Die Rechtssprechung des Verfassungsgerichtshofs in Bezug auf die Meinungsfreiheit

Freedom of expression is a basic human right. The existence of freedom of expression in the state is the foundation of democracy. The source of freedom of expression is the dignity of the human person. The role of constitutional regulations boils down to confirming the existence of this freedom. However, the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Tribunal emphasizes that freedom of expression is not absolute.Wolność wypowiedzi to podstawowe prawo człowieka. Istnienie w państwie swobody wypowiedzi jest fundamentem demokracji. Źródłem wolności wypowiedzi jest godność osoby ludzkiej. Rola unormowań konstytucyjnych sprowadza się do potwierdzenia istnienia tej wolności. W orzecznictwie Trybunału Konstytucyjnego podkreśla się jednak, że wolność wypowiedzi nie ma charakteru absolutnego

THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN SHAPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CONTEXT OF POSITIVE ORGANIZATIONAL POTENTIAL

Research purpose: The aim of the paper is to analyze the role of leadership in shaping interpersonal relationships in the context of Positive Organizational Potential. In order to achieve our aim, the three following research objectives have been set: (1) to assess the infl uence of intra-organizational antecedents related to leadership on interpersonal relationships, (2) to identify and analyze the correlations between top management behaviors and interpersonal relationships considered as the key areas of Positive Organizational Potential, and (3) to identify and analyze the correlations between middle management behaviors and interpersonal relationships considered as the key areas of Positive Organizational Potential.  Methodology/approach: The analyses are based on the findings of the questionnaire survey conducted in companies operating in Poland and the Delphi panel grouping researchers and business practitioners. Findings: Leadership-related factors are identified as a category of intra-organizational antecedents of a strong impact on interpersonal relationships. Such findings are confirmed for the majority of studied intra-organizational antecedents related to leadership including: leaders’ ability to influence and inspire others, models of relationships provided by both the top and middle managers, leaders’ emphatic behaviors, treating subordinates with respect and building the climate of trust. The study of correlations between the key areas of Positive Organizational Potential confirms that interpersonal relationships are much strongly correlated with the attitudes and behaviors of middle managers than with those of top managers. Limitations/implications: The small number of firms participating in the survey (N = 73) and the fact that the research sample included only companies operating in Poland should be considered as limitations to extend the findings and conclusions to a wider population.  Originality/value: The paper is based on the findings of empirical research including a questionnaire survey and a Delphi panel. It makes references and is the extension of works by Glińska-Neweś (2013) and Haffer (2013) based on the same empirical material. The added value of the paper is the thoroughness of the study and its increased objectivity being the result of combining various data elicitation techniques

The low-temperature phase of morpholinium tetra­fluoro­borate

The crystal structure of the low-temperature form of the title compound, C4H10NO+·BF4 −, was determined at 80 K. Two reversible phase transitions, at 158/158 and 124/126 K (heating/cooling), were detected by differential scanning calorimetry for this compound, and the sequence of phase transitions was subsequently confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments. The asymmetric unit at 80 K consists of three BF4 − tetra­hedral anions and three morpholinium cations (Z′ = 3). Hydrogen-bonded morpholinium cations form chains along the [100] direction. The BF4 − anions are connected to these chains by N—H⋯F hydrogen bonds. In the crystal structure, two different layers perpendicular to the [001] direction can be distinguished, which differ in the geometry of the hydrogen bonds between cationic and anionic species

Associations between estimated fatty acid desaturase activities in serum lipids and adipose tissue in humans: links to obesity and insulin resistance

Fatty acid composition of serum lipids and adipose tissue triacylglycerols (AT-TAG) partly reflect dietary fatty acid intake. The fatty acid composition is, besides the diet, also influenced by desaturating enzymes that can be estimated using product-to-precursor fatty acid ratios. The interrelationships between desaturase indices derived from different serum lipid fractions and adipose tissue are unclear, as well as their associations with obesity and insulin resistance. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional correlations between desaturase indices as measured in serum lipid fractions (phospholipids; PL and free fatty acids; FFA) and in adipose tissue (AT-TAG). In a population-based sample of 301 healthy 60-year-old men various desaturase indices were assessed: stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (16:1n-7/16:0; SCD-16 and 18:1n-9/18:0; SCD-18, respectively), delta-6-desaturase (20:3n-6/18:2n-6; D6D) and delta-5-desaturase (20:4n-6/20:3n-6; D5D). Correlations with BMI and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were also examined. SCD-16 and D5D were significantly correlated between fractions and tissues (all r > 0.30), whereas SCD-18 and D6D were not. Desaturase indices in serum FFA and AT-TAG were significantly correlated; SCD-16 (r = 0.63), SCD-18 (r = 0.37), and D5D (r = 0.43). In phospholipids, SCD-16 was positively correlated to BMI (r = 0.15), while D5D negatively to both BMI (r = -0.30) and HOMA-IR (r = -0.31), all p < 0.01. D6D in both phospholipids and AT-TAG was positively correlated to HOMA-IR and BMI (all p < 0.01). In conclusion, SCD-1 and D5D activity indices showed overall strong correlations between lipid pools. SCD-1 activity index in adipose tissue is best reflected by 16:1/16:0-ratio in serum FFA, but associations with obesity and insulin resistance differ between these pools. D5D in PL was inversely related to obesity and insulin resistance, whereas D6D index showed positive associations

