Produktivita konstrukce CAUSED-MOTION v současné angličtině

The purpose of this master's thesis is to define the productivity of the caused-motion construction and describe what syntactic and semantic constraints limit it. While some consideration is given to the possibilities of using the construction's arguments, the principal focus is on the study of the main verbs that occur in the construction. The verbs can come from a variety of different semantic classes because of the construction's polysemous character and the coercion process, which allows constructions to change verbs' meaning and valency structure. The major constraints on the productivity of constructions that were discussed in Goldberg (1995), Suttle & Goldberg (2011) and Robenalt & Goldberg (2015) are the semantic coherence principle, the correspondence principle, similarity to attested verb classes, coverage, statistical pre-emption and conservatism via entrenchment. These, together with the semantic constraints imposed by the caused-motion construction's meaning, were the expected restrictions on the productive use of verbs in the construction. The analysed examples of the caused-motion construction come from the Spoken BNC2014 (Love et al., 2017) which can be considered representative of present-day spoken British English. The construction and corpus token frequencies of the main verbs...nejvíce ovlivňují. Přestože se v práci částečně věnujeme možnostem užívání argumentů různých sémantických tříd , který umožňuje změnit lenční strukturu slovesům tradičně objevují lečně se sémantickými omezeními předpokládanými , které ovlivňují možnosti produktivního užívání příklady lze považovat za současné mluvené britské angličtiny. přítomnosti korpusu sloužil . Ta urč , která slovesa jsou silně přitahov ní přitaho pouze částečně a která jsou konstrukcí odpuzov následně roztříděny do sémantických tříd na základě klasifikace sloves rozlišili slovesy, jejichž valenční nově vytvořená produktivně užita díky Analýzou možností výskytu těchto druhů sloves představu o stavu produktivity mají na produktivní užívání sloves největší vliv. Doufáme, že tato analýza na základě korpusových dat může sloužit jako produktivity konstrukcí obecně. líčová slova: konstrukce způsobeného pohybu, konstrukce "caused motion", konstrukční gramatika, produktivita, kolostrukční analýza, kolexémová analýza, korpusová lingvInstitute of LinguisticsÚstav obecné lingvistikyFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Neosobní konstrukce v angličtině, francouzštině a češtině: překladové protějšky francouzského zájmena "on"

The subject of this bachelor thesis is the analysis of the character of the general human agent, in English and Czech. The thesis analyses English and Czech translation counterparts of the pronoun on which serves as a marker of the general human agency in French. This pronoun has numerous functions but our thesis will study only its generic use. Nor English, neither Czech has a direct translation equivalent of on so they use divergent language means with different primary functions. These language means can be explicit or implicit and they had been analysed in studies of Dušková (1999), Tláskal (2004), Čermák (2010) or Železná (2011). This bachelor thesis studies the character of the individual translation counterparts in both languages and how was their choice influenced by the features of the French text. The analysis was based on the material from 4 French novels and their translations to English and Czech. 25 random examples were excerpted from each novel and these were studied together with their translations. The resulting translation counterparts of on are analysed separately in English and Czech. They are classified by the type of reference and if they are congruent or divergent means of translating on. The final analysis studies the most frequent counterparts of on which show similar...Předmětem této bakalářské práce je zkoumání charakteru všeobecného lidského konatele v angličtině a češtině. Práce analyzuje anglické a české překladové protějšky francouzského zájmena on, které funguje jako "marker" všeobecného lidského konatele. Toto zájmeno má mnoho funkcí, naše práce však zkoumá pouze jeho generickou podobu, která může být nerestriktivní nebo restriktivní. Ani angličtina, ani čeština nedisponují přímým překladovým protějškem on, a pro vyjádření všeobecného lidského konatele tak využívají různé jazykové prostředky, které mají jiné primární funkce. Tyto jazykové prostředky jsou jak explicitní, tak implicitní, a byly zkoumány v pracích Duškové (1999), Tláskala (2004), Čermáka (2010) nebo Železné (2011). Práce studuje charakter překladových protějšků on v obou jazycích a jak byl jejich výběr ovlivněn prvky přítomnými ve francouzského textu. K této analýze byl využit materiál ze 4 francouzských románů a jejich překladů do angličtiny a češtiny. Z každého románu bylo excerpováno 25 náhodně seřazených příkladů, které jsou prostudovány i s jejich anglickými a českými překlady. Výsledné jazykové koreláty jsou analyzovány zvlášť v angličtině a zvlášť v češtině, kde byly vždy rozděleny podle jejich typu reference, a zda jsou kongruentními či divergentními překladovými protějšky...Department of the English Language and ELT MethodologyÚstav anglického jazyka a didaktikyFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult

