Climate Justice and Democracy: A Normative Approach

This paper tackles a highly relevant issue, namely the relationship between climate justice and democracy. The driving motivation of the paper is to ask what principles of climate justice demand from democracies. The paper explores intrinsic and instrumental arguments and develops a sufficiency account: citizens are entitled to the emissions necessary not only to realize their basic needs but to participate as equals in political decision making

Does Microcredit Create Over-indebtedness?

In the context of the present crisis of microfinance, it is quite common to use the term over-indebtedness among the poor. Coming up with a precise definition of over-indebtedness for research or regulatory purposes is surprisingly a complex challenge. Few of researchers took attempt to define and measure over-indebtedness among microfinance borrowers. Among them Maurer and Pytkowska (2010); Spannuth & Pytkowska (2011) and Schicks (2011) are notable. But their definition and measurement process of over-indebtedness are not unique. Maurer and Pytkowska showed that by taking microcredit, 17% borrowers are over-indebted and 11% borrowers are at risk of becoming over-indebted in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Spannuth & Pytkowska demonstrated that 7% borrowers are insolvent, 4% borrowers are in critical position and 14% are at risk of becoming over-indebted in Kosovo. Schicks displayed that 30% borrowers are over-indebted in Ghana. The endeavor of this paper is to show the real fact whether microcredit creates over-indebtedness among its borrowers or not

Financial development and energy consumption nexus in Malaysia: A multivariate time series analysis

Despite a bourgeoning literature on the existence of a long-run relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, the findings have failed to establish clearly the direction of causation. A growing economy needs more energy, which is exacerbated by growing population. Evidence suggests that financial development can reduce overall energy consumption by achieving energy efficiency. Economic growth and energy consumption in Malaysia have been rising in tandem over the past several years. The three public policy objectives of Malaysia are: economic progress, population growth and financial development. It is of interest to the policymakers to understand the dynamic interrelation among the stated objectives. The paper implements Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration to examine the existence of a long-run relationship among the series: energy consumption, population, aggregate production, and financial development for Malaysia; and tests for Granger causality within the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results suggest that energy consumption is influenced by economic growth and financial development, both in the short and the long-run, but the population-energy relation holds only in the long run. The findings have important policy implications for balancing economic growth vis-à-vis energy consumption for Malaysia, as well as other emerging nations.Financial development; Energy consumption; ARDL; Economic growth

Role of endogenous endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by local ischemia and reperfusion in rats

Thesis (Ph. D. in Medical Sciences)--University of Tsukuba, (A), no. 1943, 1998.3.2

Price Discrimination and Social Welfare with Demand Uncertainty

Price, output and welfare erects of third-degree price discrimination is analyzed in the context of a risk-averse monopolist, who commits to xed prices before the revelation of random and potentially correlated demands. Assuming the disturbance term to be additive, white noise and the monopolist to have a quadratic (mean-variance) utility function, we show that price discrimination may occur with identical expected demands, the relatively risky but price insensitive market may be charged the lower price and despite linear demands, aggregate expected output may fall while social welfare rises. All of these results, which run counter to those in the deterministic model, are shown to be driven by the asymmetry in the revenue and risk characteristics of the markets and the willingness of the monopolist to trade increased level for reduced risk of expected prot in a manner similar to portfolio choice with risky and correlated assets. Key Words: Monopoly (D42), Monopolization Strategies (L12), Decision Making under Risk and Uncertainty (D81)

Apparel manufacturing & merchandising- Interstoff Apparels Ltd.

This internship report is submitted in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration,2014.Cataloged from PDF version of Internship report.Includes bibliographical references (page 37).By means of practical knowledge it's not possible to apply the theoretical knowledge in the practical field. For any technical education, practical experience is almost equaled important in association with the theoretical knowledge. The industrial attachment is the process which builds understanding, skills and attitude of the performer which improves his knowledge in boosting productivity and services. University education provides us vast theoretical knowledge as well as more practical attachment in despite of all these industrial attachments help me to be familiar with technical support of modern machinery and skillfulness about various processing stages. It also provides us sufficient practical knowledge about production management, work study, efficiency, industrial management, purchasing, utility and maintenance of machinery and their operation techniques etc. The above mentioned cannot be achieved successfully by means of theoretical knowledge only. This is why it should be accomplished with practical knowledge in which it is based on. Industrial attachment makes us reliable to be accustomed with the industrial atmosphere and improve courage and inspiration to take self-responsibilities. Garments study cannot be completed without factory based training because this industrial training minimizes the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge and makes us accustomed to industrial environment. I got an opportunity to complete three-month long industrial training at Interstoff Apparels Ltd. which is a 100% export-oriented composite industry. It has well planned & equipped fabric dyeing-finishing and garments units in addition to facilitate knitting and knitwear manufacturing.Md. Mahmudul HasanM. Business Administratio

