Detection of Metabolites by Proton Ex Vivo NMR, in Vivo MR Spectroscopy Peaks and Tissue Content Analysis: Biochemical-Magnetic Resonance Correlation: Preliminary Results

*Aim*: Metabolite concentrations by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and ex vivo NMR spectroscopy were compared with excised normal human tissue relaxation times and tissue homogenate contents.

*Hypothesis*: Biochemical analysis combined with NMR and MR spectroscopy defines better tissue analysis.

*Materials and Methods*: Metabolites were measured using peak area, amplitude and molecular weights of metabolites in the reference solutions. In normal brain and heart autopsy, muscle and liver biopsy tissue ex vivo NMR peaks and spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times, were compared with diseased tissue NMR data in meningioma brain, myocardial infarct heart, duchene-muscular-dystrophy muscle and diffused-liver-injury liver after respective in vivo proton MR spectroscopy was done. NMR data was compared with tissue homogenate contents and serum levels of biochemical parameters.

*Results*: The quantitation of smaller NMR visible metabolites was feasible for both ex vivo NMR and in vivo MR spectroscopy. Ex vivo H-1 NMR and in vivo MRS metabolite characteristic peaks (disease/normal data represented as fold change), T1 and T2, and metabolites in tissue homogenate and serum indicated muscle fibrosis in DMD, cardiac energy depletion in MI heart, neuronal dysfunction in meningioma brain and carbohydrate-lipid metabolic crisis in DLI liver tissues.

*Conclusion*: This preliminary report highlights the biochemical-magnetic resonance correlation as basis of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data interpretation of disease

Study of dynamical charge fluctuations in the hadronic medium

The dynamical charge fluctuations have been studied in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions by using hadronic model simulations, such as UrQMD and HIJING. The evolution of fluctuations has been calculated at different time steps during the collision as well as different observation window in pseudorapidity (\DelEta). The final state effects on the fluctuations have been investigated by varying $\bigtriangleup\eta$~ and the time steps with the aim of obtaining an optimum observation window for capturing maximum fluctuations. It is found that $\bigtriangleup\eta$~ between 2.0 and 3.5 gives the best coverage for the fluctuations studies. The results of these model calculations for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$~=~7.7 to 200~GeV and for Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV are presented and compared with available experimental data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).Comment: 6 pages, 4 Figure

Enthalpies of Mixing of Cyclohexane with Binary Mixtures of Benzene with Toluene, p-Xylene & Carbon Tetrachloride

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Telmisartan-poly (ethylene glycol) conjugate augmented drug dissolution and permeability in cervical cancer cells

Telmisartan is currently reported for inhibiting cervical cancer cells. Despite favorable therapeutic profile, poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability limit its therapeutic application in treatment of cervical cancer. Telmisartan was chemically conjugated to poly (ethylene glycol) through amide linkage to form telmisartan-PEG drug conjugate. Poly (ethylene glycol) with terminal –NH2 was conjugated with telmisartan via amide linkage. Telmisartan-PEG conjugate displayed peak at 1690 cm-1 for C=O group of amide linkage. Furthermore, telmisartan illustrated the crystalline lattice as compared to amorphous nature of telmisartan-PEG conjugate. The in vitro dissolution testing indicated that telmisartan displayed only 22.6±3.8% drug release from dialysis bag as compared (Two-way ANOVA test, P<0.05) to 76.9±5.4% from telmisartan-PEG conjugate. The therapeutic efficacy of telmisartan and telmisartan-PEG conjugate was analyzed in cervical cancer, HeLa cells. The IC50 of telmisartan in HeLa cells was estimated to be 48.6±6.9µM as compared (Two Way ANOVA test) to 17.2±2.7-µM of telmisartan-PEG conjugate dissolved in aqueous phase. In conclusion, telmisartan-PEG conjugate must be investigated under a set of stringent in vivo parameters for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.  Keywords: Cervical cancer, telmisartan, poly (ethylene glycol), conjugate, dissolution, cytotoxicit

