Field trial to compare different therapies for retained fetal membranes

Deckblatt-Impressum persönlicher Dank Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Einleitung Literatur Material und Methoden Ergebnisse Diskussion Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Anlage Danksagung SelbstständigkeitserklärungZum Vergleich verschiedener Therapieformen der Nachgeburtsverhaltung wurde auf 5 milcherzeugenden Betrieben in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg und Sachsen-Anhalt eine kontrollierte prospektive Feldstudie durchgeführt. Tiere, bei denen 24 Stunden nach der Abkalbung die Nachgeburt noch nicht abgegangen war, wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. Zusätzlich wurden aus allen Betrieben Tiere ohne Nachgeburtsverhaltung als Kontrolltiere aufgenommen. Von allen Tieren wurden die Fruchtbarkeitsparameter der laufenden Laktation dokumentiert. Die Studientiere wurden fortlaufend in 4 Studiengruppen eingeteilt und an den ersten 10 Studientagen täglich thermometriert. Tiere aller Gruppen mit einer Rektaltemperatur von mehr als 39,5 C° wurden systemisch mit dem Antibiotikum Ceftiofur (1 mg/kg Körpergewicht) für drei bis fünf Tage behandelt. In der Studiengruppe A erfolgte keine weitere Behandlung. In Gruppe B wurden zusätzlich an den ersten drei Studientagen lokal jeweils zwei antibiotische Uterusstäbe (1000 mg Ampicillin und 1000 mg Cloxacillin) aufgelegt. In Gruppe C wurde an den ersten drei Studientagen jeweils ein Abnahmeversuch unternommen. Es erfolgte keine lokale Antibiose. In der Studiengruppe D wurde an den ersten drei Studientagen antibiotische Uterusstäbe aufgelegt und Abnahmeversuche unternommen. Tiere aller Gruppen, die nach dreitägiger Behandlung mit Ceftiofur noch Fieber aufwiesen, wurden für weitere zwei Tage mit Ceftiofur behandelt. Bestand dann immer noch Fieber, wurden sie als Misserfolge gewertet und mit einem Ausweichantibiotikum behandelt. Die Tiere in den vier Studiengruppen erhielten in der Zeit vom 18.-24 Tag und in der Zeit vom 32.-38. Tag post partum (p. p.) jeweils 25 mg Dinoprost. Am 32.-38. Tag p. p. wurde eine rektale Kontrolle aller Studientiere durchgeführt. Der Behandlungserfolg setzte sich aus der klinischen Heilungsrate, dem Anteil an Endometritiden und den Fruchtbarkeitskennzahlen (Rastzeit, Güstzeit Erstbesamungserfolg, Trächtigkeitsrate, Konzeptionsrate) zusammen. In den Studiengruppen trat insgesamt bei 79,8% der Tiere Fieber auf. Dabei war der Unterschied von Gruppe A (85,5%) zu Gruppe D (71,5%) statistisch signifikant (p < 0,05). Das Fieber trat zu 77,0% innerhalb der ersten drei Studientage auf. Alle Tiere mit Fieber wurden systemisch mit Ceftiofur behandelt. Ein Behandlungserfolg trat bei 88,2% der behandelten Tiere auf. Bei der Puerperalkontrolle wurde bei insgesamt 38,3% der Studientiere eine Endometritis festgestellt. Zwischen den Gruppen konnten keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Zwischen den Betrieben gab es z. T signifikante Unterschiede in der Häufigkeit des Auftretens von Endometritiden. Hinsichtlich der meisten Fruchtbarkeitskennzahlen gab es zwar numerische aber keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Zwischen den Behandlungsgruppen fällt nur die Gruppe D mit überwiegend den schlechtesten Ergebnissen auf. Die Rastzeiten unterschieden sich zwischen den vier Studiengruppen und der Kontrollgruppe kaum (Gruppe A 76,7 d, Gruppe B 80,7 d, Gruppe C 79,2 d, Gruppe D 78,2 d, Kontrolle 75,1 d). Die Güstzeiten der Studiengruppen waren geringfügig kürzer als die der Kontrollgruppe. Auch hier waren keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede feststellbar (Gruppe A 106,4 d, Gruppe B 111,1 d, Gruppe C 103,4 d, Gruppe D 108,5 d, Kontrolle 113,1 d). Den höchsten Erstbesamungserfolg erreichte die Studiengruppe C (36,1%), in der Abnahmeversuche unternommen worden waren, jedoch keine lokale Antibiose erfolgte. Hier war der Erstbesamungserfolg statistisch signifikant höher als in der Kontrollgruppe (23,6%; p < 0,05). Der Erstbesamungserfolg aller Studientiere war ebenfalls statistisch signifikant höher als der der Kontrolltiere (31,5% vs. 23,6%; p < 0,05). Die höchste Konzeptionsrate wies die Studiengruppe B (37,4%) und die niedrigste die Gruppe D (26,5%) auf. Insgesamt lag die Konzeptionsrate der Studientiere (31,7%) über der der Kontrolltiere (27,2%). Der höchste Anteil trächtiger Tiere befanden sich in der Studiengruppe B (64,7%), der geringste in der Gruppe D (52,3%). Zwischen den Gruppen konnten jedoch keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Insgesamt gingen geringfügig weniger Tiere der Studiengruppen (40,9%) als der Kontrollgruppe (41,6%) ab. Am häufigsten gingen Tiere der Gruppe D (lokale Antibiose, Abnahmeversuche; 47,7%) aus der Herde ab, am seltensten aus der Gruppe B (lokale Antibiose, keine Abnahmeversuche; 35,3%). Die Unterschiede waren aber statistisch nicht signifikant. Bezüglich der Milchleistung gab es zwischen den einzelnen Gruppen keine bedeutenden Unterschiede. Lediglich zur MLP 1 gab die Studiengruppe A statistisch signifikant weniger Milch als die Kontrollgruppe (p < 0,05). Aus ökonomischer Sicht war in allen berechneten Szenarien die Studiengruppe A die kostengünstigste. Aus ökonomischer Sicht war die Gruppe D am ungünstigsten zu bewerten. Es erscheint sinnvoll, bei Tieren mit Nachgeburtsverhaltung an den ersten 7 Tagen post partum die Körperinnentemperatur zu messen, da der überwiegende Anteil der Tiere in dieser Zeit Fieber entwickelt. In der vorliegenden Studie war dies bei etwa 80% der Tiere der Fall. Je eher die erhöhte Temperatur festgestellt werden kann, desto früher kann interveniert werden. Dadurch kann einem gestörten Allgemeinbefinden