The State-of-Art of Tourism Planning in Archipelagic Philippines 2001-2010: A Case Review

Tourism is a development option that is pursued by the Philippines from the 1970s until present where it is a pillar of the country's economy. Arrivals from foreign origins are increasing at double digit growth rates while domestic tourism continues to outpace international arrivals. Recent legislation on tourism during the past two years has continued to place importance on the industry as an engine of growth. However, such legislation should be viewed against the backdrop of local governance structures that includes processes on comprehensive land and water use planning. The country faces a lack of environmental planners (as urban and regional planners are formally called in the Philippines) where tourism planning is a sub-specialization. This paper describes and reviews the current state-of-art of tourism planning in the Philippines against this backdrop of governance, the planning profession and tourism legislation

The eco-island trap: Climate change mitigation and conspicuous sustainability

Small islands worldwide are increasingly turning to conspicuous sustainability as a development strategy. Island spatiality encourages renewable energy and sustainability initiatives that emphasise iconicity and are undertaken in order to gain competitive advantage, strengthen sustainable tourism or ecotourism, claim undue credit, distract from failures of governance or obviate the need for more comprehensive policy action. Without necessarily contributing significantly to climate change mitigation, the pursuit of eco-island status can raise costs without raising income, distract from more pressing social and environmental problems, lead to competitive sustainability and provide green cover behind which communities can maintain unsustainable practices. We argue that eco-islands do not successfully encourage wider sustainable development and climate change mitigation. Instead, island communities may place themselves in eco-island traps. Islands may invest in inefficient or ineffective renewable energy and sustainability initiatives in order to maintain illusory eco-island status for the benefit of ecotourism, thereby becoming trapped by the eco-label. Islands may also chase the diminishing returns of ever-more comprehensive and difficult to achieve sustainability, becoming trapped into serving as eco-island exemplars. We conclude by arguing that island communities should pursue locally contextualised development, potentially focused on climate change adaptation, rather than focus on an eco-island status that is oriented toward place branding and ecotourism

The airport as a cultural and functional showcase: case of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Air travel's birth in the past century has ushered by what others call an "end to geography" but has also presented a building that is deeply rooted in the 20th century – the airport. The airport has since evolved as a de facto face of a city or country from simply being an enabler and a processor of world trade and mobility. Its transition therefore as a machina for economic growth and as a symbol of culture, power and history therefore presents interesting insights as how Terminals 1 and 2 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport could be considered as such showcase of Filipino culture or simply serves its function as a requisite to fulfill the demands of human mobility

Un examen des récits de réflexions d'étudiants inscrits dans un programme pour diplôme en soins infirmiers: une étude.

This research study with an emphasis on reflection, focused on identifying and describing thoughts and ideas that students in a three-year diploma nursing program have about clinical practice issues. The study describes whether a connection exists between the amount of clinical experience and the clinical issues that students think about. The study also examined the levels of thinking that nursing students in a three-year diploma nursing program engage in and wether there is relationship between clinical experience and the level of thinking that are used by the nursing students

Un examen des récits de réflexions d'étudiants inscrits dans un programme pour diplôme en soins infirmiers: une étude.

This research study with an emphasis on reflection, focused on identifying and describing thoughts and ideas that students in a three-year diploma nursing program have about clinical practice issues. The study describes whether a connection exists between the amount of clinical experience and the clinical issues that students think about. The study also examined the levels of thinking that nursing students in a three-year diploma nursing program engage in and wether there is relationship between clinical experience and the level of thinking that are used by the nursing students

Tourism planning in archipelagic Philippines: a case review

Tourism is a development option that is pursued in the Philippines from the 1970s until present where it is a pillar of the country's economy. Arrivals from foreign origins are increasing at double digit growth rates while domestic tourism continues to outpace international arrivals. Recent legislation on tourism during the past two years continues to place importance on the industry as an engine of growth. However, such legislation should be viewed against the backdrop of local governance structures, power relations, and stakeholder linkages that include processes on comprehensive land use planning and tourism. The country faces a lack of environmental planners, where tourism planning is a sub-specialization. The current political ecology is that of a national government that relinquished its broad powers in land use and tourism planning to local governments that since 1992 have struggled to keep abreast with the implementation demands of national legislation. These testy relationships in turn create negative consequences to the natural environment well-documented in the experiences of Boracay Island. Tourism planning in the wider environmental planning spectrum in the country is in need of re-evaluating linkages, working relationships, and power relations between the various stakeholders in the land use-tourism planning processes, given the challenges of existing political and administrative frameworks in the national and local governments

