Surface prospection of burial grounds and new research tools (on the example of the study of changes in cemetery boundaries)

Basing on own experiences in studying cemetery space, the possibilities of using LiDAR visualization in acquiring information on changes in the boundaries of Christian and Jewish necropolises were demonstrated on selected examples. The application of the methods indicated in the article comprises the significant supplementation of terrain inspection, considerably expand-ing knowledge about a given site. The use of digital elevation models has been popular since their introduction, especially in the archaeological community, as it allows for feature recognition without conducting invasive prospection, including excava-tion. As it has turned out, in the course of the research conducted by the author, the use of LiDAR tools should be an integral part of the geographical analysis. This highlights the need to promote interdisciplinary in the research on cultural heritage sites

Spatial and cultural aspects of functioning of Jewish ritual baths

W  artykule omówiono przestrzenne i  kulturowe aspekty funkcjonowania żydowskich łaźni rytualnych w województwie śląskim, w tym rozmieszczenie mykw obecnie nieistniejących oraz reliktów łaziebnych założeń przedwojennych. Na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych i  autorskiej dokumentacji obiektów wykonano wizualizacje 3D fi zjonomii wybranych obiektów oraz ich lokalizacji w przestrzeni. Stanowią one uzupełnienie analiz kameralnych oraz syntezę badań terenowych. Przedstawione modele generując wirtualną rzeczywistość pozwalają zrozumieć i przestudiować istotę mykw, czyli tych z żydowskich obiektów religijnych, których poznanie pozostaje utrudnione ze względu na ograniczoną dostępność na terenie Polski. Jedynie wirtualnie doświadczając ich przestrzeni można zachować pamięć o dziedzictwie ukrytym, które znika z krajobrazu kulturowego w całkowitym zapomnieniu.The article discusses spatial and cultural aspects of functioning of Jewish ritual baths in the Silesian Voivodeship, including distribution of mikvah no longer existing and relics of pre-war bath complexes. 3D visualisations of physiognomies of selected objects and their location in space were made on the basis of archive materials and author’s own documentation of those objects. They complement small-scale analyses and the synthesis of fi eld research. Presented models, by generating virtual reality, allow for understanding and studying the essence of the mikvah, i.e. those among Jewish religious objects which are diffi cult to learn about because of their limited availability in Poland. Only by virtually experiencing their space, can one preserve the memory of hidden heritage that disappears from the cultural landscape and falls into complete oblivion

Функционирование еврейских молитвенных домов в XIX и XX веках на территории совре - менного Силезского воеводства

Przedstawiono analizę funkcjonowania żydowskich domów modlitwy w XIX i XX w. Badania objęły obiekty, które znajdowały się na terenach wchodzących współcześnie w skład województwa śląskiego. Na podstawie zgromadzonych informacji, pochodzących z dzieł publikowanych, ksiąg pamięci gmin żydowskich oraz wyników własnych badań terenowych dokonano syntetycznego ujęcia działalności obiektów na tle dawnych podziałów politycznych. Rozmieszczenie obiektów w przestrzeni zostało zdeterminowane m. in. przez ograniczenia osadnictwa żydowskiego w strefie o szerokości 21 km, wytyczonej na wschód od granicy Królestwa Polskiego z Królestwem Prus. Ponadto podjęto kwestie dotyczące lokalnych uwarunkowań działalności wybranych do mów modlitwy. Przedstawiono propozycję typologii obiektów pod względem ich charakteru religijnego, lokalizacji, cech fizjonomicznych, tym samym wskazując nowe sposoby interpretacji żydowskich przestrzeni religijnych.This article analyzes the functioning of Jewish prayer houses in the 19th and 20th centuries. The research covered buildings that were found in the areas which now belong to the Silesian Voivodeship. The author, based on the information gathered from published works, Jewish community books and the results of her own field research, synthesized the activities of the buildings against the background of the former political divisions. The arrangement of objects in space has been determined, among others, by the restrictions of Jewish settlement in the 21-km-wide zone, marked out to the east of the border of the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Prussia. In addition, the article addresses issues related to local conditions for the activity of selected prayer houses. The author presented the proposition of typology of buildings in terms of their religious character, location, and physiological features, thus pointing out new ways of interpreting Jewish religious spaces.Исследования охватили объекты, которые находились на территориях, входящих в настоящее время в состав Силезского воеводства. На основе собранной информации из опубликованных работ, книгпамяти еврейских общин и результатов собственных полевых исследований, обобщена деятельность объектов на фоне прежнего политического деления. В частности, расположение объектов в пространстве определялось ограничениемеврейских поселений в зоне 21 -километровой полосы, к востоку от границы Королевства Польши с Королевством Пруссии. Кроме того, в статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с местными условиями деятельности отдельных молитвенных домов. Автор представила предложение типологии объектов с точки зрения их религиозного характера, местоположения и архитектурных особенностей, указывая тем самым новые способы интерпретации еврейских религиозных пространств

Dziedzictwo opuszczone na przykładzie cmentarzy żydowskich województwa śląskiego. Uwarunkowania i zagrożenia naturalne

