Specialty Preference Among Medical Students and Factors Affecting It

Introduction: Medical education is one of the core part of educational system of any country. Medical education requires undergraduate students to study a wide range of medical specialties. It is often assumed that students do not make their career preferences until after they have graduated from medical school. So the reasons and factors responsible for preferences need to be found out among medical students. Material and Methods: It was a Cross sectional study on 180 medical students to assess preference for specialty and factors responsible. Results: Out of total 190 medical students more or less everyone (97.89%) wanted to pursue specialization and majority of them (96.84%) wanted to pursue the same in Medical Field(p>0.05). majority of male students were interested to pursue their specialization in the field of medicine (37.63%), surgery (23.65%) and pediatrics (13.97%). On the other hand female students were more interested in medicine (24.17%), pediatrics (32.96%) and obstetrics & gynecology (24.17%)(p<0.05). Interest, by far was found to be most common factor (76.63%) responsible for the preference of particular medical specialty among all four groups of students (1st professional-25.27%, 2nd professional-75.92%, final professional-89.47%, interns-68.42%).Conclusion: It is thus concluded there are many factors playing role in the specialty selection and preference among the medical students and should be equally justified and addressed

Balancing Bounded Treewidth Circuits

Algorithmic tools for graphs of small treewidth are used to address questions in complexity theory. For both arithmetic and Boolean circuits, it is shown that any circuit of size $n^{O(1)}$ and treewidth $O(\log^i n)$ can be simulated by a circuit of width $O(\log^{i+1} n)$ and size $n^c$, where $c = O(1)$, if $i=0$, and $c=O(\log \log n)$ otherwise. For our main construction, we prove that multiplicatively disjoint arithmetic circuits of size $n^{O(1)}$ and treewidth $k$ can be simulated by bounded fan-in arithmetic formulas of depth $O(k^2\log n)$. From this we derive the analogous statement for syntactically multilinear arithmetic circuits, which strengthens a theorem of Mahajan and Rao. As another application, we derive that constant width arithmetic circuits of size $n^{O(1)}$ can be balanced to depth $O(\log n)$, provided certain restrictions are made on the use of iterated multiplication. Also from our main construction, we derive that Boolean bounded fan-in circuits of size $n^{O(1)}$ and treewidth $k$ can be simulated by bounded fan-in formulas of depth $O(k^2\log n)$. This strengthens in the non-uniform setting the known inclusion that $SC^0 \subseteq NC^1$. Finally, we apply our construction to show that {\sc reachability} for directed graphs of bounded treewidth is in $LogDCFL$

Improving the Voltage Stability and Performance of FACTS Controller in Transmission Line Network

Conventionally Shunt Compensation is used to increase the transfer capability of a transmission line. By using FACT'S controllers one can manage the variables such as voltage magnitude and phase angle at selected bus and line impedance. Objective of this paper is to recover dynamic voltage control and consequently increasing system load ability for 50 Hz Frequency. Now a day, five well known FACT'S devices generally used for this purpose. These FACT'S devices are (SVC) Static VAR Compensator, (TCSC) Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor, (STATCOM) Static Synchronous Compensator, and (UPFC) Unified Power Flow Controller and (SSSC) Static Synchronous Series Compensator. The voltage drop occurs when a system is loaded beyond its highest load ability point, then many investigation methods have been projected for the study of this difficulty. Mainly of These techniques are based on the classification of system stability. These stable points are typically referred as points of voltage collapse. This paper present modeling and simulation of STATCOM & SVC in Matlab Simulink for dynamic voltage performance of transmission line network

A Survey of Non-Linear Filtering Techniques For Image Noise Removal

Image is captured or noninheritable by any image capturing device like camera or scanner and then it is stored in the mass storage of the computer system. In many of these applications the existence of impulsive noise among the noninheritable pictures is one altogether common problems. This noise is characterized by spots on the image and is usually related to the innate image because of errors in image sensors and information transmission. Now-a-days there are numerous strategies that are offered to remove noise from digital images. Most of the novel methodology includes 2 stages: the primary stage is to find the noise within the image and the second stage is to eliminate the noise from the image. This paper explores the varied novel methods for the removal of noise from the digital images. The distinctive feature of the all the described filters is that offers well line, edge and detail preservation performance while, at the constant time, effectively removing noise from the input image. In later section, we present a short introduction for various strategies for noise reduction in digital images

