Available nutrients and some soil properties of El-Qasr soils, El-Dakhla Oasis, Egypt

Ten surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were collected from El-Qasr village, El-Dakhla Oasis, New Valley, Egypt to investigate some soil properties and nutrients availability. The results revealed that most of the soil texture varied clay loam to sandy clay loam. The mean values of bulk density (BD), soil pH, electric conductivity (EC), saturation percentage (SP), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), organic matter (OM), and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were 1.42 gcm3, 7.89, 3.34 dSm-1, 52.10%, 7.46 %, 28.08 cmol (+) kg-1, and 3.65, respectively. The mean values of N, P, and K were 99.37, 31.32, 121.93, mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the mean values of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were 27.39, 18.38, 0.48, and 3.48 mgkg-1, respectively. The correlations coefficient of NPK was strongly positively significant relationship with clay, OM, CEC, and SAR, but they negatively correlated with pH, EC, CaCO3. Meanwhile, Fe, Mn, and Cu were positively correlated with EC, CaCO3, while they negatively correlated with clay, pH, OM, CEC, and SAR. Also, Zn was negatively correlated with clay, pH, EC, OM, and CaCO3, and it positively correlated with CEC and SAR

Applying architecture simulation tools to assess building sustainable design: Adapting the Egyptian residential energy code for climate change

In Egypt, residential and commercial buildings energy consumption has been increasing to more than 44% of the total energy consumption, partly due to Egypt’s rapid increase in population, which led to the aggravation of the energy crisis. Building energy codes have recently become an effective technique to enhance energy efficiency in buildings, as regulating the buildings' energy performance ? via energy standards ? can be regarded as an effective means to reduce energy consumption. This research focuses on improving the energy performance of the building envelope, using the principles of environmental design, in the hot-arid climatic context of Egypt, aiming to reduce the energy consumption in the residential sector. This will reflect on reducing the use of HVAC systems, subsequently reducing the energy running costs and the corresponding CO2 emissions. This is carried out through studying the building envelope section in the Egyptian Residential Energy Code (EREC). The work focuses on the residential sector, as in almost every country this is the major energy consumer, and more specifically, the large housing projects. In order to identify the validity of EREC under future climate change, the research aims to study the different design solutions and construction methods recommended by the code or commonly used in the building industry sector in Egypt and evaluate them under the different climate change scenarios to identify the climate change effects on the indoor thermal comfort, the energy consumption and the financial implications (investment vs. running costs). The Buildings' thermal performance simulations (BPS), was adopted as the major technique in the research. The BPS tool "EnergyPlus" and its architectural friendly interface "DesignBuilder" were used to simulate the buildings thermal behaviour in the different climatic periods, in order to assess and modify EREC to adapt to the future climate change effects. The future weather data files, which represent the climate change conditions, were generated via the morphing technique, using the Climate Change World Weather File Generator tool (CCWorldWeatherGen). Moreover, a long term financial analysis method was employed to relate the theoretical study to the real world, based on the financial theory of Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and its practical formula Net Present Value (NPV), to produce an accurate estimation of the financial efficiency of the projects. The research outcomes are considered as an attempt to highlight current limitations of the residential energy code, especially in its behaviour against climate change. The results focus on energy consumption reductions for the residential units, along with financial benefits on the long term, while maintaining the indoor thermal comfort conditions using active and passive techniques. Through the results analysis, it was found it is not necessary to use the most expensive materials and techniques in order to achieve the most effective thermal insulation, as there are some cheaper materials and techniques in the Egyptian market, more beneficial and cost effective over the long term (under future climate change scenarios). The results have proven that, only two parts of the code's recommendations are compatible with the predicted climate changes on the long term (fenestration and shading devices), and they can mitigate the associated temperatures increase and could continue to be used efficiently through the prescriptive approach in the code. While the code's recommendations for the external walls' specifications, was found to be inadequate and inefficient over the long term. Thus, the study recommends not to use the code's prescriptive approach to determine the external walls' thermal specifications, and to use the code's overall performance path instead. In addition, the research has provided what seems to be the optimum and the most cost-effective combination of specifications to be used (in three different climatic zones), in order to achieve the best levels of performance in terms of indoor thermal comfort levels and energy consumption reduction for the project over the long term. The results are likely to be of interest to a wide range of designers, architects and to support both policy and decision makers taking steps forward towards energy efficiency obligations, particularly in Egypt