Application of novel analytical ultracentrifuge analysis to solutions of fungal mannans

Polysaccharides, the most abundant biopolymers, are required for a host of activities in lower organisms, animals, and plants. Their solution characterization is challenging due to their complex shape, heterogeneity, and size. Here, recently developed data analysis approaches were applied for traditional sedimentation equilibrium and velocity methods in order to investigate the molar mass distribution(s) of a subtype of polysaccharide, namely, mannans from four Candida spp. The molecular weight distributions of these mannans were studied using two recently developed equilibrium approaches: SEDFIT-MSTAR and MULTISIG, resulting in corroboratory distribution profiles. Additionally, sedimentation velocity data for all four mannans, analyzed using ls-g*(s) and Extended Fujita approaches, suggest that two of the fungal mannans (FM-1 and FM-3) have a unimodal distribution of molecular species whereas two others (FM-2 and FM-4) displayed bi-modal and broad distributions, respectively: this demonstrates considerable molecular heterogeneity in these polysaccharides, consistent with previous observations of mannans and polysaccharides in general. These methods not only have applications for the characterization of mannans but for other biopolymers such as polysaccharides, DNA, and proteins (including intrinsically disordered proteins)

The most common founder pathogenic variant c.868G > A (p.Val290Met) in the NPHS2 gene in a representative adult Czech cohort with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is associated with a milder disease and its underdiagnosis in childhood

BackgroundGenetic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is caused by pathogenic variants in a broad spectrum of genes that have a variable representation based on subjects' ethnicity and/or age. The most frequently mutated autosomal recessive gene in FSGS is NPHS2. In this study, we analyzed the spectrum of NPHS2 variants and their associated phenotype in Czech adult FSGS patients.MethodsA representative cohort of 234 adult patients with FSGS, derived from 225 families originating from all regions of Czechia, was analyzed by massively parallel sequencing. In this study, we focused on the comprehensive analysis of the NPHS2 gene. The histological classification of FSGS followed the Columbia classification.ResultsWe detected seven (3%) cases bearing homozygous or compound heterozygous pathogenic NPHS2 variants. A single pathogenic variant c.868G > A (p.Val290Met) was found in the majority of NPHS2-positive cases (86%; 6 out of 7) in histologically confirmed instances of FSGS. Its allele frequency among unrelated NPHS2-associated FSGS patients was 50% (6/12), and Haplotype analysis predicted its origin to be a result of a founder effect. There is an identical V290M-related haplotype on all V290M alleles spanning a 0,7 Mb region flanking NPHS2 in Central European FSGS populations. The phenotype of the p.Val290Met NPHS2-associated FSGS demonstrated a later onset and a much milder course of the disease compared to other NPHS2 pathogenic variants associated with FSGS. The mean age of the FSGS diagnosis based on kidney biopsy evaluation was 31.2 ± 7.46 years. In 50% of all cases, the initial disease manifestation of proteinuria occurred only in adulthood, with 83% of these cases not presenting with edemas. One-third (33%) of the studied subjects progressed to ESRD (2 out of 6) at the mean age of 35.0 ± 2.82 years.ConclusionsWe identified the most prevalent pathogenic variant, p.Val290Met, in the NPHS2 gene among Czech adult FSGS patients, which has arisen due to a founder effect in Central Europe. The documented milder course of the disease associated with this variant leads to the underdiagnosis in childhood. We established the histopathological features of the NPHS2-associated adult FSGS cases based on the Columbia classification. This might improve patient stratification and optimize their treatment

