A BRUXARIA NOS TEMPOS MODERNOS SINTOMA DE CRISE NA TRANSIÇÃO PARA A MODERNIDADE

Este artigo pretende apresentar algumas informações básicas sobre o fenômeno da bruxaria, um fenômeno específico dos Tempos Modernos que surgiu a partir do início do século XV unindo a feitiçaria da Antigüidade e da Idade Média com o delito da heresia. A teoria e prática jurídica daquele tempo, incluindo a aplicação legítima de torturas, contribuíram muito para a disseminação da bruxaria na Europa. A partir do fim do século XVII, com o surgimento do Iluminismo, encerrou-se, definitivamente, este fenômeno da bruxaria, que tinha se manifestado, muito diferentemente, nos países europeus. A bruxaria pode ser interpretada como um sintoma de crise na transição do mundo medieval para o mundo moderno. Abstract This paper intends to present some basic information on the phenomenon of witchcraft, a specific phenomenon of the Early Modern Times, which came out in the beginning of the 15th century, unifying the sorcery of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages with the crime of heresy. The theory and practise of justice from that period, including the legitimate application of tortures, contributed very much to the spread of the witchcraft throughout in Europe. Since the 17th century, with the emergence of the Enlightenment, the phenomenon of witchcraft, whose appearances had been very diferent in the european states, ceased definitively. Witchcraft can be interpreted as a symptom of the transition from the medieval world to the modern world

O Congresso da Paz de Vestfália (1643-1648): convocação, negociações, resultados

Os tratados da Paz de Vestfália (1648) representam uma marca notável e di-visória na história moderna europeia e universal. Os resultados, obtidos nesse primeirocongresso de paz de dimensão europeia, transformaram, consideravelmente, o mapapolítico, religioso e territorial da Europa, com repercussões globais. Um conjunto deconflitos em níveis variados, surgidos a partir do início dos Tempos Modernos e queresultaram na Guerra dos Trinta Anos, aguardava uma solução em Münster e Osnabrück.Na pauta do Congresso de Paz na Vestfália encontraram-se, consequentemente, questõesconstitucionais quanto ao Império Romano-Germânico, questões religiosas e questõesterritoriais. Com base em fontes primárias e numa vasta literatura atual de apoio, esteartigo apresenta o longo e tortuoso caminho até a convocação do Congresso de Paz,as condições gerais das reuniões, os principais diplomatas e seus posicionamentos, osassuntos mais importantes, o decurso geral das negociações e, finalmente, os resultadosque influenciaram, notavelmente, as épocas seguintes

AS UNIVERSIDADES ALEMÃS E O “PROCESSO DE BOLONHA”

Proceeding from the beginnings of the European universities, this paper is focussing the German universities in the 20th and 21st century, since the end of the Second World War, when the ‘classic period’ of the university came to her end. The challenges of massification of the Higher Education since the 1960s and 1970s and of globalisation required fundamental reforms of the European university system. These reforms have been realizing since 1999 by the Bologna-process in Europe.Saindo dos primórdios da universidades européias na Idade Média, este artigo focaliza as universidades alemãs nos séculos XX e XXI, a partir do fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, quando o ‘período clássico’ da universidade chegou ao seu fim. As exigências de massificação do ensino superior a partir das décadas de 60 e 70 do século XX e da globalização do mundo necessitaram a reformas fundamentais do sistema universitário europeu, reformas que estão sendo realizadas pelo Processo de Bolonha desde  1999 no âmbito europeu

AS UNIVERSIDADES EUROPÉIAS NO PERÍODO PRÉ-MODERNO (SÉCULO XII-1800)

Este artigo trata das universidades como instituições genuinamente européias,nascidas na Europa da Alta Idade Média; a partir daí, o modelo da universidade se espalhavapor toda a Europa e pelo mundo inteiro. No período pré-moderno das universidades, isto é,entre o século XII e o fim dos Tempos Modernos por volta de 1800, o Estado aumentou,enormemente, a sua influência sobre as universidades, sem poder, porém, acabar com aautonomia que havia caracterizado, especialmente, a fase inicial das universidades

