningowych. Punktem wyjścia jest zrozumienie problemów środowisk polonijnych oraz chęć opracowania mapy treści, stanowiącej ofertę oświatową uwzględniającą potrzeby edukacyjne i społeczno- kulturalne Polonii. Podjęta inicjatywa może również służyć wzmocnieniu działań polskich katedr naukowych na uczelniach zagranicznych, szkół, szkolnych punktów konsultacyjnych, nauczycieli, organizacji polonijnych, którzy swoją ciężką pracą i osobistym zaangażowaniem dbają o polską kulturę, tradycję, język, narodowe wartości za granicami kraju i potrzebują wsparcia polskiego rządu, instytucji oświatowych, a także środowisk akademickich

Role of exercise and tools used in physical activities with the elderly

In recent years there has been an increased interest in forms of activities among older people. Regular physical exercise performed by seniors slow down the aging process, extend the period of physical and mental fitness. Regular physical activity is one way to counteract adverse processes of involution. To prevent involution situations, gymnastic, movement, dance, athletics, swimming, or related to other sports exercise can be used. The study shows the importance of some forms of physical activities for people in old age, and presented examples of exercises and tools used in physical activities with the elderly

Selected aspects of self-education of pedagogy students at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń in the context of new media

Technological advances, changing standards of living and the aging of societies that encourage people to take different forms of additional learning and self-education, which is not only due to necessity, but also to the need to take care of personal development. The article presents an overview of selected research results in the field of self-education of students of Pedagogy of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń: understanding the concept, using TI tools in the discussed process and the purpose and methods of their use. It follows that educational activities should be undertaken with the aim to increase information awareness and the level of information literacy of students, , from the first year of study, to secure the success and increase the effectiveness of self-learning process

In search of a unit of speech : methodological reflections sparked by a new understanding of language

Celem tego artykułu jest rewizja takich pojęć jak zdanie, wypowiedź, akt mowy, zdarzenie komunikacyjne w obliczu nowych potrzeb badawczych i szerszego rozumienia języka – języka uwikłanego w złożony proces komunikowania, a zatem jako narzędzia służącego nie tyle do produkcji znaczeń, ile do ich przekazywania i interpersonalnego współtworzenia. Z takiej perspektywy język jawi się nie jako system, ale jako jedno z narzędzi symbolizowania znaczeń i intencjonalnych przesłań, które służą do wytwarzania i regulowania więzi społecznych. Zamiarem autorek jest zatem taka redefinicja tradycyjnych dla językoznawstwa i pragmatyki mowy pojęć, aby stały się one dobrym narzędziem dla opisu typu zdarzenia komunikacyjnego i wytworzonej jednostkowej interakcji. Chcemy też usunąć istniejące zamieszanie terminologiczne, tzn. wyeliminować używanie tych samych pojęć dla określenia innych zjawisk mownych lub innych poziomów mowy, a w rezultacie zhierarchizować te pojęcia oraz wytyczyć im przejrzyste ramy definicyjne. A wszystko to po to, by w tych ramach dała się zawrzeć także perspektywa odbiorcy jako czynnego uczestnika i współtwórcy komunikacyjnego zdarzenia, wypowiedzi, a nawet zdania.The article aims at a revision of such terms as sentence, utterance, speech act, or communication event in view of new research needs and a broader understanding of language as involved in a complex communication process and thus considered a tool of not only generating meanings, but also conveying them in interpersonal collaboration. From such a perspective language appears to be not only a system, but also one of the tools of symbolizing meanings and intentional acts which serve the purpose of generating and regulating social bonds. The purpose of the authors is thus to define traditional linguistic concepts in order to makes them good tools to describe the types of communication events and the ensuing individual interactions. We also intend to resolve the existing terminological confusion, i.e. to eliminate the employment of the same terms to describe different speech events and different levels of speech, and as a result to place the concepts in a hierarchy and assign them clear definitions. All this is undertaken in order to fit in the perspective of the observer as an active participant and contributor to the communication event, utterance or even a sentence