The Maroccan stage of self-made-migrants mobility. Towards a social and economic emancipation.

’appuyant sur une ethnographie d’environ cinq ans, effectuee entre 2010 et 2015 dans la ville de Tanger, l’enquete presentee ici interroge les formes de mobilité et les pratiques économiques mises en place par des migrants originaires de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et exclus des circuits de la mobilité privilégiée. Je décris ces individus comme des self-made-migrants qui, ne disposant pas des moyens économiques, administratifs et relationnels leur permettant d'accéder aux cir-cuits de la mobilité privilégiée, construisent, par le bas, une mobilité transnationale et subalterne réalisée par étapes et contournements de frontières. Cette mobilité se configure comme un projet et est conçue par les migrants comme un moyen pour “chercher leur vie”, a savoir pour chercher de manière autonome de nouvelles opportunités et une émancipation économique et sociale et s'imposer ainsi comme les acteurs de leur destin. Cette quête est orientée moins par une desti-nation precise que par la volonte de “sortir” et de circuler dans un ailleurs indefini et ouvert qui devient le catalyseur des imaginaires de réussite de ces migrants. Cette mobilité se réalise par étapes, à travers des découvertes, des explorations, des allers-retours : les migrants inventent ainsi étape après étape des parcours singuliers en reformulant constamment leurs itinéraires en fonction des contraintes et des opportunités qui se présentent. À travers mon enquête j'explore la relation existant entre cette forme de mobilité transnationale subalterne et des pratiques économiques de la mobilité et de la débrouille que les migrants in-ventent et développent afin d'alimenter leur trajectoire. Ces pratiques relèvent d'une économie de la pauvreté, caractérisée par des revenus extrêmement modestes et aléatoires et par un manque complet de toute forme de protection. Je montrerai que ces pratiques s'ancrent dans les marges de l'économie régulière et se greffent sur d'autres formes de mobilités qui se croisent et s'imbriquent dans la région tangéroise : des mobilités touristiques et commerciales notamment. Ces pratiques sont en outre transposables et peuvent être déclinées de manière inédite lors des étapes futures des itinéraires de ces self-made-migrants. Ces self-made-migrants sont donc les acteurs d'une mobilité subalterne qui se fonde sur des pratiques économiques de la débrouille qui leur permettent de circuler sur des territoires trans-nationaux et alimenter ainsi leur quête d'émancipation économique et sociale. Mots-clés : self-made-migrants, migration, mobilité transnationale, économie de la mobilité, économie de la débrouille, émancipation économique et sociale, étape, Maroc.Based on an ethnographic field, made between 2010 and 2015 in the Tangier city, this research seeks to find out how the West African moves excluded of the circuits of the mainstream migration, and the economical practices they use in order to move. I describe these individuals as the self-made-migrants, whom not having access to the economical, administrative and social resources to move, they create by they own means, a transnational and subordinate mobility made by stages and border circumventions. This mobility is understood as a project, and a way to “seek their life”. For them, this expression means to look autonomously new social and economic opportunities to become the main character of their destiny. This quest is not lead by the destination but by the will of “going out” and move in an indefinite elsewhere, which becomes the catalyst of the imaginations of success of these migrants. This mobility is made by stages, through discoveries, explorations, and roundtrips. The migrants create, step by step, singular journeys by constantly reformulating the itinerary, in order to respond to the opportunities and the difficulties they found on their quest. In this research I explore the relationship between this transnational subordinated mobility and the economical practices created by the migrants in order to continue the trip. These economical strategies take part of the economics of poverty, defined by lowest and random incomes, and by a lack of protection. I’ll show that these strategies are link to the regular economy and are related to other forms of mobility found in the Tangier region. These strategies are also easy to transpose and adapt to other contexts in other steps of the journey. The self-made migrants are the actors of a subordinated mobility based on a precarious economy that nonetheless allows them to continue their transnational journey and their pursuit of an economic and social emancipation. Key Words: self-made-migrants, migration, transnational mobility, economics of the mobility, precarious economy, social and economic emancipation, stage, Morocco

Au-delà de la stigmatisation et de la solidarité : regards croisés sur la population d’origine chinoise en France au temps de la pandémie de Covid-19

International audienc

Anxious voice and avoidant language in interaction with a woman wearing an Islamic headscarf: field-experimental evidence from the Paris metro

In recent years physiological indexes of emotion have made their comeback as indicators of prejudice, but vocal measures have lagged behind. Based on a field experiment involving live interactions in a public place, the study examines intergroup anxiety as it manifests in the voice and in verbal behavior. Two competing predictions are put to test drawing on the “intergroup anxiety model”. According to the first prediction, the headscarf should have a positive main effect on anxiety (indexed primarily by vocal cues of arousal) and verbal avoidance (as the reverse of verbal intimacy). According to the second prediction, a cross-over interaction between the headscarf and the sex of the participant should lead to an increase in arousal and a decrease in intimacy among males, but to the opposite response among females. The results confirm the prediction of a positive main effect of the hijab on primary acoustic indexes of arousal and on avoidance as manifested in the pragmatics of language, belying the rival prediction of a cross-over interaction. The study suggest that, in the quest for ecological validity, the voice can be used in a field setting as a direct indicator of bodily activation in intergroup encounters, unobtrusively and economically