Influence of Testers and Watering Regimes on Combining ability and Heterosis of Maize Top Crosses

Thirty-six top crosses of white maize were produced as the combinations of four male testers and nine newlydeveloped inbreds as female parents. The four testers included an inbred, a single cross, a three-way cross, anda synthetic variety. The parents and crosses were evaluated in two separate field irrigation trials to explore theextent of general combining ability and heterosis of crosses using narrow, medium, and broad base testers undernormal and stressed watering regimes. Watering regimes and genotypes as sources of variation of combinedanalysis were highly significant for all traits. The (Parents vs. Crosses) with watering regimes interaction possessedhighly significant mean squares for dates of tasseling and silking. Significant negative GCA effects were recordedfor tasseling date and silking date under both conditions. The grain yield of crosses varied differently betweenregimes. Two testers (I.272 and G.2) and two lines (I.276 and I.278) recorded significant negative GCA effects (favorable)for dates to tasseling (TD) and silking (SD) under both watering regimes. The SC.10 (as tester) and threefemale lines (I.274, I.277, and I.281) exhibited significant positive (unfavorable) GCA effects on flowering dates underboth conditions. Variable GCA effects for ASI were observed among the tested maize genotypes, particularlyunder normal conditions. However, under-stressed one, all tested genotypes showed insignificant GCA effectsfor ASI except I.272, which may be shorted the ASI. Out of thirty-six top crosses, thirty and twenty-eight crossesrecorded significantly unfavorable (favorable) heterosis under normal irrigated trial comparing to twenty-two, andtwenty-one crosses in stressed watering regime for TD and SD, respectively. However, for ASI, eleven and ninecrosses were significantly showed favorable flowering intervals than corresponding mid-parents under normal andstressed conditions respectively. For grain yield per plot about 25% significant superiority in performance of alltop crosses over corresponding mid-parents was recorded under either normal or stress conditions. The investigatedten inbred lines may be of great benefit for hybrid water-saving maize breeding program. Narrow geneticbase tester (I.272) resulted in favorable heterosis of crosses and could be recommended in advanced generationsof homozygosity, whereas mostly based ones may be valid for screening during the first generations of selfing

Investigation of the Ameliorating Effect of Copper Albumin Complex on Lysyl oxidase in monosodium iodoacetate -Induced Knee Osteoarthritis in Rats

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common type of joint degeneration which causes progressive damage of the joint structure and has less therapeutic options. It has been found that oral consumption of Copper Albumin Complex as anti-inflammatory drug has a positive effect on the treatment of joint deterioration. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of oral administration of Copper Albumin Complex (cu-albumin complex) on Lysyl oxidase (LOX) which acts as a protective factor in KOA. Fifty adult albino rats were divided into 3 groups: negative control (10 normal rats); positive control (20 rats with KOA which left without induction treatment); and treated group (20 rats with KOA which treated with administration of copper albumin complex). Treated and untreated arthritic groups were subdivided equally into mild and severe groups (10 rats for each) according to the severity of clinical signs. KOA was induced by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA). At the experimental end, the joints were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically after cervical dislocation of rats. It was observed that the treatment with CU- was effective in reducing disease severity and in improvement of Lysyl oxidase KOA. It was concluded that Copper albumin complex has a positive effect in the improvement of LOX of Knee joint cartilages of rats affected by osteoarthritis (OA)