Pulmonary Echinococcal Cyst with a Filamentous Fungus Co-Infection

Fungal infections are known to colonize the preexisting lung cavities formed as a result of diseases like tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, bronchiectasis and cavitatary neoplasia, mostly encountered in immunocompromised patients. Pulmonary echinococcal cysts have been reported coexistent with cryptococcosis and other saprophytic mycosis, but the coexistence of aspergillosis and echinococcal cyst is extremely rare and occasionally been reported in English literature. Active invasion and proliferation of the fungi in the laminated ectocyst of the echinococcal cyst is very unusual. We report a case of 60 years old immunocompetent female, presented with cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. The chest X- ray showed a large thick walled cavity in the lower and mid zone of right lung with positive water lily sign. Surgical enucleation of the echinococcal cyst revealed aspergilloma involving the cavity with massive invasion of laminated ectocyst by filamentous fungus, morphologically resembling an Aspergillus species and was further treated with Itraconazole for 3 months. This unique coexistence of active pulmonary echinococcosis and aspergillosis is being reported because of its rarity and clinical importance for its management.Keywords: Aspergillosis, echinococcosis, echinococcal cyst, pulmonary, mycosis

Quantum Monte Carlo study of a nonmagnetic impurity in the two-dimensional Hubbard model

In order to investigate the effects of nonmagnetic impurities in strongly correlated systems, Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations have been carried out for the doped two-dimensional Hubbard model with one nonmagnetic impurity. Using a bare impurity potential which is onsite and attractive, magnetic and single-particle properties have been calculated. The QMC results show that giant oscillations develop in the Knight shift response around the impurity site due to the short-range antiferromagnetic correlations. These results are useful for interpreting the NMR data on Li and Zn substituted layered cuprates.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

Systems of Linear Equations over F2\mathbb{F}_2 and Problems Parameterized Above Average

In the problem Max Lin, we are given a system $Az=b$ of $m$ linear equations with $n$ variables over $\mathbb{F}_2$ in which each equation is assigned a positive weight and we wish to find an assignment of values to the variables that maximizes the excess, which is the total weight of satisfied equations minus the total weight of falsified equations. Using an algebraic approach, we obtain a lower bound for the maximum excess. Max Lin Above Average (Max Lin AA) is a parameterized version of Max Lin introduced by Mahajan et al. (Proc. IWPEC'06 and J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 75, 2009). In Max Lin AA all weights are integral and we are to decide whether the maximum excess is at least $k$, where $k$ is the parameter. It is not hard to see that we may assume that no two equations in $Az=b$ have the same left-hand side and $n={\rm rank A}$. Using our maximum excess results, we prove that, under these assumptions, Max Lin AA is fixed-parameter tractable for a wide special case: $m\le 2^{p(n)}$ for an arbitrary fixed function $p(n)=o(n)$. Max $r$-Lin AA is a special case of Max Lin AA, where each equation has at most $r$ variables. In Max Exact $r$-SAT AA we are given a multiset of $m$ clauses on $n$ variables such that each clause has $r$ variables and asked whether there is a truth assignment to the $n$ variables that satisfies at least $(1-2^{-r})m + k2^{-r}$ clauses. Using our maximum excess results, we prove that for each fixed $r\ge 2$, Max $r$-Lin AA and Max Exact $r$-SAT AA can be solved in time $2^{O(k \log k)}+m^{O(1)}.$ This improves $2^{O(k^2)}+m^{O(1)}$-time algorithms for the two problems obtained by Gutin et al. (IWPEC 2009) and Alon et al. (SODA 2010), respectively

31P NMR study of Na2CuP2O7: a S=1/2 two-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnetic system

The magnetic properties of Na2CuP2O7 were investigated by means of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic susceptibility, and heat capacity measurements. We report the 31P NMR shift, the spin-lattice 1/T1, and spin-spin 1/T2 relaxation-rate data as a function of temperature T. The temperature dependence of the NMR shift K(T) is well described by the S=1/2 square lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnetic (HAF) model with an intraplanar exchange of J/k_B \simeq 18\pm2 K and a hyperfine coupling A = (3533\pm185) Oe/mu_B. The 31P NMR spectrum was found to broaden abruptly below T \sim 10 K signifying some kind of transition. However, no anomaly was noticed in the bulk susceptibility data down to 1.8 K. The heat capacity appears to have a weak maximum around 10 K. With decrease in temperatures, the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 decreases monotonically and appears to agree well with the high temperature series expansion expression for a S = 1/2 2D square lattice.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, submitted to J. Phys.: Cond. Ma