Cohesive Energies and other Properties of Ionic Crystals—I. Alkali Halides

The lattice energies and other properties of ionic crystals have been studied on the basis of a Lennard-Jones (12 : 6) potential form and the necessary equations derived. Experimental data for the inter ionic distances and lattice energies for such crystal have been used to give the values of the repulsive force parameter B and the van der Waals Parameter C, which in turn have been utilized to obtain lattice energies, compress abilities and the coefficient of linear expansion. Satisfactory agreement is found between the experimental values and those calculated theoretically

Telmisartan loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles augmented cytotxicity in cervical cancer cells: Optimization and in vitro characterization

Cervical cancer, a malignant cancer is leading second most cancer found in women. Telmisartan has 3000 times more affinity toward angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) receptor than AT2 and inhibited neovascularization by down-regulating VEGF acting on endothelial cells with antagonized activity of Angiotensin II. Despite well-known therapeutic potential of telmisartan in malignant cancer, poor physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic properties including meageraqueous solubility (0.078 mg/mL), low oral bioavailability (45-58%), and erratic biodistribution not only limit the therapeutic potential of telmisartan in treatment of malignant cancer but also appeal for development of dosage form with enhanced oral bioavailability.  Telmisartan encapsulated stearic acid nanostructured solid lipid particles were developed by solvent diffusion method. On applying of box behnken design with three factors and three levels, 17 different formulations were yielded and prepared with Response of particle size (Y1) and percentage drug entrapment (Y2) for 17 formulations were evaluated. The IC50 value of optimized telmisartan loaded lipid nanoparticle and market preparation, indicated telmisartan loaded solid lipid nanoparticle expressed lower IC50 value of 30.28 μM with significant anticancer activity against HeLa cancer cell line in comparison to higher IC50 value 58.69 μM of market preparation. In conclusion, telmisartan loaded solid lipid nanoparticles may be a promising drug delivery systems for cervical cancer. Keywords: Telmisarn, cervical cancer; solid lipid nanoparticles; cytotxicit

Fast Dissolving Tablets of Aloe Vera Gel

Purpose: The objective of this work was to prepare and evaluate fast dissolving tablets of the nutraceutical, freeze dried Aloe vera gel. Methods: Fast dissolving tablets of the nutraceutical, freeze-dried Aloe vera gel, were prepared by dry granulation method. The tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, disintegration time, wetting time, friability, drug content and drug release. A 32 full factorial design was applied to investigate the combined effect of two formulation variables - amounts of microcrystalline cellulose and mannitol. Results: The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that in order to obtain a fast dissolving tablet of the Aloe vera gel, an optimum concentration of mannitol and a higher content of microcrystalline cellulose should be used. A response surface plot was also provided to graphically represent the effect of the independent variables on the disintegration time and wetting time. The validity of the generated mathematical model was tested by preparing a check point batch. Conclusion: This investigation has demonstrated that satisfactory fast dissolving Aloe vera gel tablets can be formulated. It also showed the potential of experimental design in understanding the effect of formulation variables on the quality of fast dissolving tablets. Keywords: Aloe vera, Fast dissolving tablet, Factorial design, Mathematical model, Mannitol, Microcrystalline celluloseTropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 8 (1) 2009: pp. 63-7

Meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna systems for ultra-wideband applications

In this work, a meta-surface (frequency selective surface) loaded high gain directional antenna system is presented. The antenna system is developed using ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna element and meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element is designed and simulated without meta-surface reflector. The UWB antenna element has poor impedance bandwidth and directivity. A meta-surface is created using unit cell and equal in the size of the antenna substrate. The meta-surface is placed over the UWB antenna element at optimized height (H=30 mm). The impedance bandwidth, directivity and gain of the proposed antenna are improved by the meta-surface reflector. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimentally validated by the comparison of the simulated and measured results. The antenna has 3 to 6 GHz wide impedance bandwidth, more than 5 dBi gain and maximum 4.6 dBi directivity at 3.5 GHz frequency. Performance of the proposed antenna is also compared with existing carried out work. Comparatively, the proposed antenna with high directivity is most suitable for IEEE 802.15.4a UWB wireless sensor network (WSN) security application