In Vivo Investigation of the Ameliorating Effect of Copper Albumin Complex on chondroitin sulfate in Monosodium iodoacetate -Induced Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a condition that manifests as cartilage deterioration and subchondral bone sclerosis in the joint tissues. The weight-bearing joint is most severely impacted by OA. According to some research, consuming foods high in copper albumin complex (cu-albumin complex) can help with OA-related joint degeneration and pain relief. The current study's objective to determine how oral administration of the cu-albumin complex as an anti-inflammatory medication affected the development of rat knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Fifty adult albino rats were divided into three groups: negative control untreated (n= 10, no KOA induction); positive untreated control (n= 20, KOA induction); and treated group (n= 20, KOA induction with administration of cu-albumin complex). According to the severity of the clinical symptoms, treated and untreated arthritic groups were equally divided into mild and severe groups (n=10). Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) was used as intra-articular injection for osteoarthritis induction. Rats were euthanized after a month of the beginning of the experiment, and the joints were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. It was indicated that the treatment was effective in reducing KOA severity and in improvement of chondroitin sulfate of the affected cartilages. In conclusion, the structure of the chondroitin sulphate in the knee joint cartilages of KOA-affected rats was modified by the cu-albumin complex

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Assessment of offshore wind energy potential in the Middle East: Case studies Egypt, Arabian Peninsula

Offshore wind energy is highlighted as one of the most important resources to be exploited for electrical power production. This is due to the higher wind speed availability and minimal visual impacts compared with onshore wind energy sites. Currently, there is a lack of clear systematic assessment methodology for offshore wind energy potential. A methodology is proposed here addressing this gap and providing global applicability for offshore wind energy exploitation. It is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and pairwise comparison methods linked to site spatial assessment in a Geographical Information System (GIS). The method is applied to Egypt and then extended to the Arabian Peninsula countries. In 2014, Egypt had plans to scale renewable energy capacity from 1 GW to 7.5 GW by 2020, which was likely to be through solar, onshore wind, and offshore wind energies. Hence, this work will contribute to the proposed Egyptian target and provide seminal outcomes to quantify the offshore wind energy potential and its contribution to the Arabian Peninsula’s countries renewable energy ambitions. The applicability of spatial analysis based on multi-criteria decision analysis was introduced to provide accurate estimates of the offshore wind energy from suitable locations in Egypt where in-depth further analysis of these sites where also carried out. Three suitable high wind areas around the Red Sea in Egypt were identified with minimum restrictions that can provide around 33 GW of installed wind power capacity. The results for Arabian Peninsula countries indicate that by installing 35GW of offshore wind capacity, 25.7 of their electrical demands can be met. Suitability maps are also included providing a blueprint for the development of wind farms at these sites. Sensitivity analyses was undertaken for the Egypt case study to support the robustness of the proposed methodology assumptions and data quality. An economic analysis of sites, defined as the Representative Cost Ratio RCR approach was undertaken was validated using UK site data. The overall results presented for both case studies indicate that the proposed methodology is applicable for local and regional scales. The developed methodology is generalised and is applicable globally to produce offshore wind energy suitability maps for appropriate offshore wind farm locations. The second phase of this research is to provide full wind farm turbine layout and piling design of the sites in Egypt. This included the choice of the appropriate foundations and farm (array) planning for the chosen sites. From a review and analysis of the different available foundation technologies and their suitability in terms soil conditions and of available infrastructure needed for deployment, it was found that a monopile foundation system is most appropriate for the sites. The final monopile dimensions are with 8 cm wall thickness, 6 m diameter, and insertion depth of either 20 m or 24 m. This size will support a 5 MW offshore wind turbine for the identified soil types of the three different proposed locations in Egypt. The final analysis undertaken covers overall cost reductions for the Egyptian sites through optimising the farm layout. This included a study of the port feasibility and environmental impacts of deploying offshore wind turbines in these locations. The layout optimisation designs showed that the optimum layout has a spacing of five times the turbine rotor diameter in both directions. The port feasibility analysis showed that “Distance between port and wind farm location” was the highest weighting factor. In addition, (East Port Said port) is highly recommended to install the first 500MW offshore farm in Egypt for three different locations, predominantly due to proximity to farm site. Finally, the environmental investigation confirmed that deploying offshore wind farms in Egypt is predicted to have minimum impacts on the surrounding ecosystems and other minor impacts are easily mitigated with proper measure

The relationship between actors and spectators in traditional Egyptian performances