Nutritional Evaluation and Utilisation of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) Frond as Feed for Ruminants

Use of plant residues as ruminant livestock feed has been suggested to reduce the feed-cost and recycle the biomass. Physical and chemical characteristics of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) frond (OPF) and utilisation of OPF by ruminant were studied in a series of experiments. The yield of different fractions (leaflets, petiole and midribs) and segments (basal, middle and top) of OPF from different aged palms were measured. Results showed that the yield of OPF from matured (221 years) palm was 13.4 kg, where basal, middle and top segments constituted 53%, 27% and 20%, respectively. The estimated annual yield of petiole, leaflets and midribs were 21.70, 5.51 and 1.59 (OM.t.ha-1) respectively. The whole OPF contained 418.6, 960.8, 65.3, 740.1, 529.5, 210.6, 218.5, 878.8 and 138.8 (g.kg-1) of dry matter (OM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NOF), acid detergent fibre (AOF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HC), total carbohydrates (TC) and non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC), respectively. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) contents of the OPF were 0.530, 0.108, 0.049, 0.697 and 0.18 g.100g-10M, respectively. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and sulphur (S) contents of the OPF were 2.71, 11.17, 44.66, 106.7 and 0.096 mg.kg-10M, respectively. The in sacco OM degradation value of the OPF at 48h incubation was 37.32g.100g-1. The in vivo digestibility of OM, OM, CP and AOF of OPF were 52%, 56%, 43% and 26%, respectively. Results of the rumen fermentation trials showed that OPF could support an efficient rumen function when used ~50% is included in the diet. Results of effects of different levels of urea and lor molasses on the preservation qualities of OPF and in sacco digestion characteristics showed that mixing molasses reduced the pH of the preserved OPF, while mixing urea increased the pH. The lowest pH (3.98) was observed in molasses (200 g.kg-1DM) mixed OPF and the highest pH (8.65) was in the urea (60 g.kg-1DM) mixed OPF. Mixing of 20, 40 and 60 g.kg-1DM urea with OPF increased the CP level of the preserved OPF by 25%, 38% and 96%, respectively. Mixing molasses and/or urea showed increased digestion characteristics. The pelleting of OPF increased DM, OM, CP, cell content and decreased the cell wall contents of the OPF. Ensiling and pelleting both reduced (P>0.05) slightly the fibrous components (CEl, HC, lignin and silica) of OPF. Moreover, pelleting and ensiling increased (P<0.05) the rapidly disappearing value, extent and rate of digestion of OPF. Determination of digestible nutrient intake of fresh, ensiled and pelleted OPF and its effects on body weight gain of goats were measured. Results indicated that the pelleting of OPF increased the nutrient intake, digestibility, digestible nutrient intake and reduced refusals. The pelleting of OPF mixed with 4% urea, 15% molasses and 2% fish meal increased the digestible DM and OM intake by 80% and 63%, respectively which resulted in an increased body weight gain of the goats. Based on these studies, it can be concluded that OPF is a potential alternative roughage that can be used as a basal ingredient in the diet of ruminants. Fresh, chopped or ensiled OPF can be used up to 50% in the diet and mixing of either urea or molasses can increase the portion of OPF. The results of this study suggest that pelleting is the best way to conserve and handle OPF where almost no refusal can be observed. Moreover, the use of the pellets is convenient and pre-treatments can be easily incorporated during pelleting. Finally, it is suggested that mixed complete pellet can be made by correcting for the nutrients lacking (protein and minerals) in OPF and the use of the mixed pellet would maximise the utilisation of OPF

Microcredit - A More Credible Social than Economic Program in Bangladesh

Calculated under the framework of economic-profit counting, the productivity of microcredit in Bangladesh is found very low. In this survey about 48% of the borrowers had to compromise their normal wages for self-employed labor to be able to pay the high interest for the credit. Similarly its social productivity is also found marginal. However, about 90% of the borrowers felt comfortable with microcredit even at so high interest rate seemingly to avoid losing or compromising their social and political empowerment at the hands of the local moneylenders or relatives. Borrowers give high value to their socio-political empowerments and are ready to compromise normal wages for their self-employed labor. In the game of political economy of credit for the poor, microcredit is seen as a means of protecting and enhancing socio-political empowerments of the low income and distressed people in the society and is appraised as a credible social than economic institution.Grameen Bank, microcredit, microenterprise, subsistent, poverty alleviation, stereotype, empowerment