Expression of cyclins A and E in melanocytic skin lesions and its correlation with some clinicopathologic features

Cyclins play a fundamental role in the cell cycle. Recent studies have focused on their role in the development of various malignancies. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the expression of cyclins A and E in common nevi, dysplastic nevi and malignant melanomas, and to investigate the relationship between cyclin expression and some pathological parameters such as tumor thickness, ulceration, regression, and mitotic rate, as well as several clinical and phenotypic parameters such as skin phototype, hair and eye color, number of nevi, personal or family melanoma history, and personal history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). A total of 102 melanocytic skin lesions, including 30 common nevi, 38 dysplastic nevi and 34 melanomas, were examined. Expression of cyclins was detected by immunohistochemistry and quantified as a percentage of immunostained cell nuclei in each sample. Significant differences in expression of both cyclins were found between all lesion types: the median percentage of cyclin A-positive nuclei was 8.2% in melanomas, 3.4% in dysplastic nevi, and 0.95% in common nevi (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The corresponding percentages for cyclin E were 9.5%, 4.25% and 1.44% (p &amp;lt; 0.001). Expression of both cyclins was significantly higher among patients with a personal history of NMSC. Cyclin A was also significantly overexpressed in patients with a high total nevus count (TNC) compared to moderate and low TNC. Expression of cyclins did not significantly correlate with the other clinicopathologic features investigated. These findings indicate the possible involvement of cyclins A and E in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. Our results also show a potential diagnostic significance of these cyclins as markers allowing discrimination between dysplastic nevi and melanoma

Preliminary evaluation of application of a 3-dimensional network structure of siloxanes Dergall preparation on chick embryo development and microbiological status of eggshells

The spatial network structure of Dergall is based on substances nontoxic to humans and the environment which, when applied on solid surfaces, creates a coating that reduces bacterial cell adhesion. The bacteriostatic properties of siloxanes are based on a purely physical action mechanism which excludes development of drug-resistant microorganisms. The aims of the present study were to 1) evaluate a Dergall layer formed on the eggshell surface regarding the potential harmful effects on the chick embryo; 2) evaluate antimicrobial activity and estimate the prolongation time of Dergall's potential antimicrobial activity. Dergall at a concentration of 0.6% formed a layer on the eggshell surface. In vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of Dergall by means of a hen embryo test of the chorioallantoic membrane showed no irritation reaction at a concentration of 3% and lower. The hatchability of the groups sprayed with a Dergall water solution with a concentration of 0 to 5% was 89.1 to 93.8% for fertilized eggs (P > 0.05) but decreased to 63.7% (P < 0.05) in the group sprayed with a 6% concentration of the solution. This phenomenon was caused by embryo mortality in the first week of incubation. At the concentration of 0.6%, Dergall exhibited strong antibacterial properties against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhimurium. For Streptococcus pyogenes, the highest antibacterial activity of Dergall was reported in the concentrations of 100 and 50%. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, no antibacterial activity of Dergall was generally observed, but in vivo testing showed a strong decrease of all gram-negative bacteria growth. Moreover, a prolonged antimicrobial effect lasting until 3 D after disinfection was observed, which makes Dergall a safe and efficient disinfectant

Relationship of serum leptin with parameters of nutritional status and body composition among patients with stable course of cardiovascular disorders