Intensifying chitin hydrolysis by adjunct treatments – an overview

Chitin is, after cellulose, the most abundant organic natural polysaccharide on Earth, being synthesized as a dominant component in the exoskeletons of crustaceans, among other sources. In the processing of seafood for human consumption, between 40 and 50% of the total raw material mass is wasted, causing a significant problem for the environment due to its slow degradation. Efforts to find uses for chitin derivatives, particularly their oligomers, have intensified since these chemicals are highly functional and offer a wide range of applications, especially as antimicrobial agent. As a consequence, some adjunct treatments, either chemical or physical in nature, have been employed to assist acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. This work provides a detailed review of the methods employed to intensify the formation of chitin oligomers, particularly focusing on the adjunct treatments used (microwave, ultrasonication, steam explosion and gamma irradiation), and evaluate the yield and characteristics of the oligomers formed. Adjunct treatments are more suitable for enzymatic hydrolysis since these treatments modify the chitin structure, and enhance the hydrolysis rate and yield of the oligomers, under milder reaction conditions. For future research, it would be worth trying pre-treatments like the application of high-pressure to chitin in order to lower its crystallinity

Impersonalization strategies in English, French and Czech: the translation counterparts of the French pronoun "on"

The subject of this bachelor thesis is the analysis of the character of the general human agent, in English and Czech. The thesis analyses English and Czech translation counterparts of the pronoun on which serves as a marker of the general human agency in French. This pronoun has numerous functions but our thesis will study only its generic use. Nor English, neither Czech has a direct translation equivalent of on so they use divergent language means with different primary functions. These language means can be explicit or implicit and they had been analysed in studies of Dušková (1999), Tláskal (2004), Čermák (2010) or Železná (2011). This bachelor thesis studies the character of the individual translation counterparts in both languages and how was their choice influenced by the features of the French text. The analysis was based on the material from 4 French novels and their translations to English and Czech. 25 random examples were excerpted from each novel and these were studied together with their translations. The resulting translation counterparts of on are analysed separately in English and Czech. They are classified by the type of reference and if they are congruent or divergent means of translating on. The final analysis studies the most frequent counterparts of on which show similar..

Hippotherapy, a part of the medical treatment of children with cerebral palsy

My bachelor's thesis called Hippotherapy, a Part of the Medical Treatment of Children with Cerebral Palsy focuses on the influence and effects of hippotherapy on the locomotive apparatus and emotional feelings of three children's patients. The research took place from January to March 2011 on the premises of the Sociotherapeutic Farm of the Mental Hospital Bohnice in Prague. Nowadays the awareness of hippotherapy is growing both among specialists and laymen. However, it is important to realize that hippotherapy does not only mean horse riding which make people feel emotionally good, but it is also a purposeful and efficient therapeutic method. In my bachelor's thesis I emphasize the positive impact of this therapy not only on the emotional state of mind, but also on the locomotive apparatus of clients and the muscle tone. My bachelor's thesis is divided in two parts ? theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is an overview of my knowledge of hippo-rehabilitation with focus on hippotherapy from professional books and other available sources. I also present my knowledge of children's cerebral palsy (DMO), possibilities of physiotherapy of cerebral palsy and types of muscle tone. The practical part focuses on the research regarding effects of hippotherapy on patients suffering from DMO. By using the hippotherapy evaluation test (Hollý, Hornáček, 2005) I evaluated the influence of hippotherapy on the locomotive apparatus of patients sitting on a horse, by measuring the distance of epicondylus lateralis femur of the right and left lower limbs in the maximum abduction (Drhovský, 2006) I evaluated the influence on spasticity of patient's lower limbs, by using a verbal scale of feelings of happiness (Hollý, Hornáček, 2005) I tried to find out whether horse riding makes children with DMO feel happy and based on the secondary analysis of data I tried to outline the effects of hippotherapy in the medical treatment of children with DMO. The objective of my bachelor's thesis is to provide new information on hippotherapy both to professionals and public and to emphasize its positive effects on humans

