Early detection of myocardial fibrosis in type II diabetic patients using MR T1-mapping

ORAL PRESENTATIONInternational audienc

Myocardial T1-mapping for early detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in systemic sclerosis

International audiencen.

Cereal Domestication and Evolution of Branching: Evidence for Soft Selection in the Tb1 Orthologue of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.)

BACKGROUND: During the Neolithic revolution, early farmers altered plant development to domesticate crops. Similar traits were often selected independently in different wild species; yet the genetic basis of this parallel phenotypic evolution remains elusive. Plant architecture ranks among these target traits composing the domestication syndrome. We focused on the reduction of branching which occurred in several cereals, an adaptation known to rely on the major gene Teosinte-branched1 (Tb1) in maize. We investigate the role of the Tb1 orthologue (Pgtb1) in the domestication of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an African outcrossing cereal. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Gene cloning, expression profiling, QTL mapping and molecular evolution analysis were combined in a comparative approach between pearl millet and maize. Our results in pearl millet support a role for PgTb1 in domestication despite important differences in the genetic basis of branching adaptation in that species compared to maize (e.g. weaker effects of PgTb1). Genetic maps suggest this pattern to be consistent in other cereals with reduced branching (e.g. sorghum, foxtail millet). Moreover, although the adaptive sites underlying domestication were not formerly identified, signatures of selection pointed to putative regulatory regions upstream of both Tb1 orthologues in maize and pearl millet. However, the signature of human selection in the pearl millet Tb1 is much weaker in pearl millet than in maize. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that some level of parallel evolution involved at least regions directly upstream of Tb1 for the domestication of pearl millet and maize. This was unanticipated given the multigenic basis of domestication traits and the divergence of wild progenitor species for over 30 million years prior to human selection. We also hypothesized that regular introgression of domestic pearl millet phenotypes by genes from the wild gene pool could explain why the selective sweep in pearl millet is softer than in maize

Editorial for "Impact of Temporal Resolution and Methods for Correction on Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Quantification"

International audienceCardiac perfusion MRI is proving to be a valuable noninvasive assessment tool in the armamentarium for patients with suspected coronary artery disease or microvascular disease, both for initial diagnosis and for follow-up to therapeutic decision. In particular, it has recently been shown to be comparable and more cost-effective than invasive fractional flow reserve for therapeutic guidance of patients with suspected CAD 1. This is especially true since the long-awaited results of the ISCHEMIA study challenge invasive management of coronary artery disease and demonstrate the value of optimal medical treatment 2. The Orbita study also masterfully demonstrated that an invasive approach is not the ultimate solution to propose to symptomatic coronary patients 3. In this context of decreasing radicality and slowing down of the therapeutic approach with an increasing role of an optimized medical approach, it is clear that dynamic cardiac perfusion MRI with contrast imaging therefore promises to become the cornerstone of regular follow-up that will be proposed in future guidelines

Low b-Value Diffusion-Weighted Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

International audienc

Early detection of myocardial fibrosis in type II diabetic patients using MR T1-mapping

ORAL PRESENTATIONInternational audienc

Domicile : où sont les freins ? enquête auprès des néphrologues Français

Home dialysis, which includes Peritoneal Dialysis and Home Hemodialysis, provides lots of profit to patients suffering of Chronic Kidney Disease, especially in terms of comfort, life quality and autonomy. However, its use is marginal in France, with an inhomogenous distributaion according to geographical regions. We conducted a French national survey of nephrologists to assess the barriers to the development of home dialysis. After analyzing the responses of the 230 participating nephrologists, the main obstacles to the development of the two techniques were identified and classified according to their reporting rate. The major obstacles that emerge from the survey are : the lack of information among the general public, a lack of acknowledgement of nurses specializing in these techniques, the limited number of structures that practice dialysis at home, and information difficulties among patient about dialysis techniques. The specific peritoneal dialysis-related difficulties reported are : difficulties in management of follow-up care and rehabilitation, the fear of insufficient purification and the difficulties related to the dialysis catheter. Concerning home hemodialysis, the barriers concern fear of autopunction and the need for a third party. This study helps to identify the representations of nephrologists on the major obstacles to the development of home dialysis to develop lines of thought for its promotion, both in terms of training, institutional acknowledgement, and the necessary regulatory evolution.La dialyse à domicile, représentée par l’hémodialyse et la dialyse péritonéale, peut apporter de nombreux bénéfices aux patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale, particulièrement en termes de confort, de qualité de vie et d’autonomie. Cependant son utilisation reste marginale en France, avec une répartition inhomogène sur le territoire. Nous avons réalisé une enquête nationale française auprès des néphrologues pour évaluer les freins au développement de la dialyse à domicile. Après analyse des réponses des 230 néphrologues ayant participé, les principaux obstacles au développement des deux techniques ont été identifiés et classés selon leur taux de déclaration. Les freins majeurs qui ressortent de l’enquête sont : le manque de médiatisation auprès du grand public, un défaut de reconnaissance des infirmières spécialisées dans ces techniques, le nombre limité de structures pratiquant la dialyse à domicile, et les difficultés relatives à l’information pré-dialyse. Les freins spécifiques à la dialyse péritonéale déclarés sont : les difficultés de prise en charge en Soins de suite et de réadaptation (SSR), la crainte d’une épuration insuffisante et les difficultés liées à l’abord de dialyse. Concernant l’hémodialyse à domicile (HDD), les freins portent sur la peur de l’autoponction et la nécessité d’une tierce personne. Cette étude permet d’identifier les représentations des néphrologues sur les freins majeurs au développement de la dialyse à domicile pour développer des pistes de réflexion pour sa promotion, tant sur le plan de la formation, de la reconnaissance institutionnelle, que de la nécessaire évolution règlementaire

Evolution of neutral and flowering genes along pearl millet ([i]Pennisetum glaucum[/i]) domestication

Background : Pearl millet landraces display an important variation in their cycle duration. This diversity contributes to the stability of crop production in the Sahel despite inter-annual rainfall fluctuation. Conservation of phenological diversity is important for the future of pearl millet improvement and sustainable use. Identification of genes contributing to flowering time variation is therefore relevant. In this study we focused on three flowering candidate genes, PgHd3a, PgDwarf8 and PgPHYC. We tested for signatures of past selective events within polymorphism patterns of these three genes that could have been associated with pearl millet domestication and/or landraces differentiation. In order to implement ad hoc neutrality tests, a plausible demographic history of pearl millet domestication was inferred through Approximate Bayesian Computation by using eight neutral STS loci.Results : Domesticated pearl millet exhibited 84% of the nucleotide diversity level found in the wild population. No specific polymorphisms were found either in the wild or in the domestic populations. The Bayesian approach and previous studies suggest that gene flow between wild relatives and domesticated pearl millets is a main factor explaining these results. Early and late landraces did not show significant genetic differentiation at both the neutral and the candidate loci. A positive selection was evidenced in PgHd3a and PgDwarf8 genes of domestic forms but not in the wild population.Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that PgHd3a and PgDwarf8 were likely targeted by selection during domestication. However, a potential role of any of the three candidate genes in the phenological differentiation between early and late landraces was not supported by our data. Reasons why these results contrast with previous results that have shown a slight but significant association between PgPHYC polymorphisms and variation in flowering time in pearl millet are discussed