Anxious voice and avoidant language in interaction with a woman wearing an Islamic headscarf: field-experimental evidence from the Paris metro

In recent years physiological indexes of emotion have made their comeback as indicators of prejudice, but vocal measures have lagged behind. Based on a field experiment involving live interactions in a public place, the study examines intergroup anxiety as it manifests in the voice and in verbal behavior. Two competing predictions are put to test drawing on the “intergroup anxiety model”. According to the first prediction, the headscarf should have a positive main effect on anxiety (indexed primarily by vocal cues of arousal) and verbal avoidance (as the reverse of verbal intimacy). According to the second prediction, a cross-over interaction between the headscarf and the sex of the participant should lead to an increase in arousal and a decrease in intimacy among males, but to the opposite response among females. The results confirm the prediction of a positive main effect of the hijab on primary acoustic indexes of arousal and on avoidance as manifested in the pragmatics of language, belying the rival prediction of a cross-over interaction. The study suggest that, in the quest for ecological validity, the voice can be used in a field setting as a direct indicator of bodily activation in intergroup encounters, unobtrusively and economically

Anti-Muslim behavior in everyday interaction: evidence from a field experiment in Paris

International audienceNo other form of group antagonism affects the fate of so many people in France as anti-Muslim racism. While negative attitudes toward Muslims and Muslims’ experience of discrimination are well documented, studies of anti-Muslim behavior are rare, especially in the context of everyday interpersonal encounters. To fill this void, we conducted a field experiment on platforms of the Paris metro (n=270) in which a bearded confederate asked for help to randomly selected passengers giving additional indirect cues of being Muslim in the experimental condition. The outcomes under investigation were the probability of helping the confederate and various behaviors indicative of interpersonal warmth or involvement. Interactions were videotaped, the outcomes objectively measured, and the data analyzed using Generalized Linear Models estimated with Bayesian inference. Passengers were found to offer help less often and to show lower interpersonal warmth in the experimental condition. Also, when considered in isolation the young turn out to discriminate but not the middle-aged. Given that these negative effects were observed despite the use of a minimal stimulus, the results probably underestimate the actual level of anti-Muslim discrimination that Muslim men face in their everyday dealings with non Muslims

Déni et (d)énonciation du racisme anti-asiatique au temps de la Pandémie de Covid-19: Le cas de la population chinoise en France

International audienceEn France, comme dans le monde, la pandémie de Covid-19 a porté à leur paroxysme les discours et actes racistes envers les populations d’origine chinoise et, plus largement, asiatique. En nous appuyant sur les verbatims des personnes enquêtées (N=106), réinscrits dans leurs biographies et situés dans la temporalité de la pandémie, cet article montre la variété et l’évolution des postures face au racisme anti-asiatique au sein de la population chinoise en France. Premièrement, nous étudions la posture du déni, présente notamment chez les primoarrivants. Puis, nous examinons la pluralité des registres de (d)énonciation du racisme de la part de primoarrivants, comme de descendants. Enfin, nous analysons les logiques de politisation et d’action collective qui en découlent, en soulignant le rôle catalyseur joué par la pandémie de Covid-19 dans la prise de conscience accrue du racisme au sein de la population chinoise en France

‘I'm more afraid of racism than of the virus!’: racism awareness and resistance among Chinese migrants and their descendants in France during the Covid-19 pandemic

International audienceThis article focuses on the discrimination and racism experienced by Chinese migrants and their descendants during the Covid-19 pandemic. It analyses this group's increasing awareness and activism toward racial discrimination in French society. The paper is based on an empirical investigation using qualitative and quantitative research methods (online surveys and interviews) with people of Chinese origin living in France. In addition, qualitative data from news media and activists is also crucial to this study because of the important role they play in the social construction of the anti-racism movement. This study shows that the Covid-19 pandemic highlights how the discrimination and racism experienced by people of Chinese origin can take various forms. The epidemic has become a catalyst for Chinese immigration to resist racism, especially among descendants, and among more recent and highly-skilled Chinese immigrants, who have broken their silence, united, and participated in a more activist manner

Responses to the islamic headscarf in everyday interactions depend on sex and locale: a field experiment in the metros of Brussels, Paris, and Vienna on helping and involvement behaviors

International audienceThe Islamic headscarf has been in the middle of heated debates in European society, yet little is known about its influence on day-to-day interactions. The aim of this randomized field experiment (n=840) is to explore how the generally negative views that surround the hijab in Europe manifest in the behavior that people direct to hijab-wearing women in everyday situations. Using a helping scenario and videotapes of the resulting interactions, we measured whether passengers offered assistance and also various details of behavior that indicate interpersonal involvement. We predicted that in interaction with the covered confederate less help would be offered, that women’s level of nonverbal involvement would increase but men’s decrease, and that responses would be stronger in Paris, intermediate in Brussels, and weaker in Vienna. We analyzed the data using Generalized Linear Models estimated with Bayesian inference. While the headscarf does not produce concluding differences in “overt” helping, it does affect “subtle” cues of interpersonal involvement. In response to the hijab, women across sites increase, but men in Paris decrease, the level of involvement that they show with their nonverbal behavior