The content of the article focuses on the twofold relationship of nature and the products of culture – that is Jewish cemeteries. The main body of this work constitutes the results of the inventory research carried out by the author within 49 cemeteries in Silesian voivodeship from July to September of 2015. Joining field observations with cameral analyses, including literature analyses, allowed for the visualization of the correspondence which exists between religious rigidities (more broadly, cultural rigidities) and the location of Jewish cemeteries in the geographic space, which was included in the first part of the work. Its second, equivalent link comprises the distinguishment and discussion of the factors and the natural processes that determine the transformation taking place within the Jewish cemeteries that, together with the deliberate devastation, lead to their disappearance in the landscape. The last part concerns the problems of the protection of sacred buildings and is also an introduction to the discussion, which, in the opinion of the author, should be taken in order to preserve the cultural heritage, which, over the last few decades, has been subject to dynamic changes of predominantly destructive nature

Differential influence of four invasive plant species on soil physicochemical properties in a pot experiment

Purpose This study compared the effects of four invasive plants, namely Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria japonica, Rudbeckia laciniata, and Solidago gigantea, as well as two native species-Artemisia vulgaris, Phalaris arundinacea, and their mixture on soil physicochemical properties in a pot experiment. Materials and methods Plants were planted in pots in two loamy sand soils. The soils were collected from fallows located outside (fallow soil) and within river valley (valley soil) under native plant communities. Aboveground plant biomass, cover, and soil physicochemical properties such as nutrient concentrations, pH, and water holding capacity (WHC) were measured after two growing seasons. Discriminant analysis (DA) was used to identify soil variables responsible for the discrimination between plant treatments. Identified variables were further compared between treatments using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test. Results and discussion Plant biomass, cover, and soil parameters depended on species and soil type. DA effectively separated soils under different plant species. DA on fallow soil data separated R. laciniata from all other treatments, especially I. glandulifera, native species and bare soil, along axis 1 (related mainly to exchangeable K, N-NH_{4}, total P, N-NO_{3}, and WHC). Large differences were found between R. laciniata and S. gigantea as indicated by axis 2 (S-SO_{4}, exchangeable Mg, total P, exchangeable Ca, and total Mg). DA on valley soil data separated R. japonica from all other treatments, particularly S. gigantea, R. laciniata, and native mixture, along axis 1 (N-NO_{3}, total N, S-SO_{4}, total P, pH). Along axis 2 (N-NO_{3}, N-NH_{4}, Olsen P, exchangeable K, WHC), large differences were observed between I. glandulifera and all other invaders. Conclusions Plant influence on soil differed both among invasive species and between invasive and native species. Impatiens glandulifera had a relatively weak effect and its soil was similar to both native and bare soils. Multidirectional effects of different invaders resulted in a considerable divergence in soil characteristics. Invasion-driven changes in the soil environment may trigger feedbacks that stabilize or accelerate invasion and hinder re-colonization by native vegetation, which has implications for the restoration of invaded habitats

Spójność tekstu argumentacyjnego w doskonaleniu umiejętności pisania

Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Problemy reurbanizacji postindustrialnych dzielnic miast – przykład warszawskiego Kamionka

Technological changes in the industrial production, which can be observed since the 1980s, have brought a necessity of restructuring former industrial areas. These areas, although spatially degraded, are very often attractively located in comparison with the rest of the city. As a result of reclaiming former industrial areas we protect space which has not been built-up so far, which is in agreement with the principles of sustainable development. A successful re-urbanization process has to combine interdisciplinary operations from degraded soils reactivation through protection of the cultural values of the post-industrial legacy to create new residential-services groups and interesting public spaces. One of such areas is Kamionek – a selfgoverning district of Warsaw. The lack of adopted local plan causes its chaotic development. The process of district gentrification and a loss of its local identity have been under way.Zmiany technologiczne w produkcji przemysłowej, jakie można było zaobserwować już od lat 80. XX w., spowodowały konieczność restrukturyzacji dawnych terenów przemysłowych. Obszary te, choć zdegradowane przestrzennie, są często atrakcyjnie położone względem pozostałej części miasta. W wyniku odzyskiwania miejskich terenów poprzemysłowych chronimy przestrzeń dotąd niezabudowana, co jest zgodne z zasadami zrównoważonego rozwoju. Udana reurbanizacja musi łączyć działania interdyscyplinarne – od reaktywacji zdegradowanych gleb poprzez ochronę wartości kulturowych postindustrialnego dziedzictwa do tworzenia nowych zespołów mieszkalno-usługowych i atrakcyjnych przestrzeni publicznych. Jednym z takich obszarów jest warszawski Kamionek. Brak uchwalonego planu miejscowego umożliwia jego chaotyczna zabudowę. Następuje proces gentryfikacji dzielnicy i zagubienie lokalnej tożsamości

The Morphology of Cemeteries of Abandoned Villages in the Polish Part of Former East Prussia: Boundaries and Spatial Forms of Burial Grounds

The article discusses selected issues concerning the morphology of cemeteries of completely depopulated rural settlement units located in the part of East Prussia that was incorporated into Poland in 1945. The boundaries and spatial forms of the cemeteries were analysed and interpreted. These are actually the best-preserved components of the landscape of these historical burial places. The basic source material used in the study for the identification and preliminary analysis of the boundaries and shapes of the cemeteries were the sheets of the Topographische Karte Messtischblatt map from the 1920s–1940s and orthophotomaps showing the current land cover. Detailed analyses were performed using altitude measurement data from airborne laser scanning (resource of the Central Office of Geodesy and Cartography). The research results show clear differences in the size and shape of cemeteries belonging to specific types of settlement units. The preserved relics testify to the different ways of organising burial places at single-manor estates, where family cemeteries functioned, and those established in villages. The results of the analysis also indicate the characteristic features of the contemporary landscape of former Evangelical cemeteries, facilitating their field identification