und den damit verbundenen Verlusten (schlechte Futteraufnahme, Milchrückgang) vorgebeugt werden oder diese zumindest gemildert werden. Hinsichtlich der Ergebnisse zur klinischen Heilung und zu den Fruchtbarkeitskennzahlen müssen alle vier Behandlungsgruppen als gleichwertig gesehen werden. In der Gruppe A konnten der Einsatz von Antibiotika jedoch reduziert werden, ohne dass dies einen negativen Einfluss auf die klinische Heilungsrate, die Fruchtbarkeitskennzahlen oder die Remontierungsrate hatte. Aus ökonomischer Sicht war die Studiengruppe A den anderen Gruppen überlegen. Sie war in jedem berechneten Szenario die kostengünstigste, wogegen die Gruppe D in allen Szenarien am kostenungünstigsten war.The objective of this study was to compare different therapies of retained fetal membranes (RFM) in a controlled prospective field trial. Cows that retained their fetal membranes for 24 hours post partum were assigned to the study. Additional cows without retained fetal membranes served as a control group on all farms. The reproductive performance of all cows was documented until day 200 p.p. The study animals were assigned to one of the four treatments, i.e. groups A, B, C and D. Their body temperature was measured for ten days after calving. Animals of all groups with a body temperature higher then 39.5°C were treated systemically with Ceftiofur (1 mg/kg BW s.c.) on three to five days. In Group A no further treatment was administered. Group B was treated additionally with 2 uterine pills (Aniclox®, 1000 mg Ampicillin, 1000 mg Cloxacillin) for 3 consecutive days. In Group C no uterine pills were administered. However, the RFM were manually removed if possible. If necessary the attempt to remove the RFM was repeated for the next two days. In Group D cows received an intrauterine treatment with 2 uterine pills for 3 days (Aniclox®, 1000 mg Ampicillin, 1000 mg Cloxacillin per treatment). Also an attempt to remove the retained placenta was made for a maximum of 3 days. Cows with fever for more then 3 days received the systemic antibiotic treatment for another 2 days. In case of fever after five days of treatment with Ceftiofur, the cow was considered a treatment failure and received an escape therapy that the herd veterinarian could choose. At day 18-24 and day 32-38 p.p. all study cows received 25 mg Dinoprost, intramusculary. On day 32-38 a post partum examination was conducted by rectal palpation. The treatment success was evaluated by the clinical cure rate, the incidence rate of endometritis and reproductive performance measures (days to first service, days open, first service conception rate, overall conception rate and the percentage of cows pregnant). Of all cows, 79.8% showed w a body temperature of 39.5°C or higher ithin 10 days post partum. The difference between Group A (85.5%) and D (71.5%) was statistical significant (p < 0.05). Mostly fever appeared on the first three days post partum (77.0%). All cows with fever received a systemic treatment with Ceftiofur. A total of 88.2% of all cows were treated successfully. Of all cows 38.3% showed signs of endometritis at the post partum examination. Significant differences were found between the farms but not between the groups. All differences in the reproductive performance measures were not significant between the four study groups. However, for most parameters Group D had the worst results. The study group had slightly longer days to first service compared to the control group (Group A 76.7 d, Group B 80.7 d, Group C 79.2 d, Group D 78.2 d, Control Group 75.1 d). In contrast, days open were shorter as in the control group (Group A 106.4 d, Group B 111.1 d, Group C 103.4 d, Group D 108.5 d, Control Group 113.1 d). The highest first service conception rate showed Group C (36.1%). This was significantly higher as in the control group (23.6%; p < 0.05). Also the first service conception rate of all study cows was significantly higher compared to the control group (31.5 vs. 23.6, p < 0.05). The highest overall conception rate was found in Group B (37.4%), the lowest in Group D (26.5%). The overall conception rate of the study cows (31.7%) was insignificant higher compared to the control group (27.2%). The highest percentage of cows pregnant was found in Group B (64.7%), the lowest in Group D (52.3%). In the control group 58.4% of the animals were pregnant. These differences were not significant. The culling rate of all study animals (40.9%) was insignificantly lower than in the control group (41.6%). The highest culling rate was found in Group D (47.7%), the lowest in Group B (35.3%). Regarding the milk yield no major differences were found except on the day of the first milk recording between Group A and the control group, which had significantly more milk. In the economic analysis Group A had the lowest cost per pregnancy. Group D showed the highest cost per pregnancy. It can be recommended to measure the body temperature of cows with retained fetal membranes for the first seven days postpartum because most of the study animals became fever during the first week post partum. Because of the insignificant differences between the four study groups for the cure rate and the reproductive performance all four treatment strategies must be regarded as equally successful. In Group A the use of antibiotics was reduced without negative effects on the cure rate or the reproductive performance. However, the financial outcome of Group A seemed to be advantageous compared to the other groups. This group showed the lowest costs per pregnancy in different scenarios whereas Group D always had the highest costs per pregnancy

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