A LUTA EUROPÉIA ENTRE AS DINASTIAS DOS HABSBURGOS E DOS VALOIS PELA BORGONHA E ITÁLIA (1477-1559)

O sistema dos Estados na Europa, nos Tempos Modernos e Contemporâneos, até o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial, era caracterizado pelo antagonismo entre o Império Romano-Germânico, e mais tarde a Alemanha, por um lado, e a França, por outro. Esse artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar as origens desse conflito na virada da Idade Média para os Tempos Modernos, quando os Habsburgos lutaram contra os reis franceses pela herança de Borgonha (1477-1493), a extensão dessas lutas à Itália, em que a França e a Espanha eram os verdadeiros adversários (1494-1516) e, acumulando os antagonismos antigos entre a Borgonha e a França, assim como entre a Espanha e a França, as cinco guerras entre Carlos V e Francisco I, inclusive os seus filhos herdeiros e sucessores Felipe II e Henrique II, pela hegemonia da Itália e do mundo (1521-1559). The European struggle between the Habsgurg and Valois dynasties for Burgundy and Italy Abstract The system of states in Europe in the early Modern and Contemporary times, until the end of the Second World War, was caracterized by the antagonism between the Roman-German Empire or Germany on the one side and France in the other. The main goal of this article is to present the origins of this conflict at the turning point of the Middle Ages to the early Modern times, when the Habsburgs fought with the kings of France for the heritage of Burgundy (1477-1493), the expansion of the struggles to Italy, where France and Spain were the real opponents (1494-1516) and, taking over the ancient antagonism between Burgundy and France as between Spain and France, the five wars between Charles V and Francis I, including their sons and sucessors Philip IIand Henry V for the hegemony in Italy and the world (1521-1559)

Developing ecosystem service indicators: experiences and lessons learned from sub-global assessments and other initiatives

People depend upon ecosystems to supply a range of services necessary for their survival and well-being. Ecosystem service indicators are critical for knowing whether or not these essential services are being maintained and used in a sustainable manner, thus enabling policy makers to identify the policies and other interventions needed to better manage them. As a result, ecosystem service indicators are of increasing interest and importance to governmental and inter-governmental processes, including amongst others the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Aichi Targets contained within its strategic plan for 2011-2020, as well as the emerging Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES). Despite this growing demand, assessing ecosystem service status and trends and developing robust indicators is o!en hindered by a lack of information and data, resulting in few available indicators. In response, the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), together with a wide range of international partners and supported by the Swedish International Biodiversity Programme (SwedBio)*, undertook a project to take stock of the key lessons that have been learnt in developing and using ecosystem service indicators in a range of assessment contexts. The project examined the methodologies, metrics and data sources employed in delivering ecosystem service indicators, so as to inform future indicator development. This report presents the principal results of this project

Organic matter cycling along geochemical, geomorphic and disturbance gradients in forests and cropland of the African Tropics – Project TropSOC Database Version 1.0