Inhaltsverzeichnis ➢ Einleitung ➢ Erstes Kapitel: „Die historischen und kulturellen Hintergründe der traditionellen ägyptischen Feierlichkeiten“ 1- Mwlid-Fest المولد 2- Die Prozession von Mwlid-Mansi 3- Die Traditionen der altägyptischen Prozessionen 4- Die kulturelle Transformationen a. Die kulturelle Transformation in der Zeit der Griechen b. Die kulturelle Transformation in der Zeit der Römer in Ägypten c. Die zeremoniellen Traditionen des Christentums d. Die islamische arabische kulturelle Transformation Ägyptens e. Islamische Mwlid-Feste ➢ Zweites Kapitel: „Modalitäten, Formen und Bedingungen der traditionellen ägyptischen Aufführungen“ \- Die traditionelle Aufführung des ägyptischen Aragouz الأراجوز المصري \- Die Schattenspiele خيال الظل \- As-Samerالسامر \- Al-‘Adid العديد \- Die traditionellen ägyptischen Theatergruppen ➢ Drittes Kapitel: „Das Verhältnis zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern in der Übergangsphase zwischen traditionellen und modernen Rezeptionen“ \- Die kulturelle Transformation mit Europa \- Ja‘qub Sanu‘ يعقوب صنوع als Beispiel für die Übergangsphase \- Die Lokalisierung und die Egyptianization 1- Die Lokalisierung der Komödie 2- Franco Arab 3- Die Lokalisierung der Tragödie ➢ Viertes Kapitel: „Ästhetik der ägyptischen Aufführungen zwischen Tradition und Moderne“ \- Die Theaterrezeption von der Tradition zur Moderne \- Die Improvisation und die festgelegten Figuren \- 'Ali Alkassarعلى الكسار zwischen Improvisation und geschriebenen Texten \- Ägyptische Institutionen für das Theater \- Die Suche nach einer eigenen Theaterform ➢ Schlusskapitel: „Ästhetik der ägyptischen Aufführungen“ ➢ Abbildungen ➢ Literaturangaben„Zusammenfassung“ Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Erfassung der Ästhetik in den ägyptischen Aufführungen, schwerpunktmäßig durch das Betrachten und Erforschen des Verhältnisses zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern in den Aufführung zwischen Traditionen und Moderne. Die Hauptthese lautet, dass es in Ägypten zwei Theaterästhetiken gibt, die sich durch Form des Verhältnisses zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern unterscheiden: 1- Die traditionelle Ästhetik, die durch der traditionellen Feierlichkeiten erzeugt wurde und ihre Rezeption im Rehmen der Bedingungen der Feste herausgestellt wurde. Dadurch wurde das traditionelle Verhältnis zwischen Akteure und Zuschauer hergestellt. 2- Die moderne Ästhetik des Theaters, die durch die Modernisierung und die kulturelle Transformation mit Europa sich entwickelt hat. Sie erhält ihre Besonderheiten durch Erzeugung neues Verhältnisses zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern, welches die Rezeption des modernen Theaters ausformuliert hat. Die traditionelle Ästhetik grenzt sich von der modernen Ästhetik der Aufführungen vor allem durch die Form des Verhältnisses zwischen Akteur und Zuschauer ab und unterscheidet sich durch die Bedingungen der Aufführung sowie durch die Art und Weise der Rezeption. In Hinblick auf die Interkulturalität in der ägyptischen Geschichte lässt sich die Entwicklung der theatralen Ästhetik in Ägypten in drei Phasen teilen: 1\. Die traditionelle Ästhetik, in der die traditionelle Rezeption des Theaters herrschte. 2\. Die Übergangsphase, in der die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Bedingungen der traditionellen Rezeption und der modernen Rezeption stattfanden. 3\. Die moderne Ästhetik, die in der heutigen Zeiten als Ergebnis des interkulturellen Kontakts mit Europa vorherrscht. Die Arbeit ist in folgende Kapitel eingeteilt: 1\. „Die historischen und kulturellen Hintergründe der traditionellen ägyptischen Feierlichkeiten“ Zunächst geht es um die Erfassung der historischen und kulturellen Bedingungen in Ägypten, die die traditionelle Art der Rezeption erzeugt hat. Im Fokus der Überlegungen stehen die traditionellen Feierlichkeiten und Anlässe, die die Bedingungen der traditionellen Aufführungen in Ägypten im Laufe der Zeit gestalten haben, und die unter Einflüsse verschiedener kulturellen Transformationen standen. Der traditionelle Mawlid-Anlass und seine geschichtliche Entwicklung bilden den Schwerpunkt des Kapitels, um historische sowie kulturelle und interkulturelle Entwicklungsphasen der Traditionen der ägyptischen Feierlichkeiten und Zeremonien erläutern zu können. 