Influencia de la masa de los muros no estructurales en la fuerza sísmica y en el costo del edificio en concreto reforzado GAIA 104

El presente proyecto se realizó con el fin de determinar la influencia de los muros no estructurales, correspondientes a los muros divisorios y de fachada, en la fuerza sísmica y el costo de un edificio en concreto reforzado. Se tomó como base un edificio construido en la ciudad de Bogotá, con el cual se analizó bajo diferentes escenarios, la variación de materiales utilizados para conformar muros no estructurales, correspondientes a muros divisorios y de fachada. De esta manera, se podrá determinar cómo dicha variación afecta el diseño de los elementos que componen la estructura y la cimentación, en términos de cantidades de acero y concreto. Además, se podrá asegurar que al utilizar este tipo de materiales, aliviará el impacto del costo global de las actividades, a pesar de tener alguna de ellas, costos individuales significativos. Y finalmente, se recomendará a constructores la implementación de este tipo de sistemas, los cuales favorecen los tiempos de ejecución de una obra y dan un parte de garantía al retorno de la inversión realizada en un corto plazo.This project is carried out in order to determine the influence of non-structural, corresponding to the partition walls and facade, in the seismic force and the cost of a building in reinforced concrete s. A building in Bogota was used, which was analyzed under different scenarios, using different types of materials to conform non-structural walls corresponding to partition walls and facade. Thus, you can determine how this variation affects the design of the elements of the structure and foundation, in terms of amounts of steel and concrete. In addition, you can ensure that when using these materials, ease the impact of the global cost of the activities, despite, some of them have a significant individual costs. Finally, recommend to builders the implementation of such systems, which give an advantage on the execution time of a work and give a guarantee of return on investment in the short term.Ingeniero (a) CivilPregrad

Micro and nano (manufacture of electrical contacts) with focused ion beam

Orientadores: Jacobus Willibrordus Swart, Stanislav MoshkalevDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de ComputaçãoResumo: A nanotecnologia e uma área nova e promissora que englobam muitas disciplinas de ciência e engenharia. Seu rápido crescimento nas ultimas duas décadas é devido ao crescimento simultâneo na fabricação e caracterização de materiais em escala nanométrica. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma técnica de processo híbrido para a fabricação de micro e nanocontatos assim como sua caracterização elétrica. Esse processo híbrido combina a fotolitografia seguida da técnica de lift-off e a deposição de platina por FIB. Para determinar a resistividade da platina depositada por FIB (Focuded Ion Beam), foram fabricas estruturas quadradas variando sua espessura de 5 nm - 100 nm e sua área 150 µm 150 µm e 20 µm x 20 µm. Resistores com comprimento de 30 µm variando sua área de secção (50 nm x 50 nm - 1 µm x 1 µm) foram fabricados a fim de uma melhor na caracterização do processo de deposição do filme de Pt assim como sua caracterização elétrica. As medidas elétricas foram realizadas na estação Keythley 4200 SCS, onde foi utilizado o método de quatro pontas nas estruturas quadradas para a caracterização da resistividade. Nos resistores utilizamos a configuração de dois terminais para a caracterização de resistência dos nanocontatosAbstract: Nanoscale science and technology is a young and burgeoning field that encompasses nearly every discipline of science and engineering, the rapid growth of the field in the past decades has been enable by the sustained advances in the fabrication and characterization of materials. This work presents the hybrid process for fabrication of micro and nanocontacts, this process include the lift - off technique and platinum deposited by FIB. For measurements, two types of test structures were fabricated: (i) 150 x 150 µm and 20 x 20 µm squares with thickness of 5, 10, 30 and 100 nm, and (ii) 30 µm long resistors with variable cross - section (50 nm x 50 nm to 1 µm x 1 µm). The Pt film resistivity has been measured by a four points probe methodMestradoEletrônica, Microeletrônica e OptoeletrônicaMestre em Engenharia Elétric