Cholinergic neurons and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimerova choroba je degenerativní onemocnění mozku, jehož výskyt se zvyšuje s rostoucím věkem a které každoročně postihuje vyšší počet osob. Jejím typickým funkčním příznakem jsou poruchy různých mentálních funkcí včetně poruch krátkodobé paměti a rozvoje změn v chování. Je vyvolána zvýšenou produkcí p-amyloidu, která vede k typickému hromadění extracelulárních l3-amyloidových plaků. Přirozené stárnutí, a ve zvýrazněné formě i Alzheimerovu nemoc, doprovází úbytek cholinergních neuronů a ochabování cholinergniho nervového přenosu v mozku. Ve své práci jsem se zabývala změnami, ke kterým dochází v mozkovém cholinergním systému v průběhu stárnutí u kontrolních myší a u transgeního myšího modelu Alzheimerovy choroby. V této souvislosti jsem se také zabývala vlivem dokosahexaenové kyseliny (w-3 esenciální mastná kyselina) na udržování cholinergního fenotypu u neuronálni cholinergní buněčné linie NG1 08-15 a v pokusech ex vivo na mozkové kůře laboratorního potkana studiem účinku muskarinového agonisty xanomelinu, který byl vyvýjen jako lék pro selektivní posílení přenosu M1 muskarinovými receptory u Alzheimerovy choroby, na muskarinové M2 a M4 receptory. Z pokusů vyplývá, že transgen ní myši APPswe/PS1dE9, produkující zvýšené množství l3-amyloidu, vykazují úbytek některých markerů cholinergních synapsí a...Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder. The incidence of the disease increases with age and every year the total number of affected persons is higher. The malfunction of various mental functions is a typical feature of Alzheimer's disease, including loss of short-term memory and development of personality changes. It is now generally accepted that the main cause of the disease is increased production of r3-amyloid fragments that mediate toxic effects and lead to r3-amyloid plaques formation. Alzheimer's disease and also normal aging are accompanied by a loss of cholinergic neurons and weakened cholinergic neurotransmission. In my thesis I dealt with changes in the brain chol inergic system during aging in control mice and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APPswe/PS1 dE9). In this context I also investigated in vitro influence of docosahexaenoic acid (w-3 essential fatty acid) changes in membrane cholesterol content on the expression of cholinergic phenotype in the NG108-1 5 cholinergic cell line. I also performed ex vivo experiments on rat brain cortex to investigate the characteristics of action of muscarin ic agonist xanomeline that was developed as a selective muscarinic agonist to strengthen signalization through the muscarinic M1 receptor in Alzheimer's disease. The experiments on...Ostatní pracoviště2. lékařská fakultaSecond Faculty of Medicin

On Productivity of the CAUSED-MOTION Construction in Present-day English

The purpose of this master's thesis is to define the productivity of the caused-motion construction and describe what syntactic and semantic constraints limit it. While some consideration is given to the possibilities of using the construction's arguments, the principal focus is on the study of the main verbs that occur in the construction. The verbs can come from a variety of different semantic classes because of the construction's polysemous character and the coercion process, which allows constructions to change verbs' meaning and valency structure. The major constraints on the productivity of constructions that were discussed in Goldberg (1995), Suttle & Goldberg (2011) and Robenalt & Goldberg (2015) are the semantic coherence principle, the correspondence principle, similarity to attested verb classes, coverage, statistical pre-emption and conservatism via entrenchment. These, together with the semantic constraints imposed by the caused-motion construction's meaning, were the expected restrictions on the productive use of verbs in the construction. The analysed examples of the caused-motion construction come from the Spoken BNC2014 (Love et al., 2017) which can be considered representative of present-day spoken British English. The construction and corpus token frequencies of the main verbs..

Cholinergic neurons and Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder. The incidence of the disease increases with age and every year the total number of affected persons is higher. The malfunction of various mental functions is a typical feature of Alzheimer's disease, including loss of short-term memory and development of personality changes. It is now generally accepted that the main cause of the disease is increased production of r3-amyloid fragments that mediate toxic effects and lead to r3-amyloid plaques formation. Alzheimer's disease and also normal aging are accompanied by a loss of cholinergic neurons and weakened cholinergic neurotransmission. In my thesis I dealt with changes in the brain chol inergic system during aging in control mice and in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APPswe/PS1 dE9). In this context I also investigated in vitro influence of docosahexaenoic acid (w-3 essential fatty acid) changes in membrane cholesterol content on the expression of cholinergic phenotype in the NG108-1 5 cholinergic cell line. I also performed ex vivo experiments on rat brain cortex to investigate the characteristics of action of muscarin ic agonist xanomeline that was developed as a selective muscarinic agonist to strengthen signalization through the muscarinic M1 receptor in Alzheimer's disease. The experiments on..