A case review on the state-of-art of tourism planning in archipelagic Philippines 2001-2010

Tourism is a development option that is pursued by the Philippines from the 1970s until present where it is a pillar of the country's economy. Arrivals from foreign origins are increasing at double digit growth rates while domestic tourism continues to outpace international arrivals. Recent legislation on tourism during the past two years has continued to place importance on the industry as an engine of growth. However, such legislation should be viewed against the backdrop of local governance structures that includes processes on comprehensive land and water use planning. The country faces a lack of environmental planners (as urban and regional planners are formally called in the Philippines) where tourism planning is a sub-specialization. This paper describes and reviews the current state-of-art of tourism planning in the Philippines against this backdrop of governance, the planning profession and tourism legislation

Political ecology in planning for island tourism in global climate change: exploring methodologies in the Philippines

Tourism is a mainstay of Philippine economic policy and development since the 1970’s with its numerous islands as natural tourist destinations. However, further intensification of tourism activities is taking place in an environment of global climate change with rising sea levels, intensification of tropical storms, and climate-related disasters documented to impact small islands where the country is among countries most at risk (PCCC, 2011). Tourism as an economic sector is expected to be impacted by climate change. The Philippines’ enactment of the Tourism Policy Act 2009, Climate Change Act 2009, and the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2010 provide the legal framework for local governments to address these issues at the local government planning level. However, it is not clear how local stakeholders in these areas are supposed to interact and integrate climate change into a unified process considering that the Philippines is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change (Penalba et al., 2012). This paper explores the use of political ecology as a framework for analysis in mainstreaming climate change adaptation in islands with significant tourism activity. Political ecology is defined as "combining the concerns of ecology and a broadly defined political economy that encompasses the shifting dialectic between society, land-based resources, and within classes of a given society" (Blaikie and Brookfield, 1987). Political ecology is also extensively used to examine the dynamics of place, unequal economic and political power, access to resources, vulnerability of the poor, with nature (Bryant, 1998, Nygren and Rikoon, 2009). The research is an ongoing PhD candidacy project with research sites in Batan Island, Boracay Island, and Samal Island in the Philippines, and is timed when the Philippines seeks to adapt to climate change and integrate adaptation into various levels of governance for important economic sectors, specifically into planning of tourism in islands

Urbanization and Vehicle Electrification in the United States: Life Cycle CO2 Emissions Estimation and Climate Policy Implications