The African Tropics are hotspots of modern-day land-use change and are, at the same time, of great relevance for the cycling of carbon (C) and nutrients between plants, soils and the atmosphere. However, the consequences of land conversion on biogeochemical cycles are still largely unknown as they are not studied in a landscape context that defines the geomorphic, geochemically and pedological framework in which biological processes take place. Thus, the response of tropical soils to disturbance by erosion and land conversion is one of the great uncertainties in assessing the carrying capacity of tropical landscapes to grow food for future generations and in predicting greenhouse gas fluxes (GHG) from soils to the atmosphere and, hence, future earth system dynamics. Here, we describe version 1.0 of an open access database created as part of the project &ldquo;Tropical soil organic carbon dynamics along erosional disturbance gradients in relation to variability in soil geochemistry and land use&rdquo; (TropSOC). TropSOC v1.0 contains spatial and temporal explicit data on soil, vegetation, environmental properties and land management collected from 136 pristine tropical forest and cropland plots between 2017 and 2020 as part of several monitoring and sampling campaigns in the Eastern Congo Basin and the East African Rift Valley System. The results of several laboratory experiments focusing on soil microbial activity, C cycling and C stabilization in soils complement the dataset to deliver one of the first landscape scale datasets to study the linkages and feedbacks between geology, geomorphology and pedogenesis as controls on biogeochemical cycles in a variety of natural and managed systems in the African Tropics. The hierarchical and interdisciplinary structure of the TropSOC database allows for linking a wide range of parameters and observations on soil and vegetation dynamics along with other supporting information that may also be measured at one or more levels of the hierarchy. TropSOC&rsquo;s data marks a significant contribution to improve our understanding of the fate of biogeochemical cycles in dynamic and diverse tropical African (agro-)ecosystems. TropSOC v1.0 can be accessed through the supplementary material provided as part of this manuscript or as a separate download via the websites of the Congo Biogeochemistry observatory and the GFZ data repository where version updates to the database will be provided as the project develops.</p

Factors associated with worse lung function in cystic fibrosis patients with persistent staphylococcus aureus

Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF). However, it is not clear which factors are associated with worse lung function in patients with persistent S. aureus airway cultures. Our main hypothesis was that patients with high S. aureus density in their respiratory specimens would more likely experience worsening of their lung disease than patients with low bacterial loads. Methods Therefore, we conducted an observational prospective longitudinal multi-center study and assessed the association between lung function and S. aureus bacterial density in respiratory samples, co-infection with other CF-pathogens, nasal S. aureus carriage, clinical status, antibiotic therapy, IL-6- and IgG-levels against S. aureus virulence factors. Results 195 patients from 17 centers were followed; each patient had an average of 7 visits. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and generalized linear mixed models. Our main hypothesis was only supported for patients providing throat specimens indicating that patients with higher density experienced a steeper lung function decline (p<0.001). Patients with exacerbations (n = 60), S. aureus small-colony variants (SCVs, n = 84) and co-infection with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 44) had worse lung function (p = 0.0068; p = 0.0011; p = 0.0103). Patients with SCVs were older (p = 0.0066) and more often treated with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p = 0.0078). IL-6 levels positively correlated with decreased lung function (p<0.001), S. aureus density in sputa (p = 0.0016), SCVs (p = 0.0209), exacerbations (p = 0.0041) and co-infections with S. maltophilia (p = 0.0195) or A. fumigatus (p = 0.0496). Conclusions In CF-patients with chronic S. aureus cultures, independent risk factors for worse lung function are high bacterial density in throat cultures, exacerbations, elevated IL-6 levels, presence of S. aureus SCVs and co-infection with S. maltophilia

A política educacional do Estado prussiano na época de Kant e as tendências pedagógicas do período

 A época do Esclarecimento foi, ao mesmo tempo, uma época pedagógica. Partindo de uma visão geral sobre as tendências da pedagogia reformista no século esclarecido XVIII, este artigo discute a política educacional do Estado prussiano na época de Immanuel Kant. O Estado esclarecido-absoluto de Frederico II da Prússia começou a articular claramente a sua pretensão de dirigir e utilizar o sistema escolar para os fins do Estado e da sociedade, sem poder, contudo, superar na realidade a oposição dos representantes das estruturas escolares tradicionais. Porém, naquele tempo, o caminho a uma política educacional moderna foi aberto

Sobre a história européia ultramarina: um núcleo de pesquisa na Alemanha e as suas atividades e produções científicas

Este artigo pretende apresentar o grupo de pesquisa sobre a expansão européia e a história ultramarina nos Tempos Modernos, ou seja, na primeira era da colonização, na Universidade de Bamberg/Alemanha, assim como as suas atividades (congressos anuais) e produções científicas, especialmente a edição de uma coleção abrangente de fontes relacionadas à temátic