2\. „Modalitäten, Formen und Bedingungen der traditionellen ägyptischen Aufführungen“ Die Fragen nach Modalitäten, Formen und Bedingungen der traditionellen ägyptischen Aufführungen ist das zentrale Thema des zweiten Kapitels. Es werden Antworten auf die Frage, was als Ausgangspunkt der traditionellen Rezeption gelten könnten, gesucht. Hier wird das Verhältnis zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern in verschiedenen traditionellen Aufführungsformen untersucht, wie bei Ägyptisch-Aragouz, Schattenspielen, As-Samer und Al-'Adid. Dazu erforschte ich die Räumlichkeiten der traditionellen Aufführungen sowie ihre Eigenschaften, um herauszustellen, wie die traditionelle Ästhetik der ägyptischen Aufführungen hervorgebracht wurde. 3\. „Das Verhältnis zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauer in der Übergangsphase zwischen traditionellen und modernen Rezeptionen“ Das dritte Kapitel widmet sich der geschichtlichen Klärung der kulturellen Transformation in Ägypten mit Europa während der Kolonialzeit, die die modernen Theaterformen sowie ihre Ästhetik nach Ägypten brachte. Darauf aufbauend wird in diesem Kapitel die Rolle der kulturellen Transformation mit Europa bei der Formung der modernen Rezeption gezeigt sowie die Veränderungen der Ästhetik der Aufführungen in Ägypten. Dazu beschreibe ich die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Theatermachern und Zuschauern, die es zwischen traditionellen und modernen Rezeptionen bei der Etablierung der modernen Ästhetik gab, um festzustellen, wie die kulturelle Transformation mit Europa Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der modernen Ästhetik des Theaters hatte. 4\. „Ästhetik der ägyptischen Aufführungen zwischen Tradition und Moderne“ Im vierten und letzten Kapitel geht es um die neue Ästhetik, die allmählich als Teil der Moderne in Ägypten herrscht. Dabei erforsche ich die Einflüsse der Modernisierung Ägyptens auf die Interaktion zwischen dem Publikum und dem Spieler im Theater und wie sie sich in der Beziehung zwischen Akteuren und Zuschauern in den modernen Theaterräumen widerspiegeln. Ich befasse mich mit den Eigenschaften und Anliegen dieser Ästhetik, insbesondere nach der Kolonialzeit und nach der Revolution von 1952. In den 1960er Jahren begannen die ägyptischen Dramatiker die Suche nach einer theatralen Identität, die sich traditionelle theatrale Techniken und Inhalte der ägyptischen traditionellen Aufführungsformen entliehen. Dieses Thema bearbeite ich am Ende des Kapitels an Beispielen von einzelnen Theaterstücken. In diesem Kapitel wird auch nachgewiesen, wie die Suche der ägyptischen Theatermacher nach eigenen Theaterformen sowie der Aufbau der staatlichen Theaterinstitutionen wichtige Rollen für die Rezeption der modernen Ästhetik in der Moderne spielen. Zusammengefasst beschreibt die vorliegende Arbeit die Herkunft, die Bedingungen, die Besonderheiten und die Elemente der Theaterästhetik in Ägypten durch den Vergleich von traditionellen und modernen Rezeptionen der Aufführungen."The relationship between actors and spectators in traditional Egyptian performances"“ This study aims to explore the aesthetics of Egyptian performance cultures, traditional and modern, and to critique the shifting relationships between actors and spectators within the space of performance. The main thesis is that there are two theater aesthetics in Egypt, which differ in terms of the ratio between actors and spectators: 1- Traditional aesthetics, which emerged out from the deeply rooted traditional celebrations and festivities, maintains a traditional relationship between actors and spectators through accumulated theatrical heritage. It is an ‘indigenous’, unified, and developed sociopolitical theatre that participated in the construction of the dignified Egyptian citizen for centuries. 2- Modern aesthetics of theater that has developed through modernization and cultural borrowing. Egyptians had been importing and essentially Egyptianizing all forms of literature and drama for millennia with considerable success and effectiveness. Modern aesthetics is mainly characterized by the generation of a new relationship between actors and spectators, which has formulated the reception of modern theater. In performance, traditional aesthetics distinguishes itself from modern aesthetics especially by the shape of the relationship between actors and spectators, and differs by the terms of performance and by the way of the reception. In terms of Interculturality in Egyptian history, the development of theatrical aesthetics can be divided into three Phases: 1\. Traditional aesthetics, in which the traditional reception of theater was demanded. 