Background: Blood leptin concentration is related to fat mass, adipose cell and leptin receptor function, and comorbidities. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between blood leptin concentration and nutritional status assessment among inpatients with stable cardiovascular disorders.   Materials and Methods: Blood leptin concentration and nutritional risk and status assessments using clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, as well bioelectrical impedance (BIA), were determined in 160 consecutive inpatients with mild exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases cardiovascular disorders undergoing non-urgent hospitalization.   Results: Patients with lower values of Minimal Nutritional Assessment score had lower blood leptin concentration and lower value of leptin to CRP ratio. Compared to patients with leptin concentration in the upper quartiles, individuals in the lowest quartile had a lower BMI and fat mass, thinner skinfolds, greater skeletal muscle mass and handgrip strength. In comparison with the values for leptin-to-CRP ratio, albumin, albumin-to-CRP ratio and lymphocyte count, leptin explained a greater part of the variance in the majority of parameters of nutritional status and body composition. Contrasting associations of leptin with ideal (negative) and current (positive) body mass were found.   Conclusions: Leptin was associated with parameters of nutritional status assessments more strongly than other biochemical parameters usually used. However, the use of leptin as a biomarker of nutritional status should be approached carefully and needs further evaluation, especially in the context of its strong association with both current and ideal body mass, the importance of receptors’ resistance to leptin, and leptin’s negative relationships with muscle mass and strength

Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy guided by radial "mini-probe" endobronchial ultrasound in interstitial lung diseases - a multicenter prospective study

Introduction: Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is commonly used in diagnosing interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Ageneral anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, balloon blockers and fluoroscopy control is the most common modality. Simplifying the procedure without decreasing it’s safety could result in wider use. Prospective, observational study was conducted in three Polish pulmonology centers to evaluate safety and diagnostic yield of TBLC under conscious sedation, without intubation and bronchial blockers and with radial-EBUS guidance instead of fluoroscopy. Material and methods: In patients suspected of ILD, in accordance with high resolution computer tomography (HRCT) selected lung segments were examined with radial-EBUS mini probe without aguide sheath. If the lung infiltrations were visible this locations were preferred. If not, specimens were taken from two different segments of the same lobe. Two to five biopsies with freezing time 5–8 seconds were performed. Moreover ultrasound examination was used to avoid injury of lung vessels. Results: From March 2017 to September 2019 — 114 patients (M: 59, F: 55) of mean (SD) age 54 (14) years were included to the study on the basis of medical history and HRCT. Histopathology was conclusive in 90 (79%) patients and included 16 different diagnoses (sarcoidosis, EAA, COP predominantly). 24 inconclusive biopsies of unclassifiable pulmonary fibrosis were followed up. Complications included five cases (4.4%) of pneumothorax requiring achest tube drainage and aminor and moderate bleeding in few cases. There was no need for use of balloon bronchial blockers. Conclusions: TBLC under conscious sedation guided by radial EBUS mini-probe is novel, reasonable and safe technique for histological diagnosis of ILDs

Wirus zapalenia wątroby typu C jako stymulator autoprzeciwciał we wczesnym okresie życia dzieci zakażonych wertykalnie

Zakażenie wirusem zapalenia wątroby typu C (HCV) wykazuje związek ze stymulacją procesów autoimmunologicznych. Oceniano częstość występowania niespecyficznych narządowo autoprzeciwciał (NOSA) u 19 dzieci zakażonych wertykalnie HCV, dotychczas nieleczonych. Autoprzeciwciała wykryto u 10 spośród 19 dzieci (52,6%); przeciwciała przeciw mięśniom gładkim (SMA) &#8212; u 3; przeciwciała przeciwjądrowe (ANA) &#8212; u 3; przeciwciała przeciw mikrosomom wątroby i nerki (LKM-1) &#8212; u 4. Średnia aktywność aminotransferazy alaninowej (ALT) u pacjentów z NOSA(+) &#8212; 77,17 jm./l, u pacjentów NOSA(&#8211;) &#8212; 51,72 jm./l. Stężenie g-globulin w obu grupach było prawidłowe. Badanie histopatologiczne bioptatu wątroby wykonano u 2 dzieci z NOSA(+), u 1 z NOSA(&#8211;). Nie stwierdzono cech histologicznych procesu autoimmunizacyjnego w wątrobie. Dzieci zakażone wertykalnie HCV będą leczone interferonem &#945; i rybawiryną. Interferon &#945; może indukować procesy autoimmunizacyjne. Pacjenci, szczególnie z NOSA(+), powinni podczas terapii podlegać ścisłemu nadzorowi i częstym badaniom kontrolnym, które pozwolą jak najszybciej wyodrębnić pacjentów uaktywniających proces autoimmunizacyjny. Forum Medycyny Rodzinnej 2011, tom 5, nr 6, 485&#8211;49