<p>Recent sustainability research has focused on urban systems given their high share of environmental impacts and potential for centralized impact mitigation. Most previous works rely on descriptive statistics obtained from place-based case studies representing major cities, metropolitan areas, and counties using emissions inventories that may have inconsistent and/or limited scope (e.g., transportation and residential emissions only). This limits the potential for general insights and decision support related to the role of urbanization in CO2 emissions reduction. Here, I implement generalized linear and multiple linear regression analyses to obtain robust insights on the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions in the U.S. I used consistently derived county-level scope 1 & 2 CO2 inventories for my response variable while predictor variables included dummy-coded variables for county geographic type (central, outlying, and non-metropolitan), median household income, population density, and climate indices (heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD)). There is statistically significant difference in per capita emissions by sector for different county types, with transportation and residential emissions highest in nonmetropolitan (rural) counties, transportation emissions lowest in central (most urbanized) counties, and commercial sector emissions highest in central counties. More importantly, contrary to most previous findings, there is not enough statistical evidence indicating that per capita scope 1 & 2 emissions differ by geographic type, ceteris paribus. These results are robust for different assumed electricity emissions factors. Given that emissions production rate in more urban counties are not significantly different from that of less urban ones and population is concentrated in urban counties, significant national emissions reduction could be achieved if efforts are focused on central counties. There are various climate mitigation techniques – both from the supply and demand side. Given the large contribution of transportation in total county emissions and the fact that this technology bridges the transportation and electricity sector which is currently the biggest contributor to CO2 emissions, I investigated the emission reduction benefits from driving electric instead of gasoline vehicles. Vehicle electrification has also received sustained support from the local to the supranational level and is seeing an optimistic market trend. I characterize and assess the uncertainty in CO2 emissions per mile travelled for vehicles in the U.S. given regional variation and uncertainty in electricity emissions factor (marginal vs average, generation- vs consumption-based, different regional boundaries), driving pattern, and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT). I also investigate vehicle emissions estimates under convenience (vehicle starts charging when it arrives at home) and delayed (vehicle starts charging at 12am) charging. Using marginal emissions factors results in electric vehicle emissions estimate that are higher than average emissions estimates in the northeastern and north central U.S., and lower emissions in the south central U.S. In other regions, using marginal emissions versus average emissions factors may lead to differences in emissions estimates by as much as 28%. Delayed charging leads to higher emissions, given that off-peak electricity demand is supplied by fossil generators in most regions (e.g., coal). Using marginal emissions estimates, the Nissan Leaf electric vehicle has lower operation emissions compared to the Toyota Prius (the most efficient US gasoline vehicle) in western U.S., and the Leaf has higher operation emissions in the north central, regardless of assumed charging scheme and estimation method. In other regions the comparison is uncertain because of regional variation and uncertainty in emission factor estimates. Consumption- and generation-based marginal emissions also significantly (5 % - 28%), enough to result unclear comparison results. Average vehicle emissions estimates under different regional boundary definitions also differ significantly (e.g., state-based estimates deviate from National Electricity Reliability Commission (NERC) region-based estimates by as much as 122%). Other factors such as driving pattern and daily vehicle miles traveled also influence vehicle emissions. I conduct a locational comparison of electric and gasoline vehicle life cycle emissions in the U.S. taking into consideration the regional variation in the joint effect of consumption-based marginal electricity emission factors, driving pattern (city, highway or combined), and daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) distribution. I find that electricity generation emissions rate, determined by grid mix and charging scheme, has the largest influence on electric vehicle emission levels and the emissions differences of gasoline and electric vehicles. Secondary to this is urbanization level, especially for PHEVs, as it influences driving pattern and daily vehicle miles traveled. Highest CO2 emission reductions from electric vehicles can be attained in metropolitan counties in CA, TX, FL, NY, and New England states. Policies for wider adoption of electric vehicles such as incentives and other adoption facilitating mechanisms including investments in public charging infrastructure are encouraged in metropolitan counties, especially the denser ones. On the other hand, these policies are discouraged in north central states where electric vehicles would only increase emissions because of a relatively carbon-intensive grid. These findings reflect the pivotal role of the electricity and transportation sectors nexus in achieving national goals of CO2 emission reductions. Unless the U.S. decarbonizes its electricity system further, electric vehicles will only be beneficial in climate mitigation efforts in certain locations in the country. </p

Political ecology approach to island tourism planning and climate change adaptation: a methodological exploration

Climate change is emerging as the main driver of current and future climate-related risks for small islands. These risks include sea level rise, stronger tropical cyclones, and changing rainfall patterns. While there is now high confidence in the scientific community that the present change in climate is anthropogenic in nature compared to the Earth's geologic history of natural variability, there is a need for more detailed evaluations of the relationships between humans and the climate. As a human activity affected by climate change, tourism is in need of such analyses since current positivist analytical tools are inadequate for evaluating the complexity of such interactions. This paper reviews the literature, scientific frameworks, and methodological epistemologies used to analyse human community relationships to natural environments and their applicability in small island tourism environments that are impacted by climate change in the Philippines. Political ecology emerges as a potent and appropriate framework since climate change adaptation planning processes for island tourism are inherently political. The paper advances the use of political ecology for climate change adaptation to grapple with the equally complex phenomena of island tourism urbanisation and climate change, thereby contributing to the discourse in three research areas