2\. The transitional phase, in which disputes between the terms and conditions of the traditional and the modern reception was taking place. 3\. The modern aesthetic that prevails as a result of cross- cultural contact with Europe in the times today. The thesis is divided into the following chapters: 1- "The historical and cultural background of the traditional Egyptian ceremonies ": The Focus here is on the historical and cultural conditions in Egypt, which have generated such a traditional mode of reception. The traditional Mawlid ceremonies and their historical development are the major focus of this chapter in order to explain the underlying historical, cultural, and intercultural developments of the Egyptian performance traditions. 2- "Models, forms and conditions of the traditional Egyptian performances": The question of models, conditions and forms of traditional Egyptian performances is the central theme of the second chapter. There are answers to the question of what could be considered as a starting point to search the traditional reception. Here the relationship between actors and spectators will be investigated in various traditional forms of performance, as in Egyptian Aragouz, shadow plays, As-Sam and Al-'Adid. To find out the premises of traditional performances and their properties in order to highlight how the traditional aesthetics of the Egyptian performances was produced. The Egyptian conflation of puppetry and shadow plays have been used by Ibn Daniyal in the thirteenth century and still in popular use throughout Egypt until today. This conflation is an example of the standard Egyptian practice of importing dramatic and theatrical conventions and distilling them into performances that meet the expectations of the heterogeneous, demanding, and frequently mischievous Egyptian audience. 3- "The relationship between actors and spectators during the transitional phase between traditional and modern reception": The third chapter is devoted to historical clarification of cultural transformation in Egypt in relation to Europe during the colonial time that brought the modern theater forms and aesthetics to Egypt. Based on the role of cultural transformation with Europe, this chapter shows attempts at articulating the formation of modern reception and the various changes in the Theater aesthetics in Egypt. For this purpose, I describe the disputes between theater artists and audiences that existed between traditional and modern reception before the establishment of modern aesthetics, to determine how the cultural transformation of Europe influenced the development of modern aesthetics of theater. 4- "Aesthetics of Egyptian performances between tradition and modernity": The fourth and final chapter is about the new aesthetic that gradually prevails as part of Modernism in Egypt. Here I explore the influences of modernization of Egypt on the interaction between the audience and the players in the theater and how the modern theater spaces reflected in the reception of Egyptian performances. I deal with the characteristics and concerns of these aesthetics, especially after the colonial period and after the revolution of the 1952nd. In the 1960s, the Egyptian Theater-makers began to search for a theatrical identity; they started to borrow some traditional theatrical techniques and themes of the Egyptian traditional forms of performance in order to add it to the modern Theater to find their own Forms. I work on this topic at the end of the chapter with examples of individual plays. This chapter also demonstrates how the research and experimentation by Egyptian theater artists according to their own forms of theater and the establishment of the state theater institutions in Egypt have played important roles for establishment of the reception of modern aesthetics in the modern time. In summary, the present work describes the origins, the conditions, the characteristics and elements of theater aesthetics in Egypt through the comparison of traditional and modern reception standards of the performances