Competências de gestão de pessoas em instituições federais de ensino superior

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é propor competências de gestão de pessoas que podem ser desenvolvidas em Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES). Os objetivos específicos são identificar e comparar os objetivos de gestão de pessoas estabelecidos por três IFES brasileiras para gerir pessoas. Quatro etapas compõem o método de trabalho proposto neste estudo: (i) seleção de IFES para estudo de caso; (ii) identificação de objetivos de gestão de pessoas estabelecidos por IFES; (iii) comparação dos objetivos de gestão de pessoas estabelecidos por IFES; e (iv) proposição de competências de gestão de pessoas para IFES. Os resultados evidenciam cinco competências que as IFES podem desenvolver para gerir os seus quadros de servidores. Os resultados destacam ainda que o Plano de Desenvolvimento de Pessoas sugerido pelo Governo Federal brasileiro mostra-se pouco prescritivo em relação a quais aspectos considerar para gerir pessoas, e que as Universidades Federais podem incluir, em seus objetivos voltados para a gestão de pessoas, elementos relacionados a mudanças de cenários e substituições. Conclui que a adoção das sugestões propostas pode resultar em uma gestão de pessoas alinhada aos objetivos organizacionais e, também, às necessidades de desenvolvimento das pessoas.The general objective of this work is to propose people management competences that can be developed in Federal Institutions of Higher Education (FIHE). The specific objectives are to identify and compare people management objectives established by three Brazilian FIHE to manage people. Four steps make up the work method proposed in this study: (i) selection of FIHE for case study; (ii) identification of people management objectives established by FIHE; (iii) comparison of people management objectives established by FIHE; (iv) proposition of people management competences for FIHE. The results show five competences that FIHE can develop to manage their staff. The results also highlight the Personnel Development Plan suggested by the Brazilian Federal Government, that proves to be little prescriptive in relation to which aspects to consider when managing people, and the elements related to changes of scenery and substitutions, that Federal Universities can include in their objectives aimed at people management. The conclusions highlight the alignments with organizational objectives, and also with people's development needs, that can be obtained with the adoption of the suggestions proposed

Modelo de competências para a resiliência de organizações públicas : proposta e desdobramentos

Esta tese possui como tema central a gestão por competências e a resiliência que pode emergir de sua adoção. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é ampliar e aprofundar a perspectiva de que a gestão por competências pode contribuir para a resiliência de organizações públicas. Quatro artigos compõem este trabalho. O primeiro deles caracteriza a produção científica indexada nas bases de dados Web of Science e Scopus que aborda o tema gestão por competências. O segundo artigo evidencia dimensões de competências que podem contribuir para a resiliência organizacional. O terceiro estudo propõe um modelo composto por macro-competências que podem ser desenvolvidas de modo a contribuir para a resiliência de organizações públicas. O último estudo identifica diferenças existentes entre avaliações qualitativas e quantitativas de competências individuais. Os resultados destacam que as pesquisas desenvolvidas em gestão por competências podem ser elaboradas de modo mais assertivo caso considerem o cenário em que se encontram os estudos da área. Além disto, é ressaltado que o desenvolvimento de competências orientadas para a resiliência pode resultar em benefícios econômicos e sociais às organizações. O modelo de competências que pode contribuir para a resiliência de organizações públicas, por sua vez, caracteriza-se por apresentar cinco dimensões de atuação: gestão de pessoas; desenvolvimento de competências individuais; gestão de riscos; preparação para a resposta; e responsividade. Os resultados indicam ainda que, quando não for possível a utilização conjunta das avaliações quantitativas e qualitativas de competências individuais, deve-se identificar, inicialmente, se o objetivo do instrumento é avaliar desempenho ou desenvolver pessoal. Por fim, é destacado que os resultados deste estudo devem contribuir para a operacionalização de modelos de gestão de pessoas que enfoquem os conceitos de competência e de resiliência.This Thesis focuses on competence management and the resilience that may emerge from its adoption. The main objective of this work is to broaden and deepen the perspective that competence management can contribute to the resilience of public organizations. Four articles compose this Thesis. The first one characterizes the scientific production indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases that emphasizes the subject of competence management. The second article highlights dimensions of competencies that can contribute to organizational resilience. The third study proposes a model composed of macro-competencies that can be developed in order to contribute to the resilience of public organizations. The latter study identifies differences between qualitative and quantitative assessments of individual competences. The results highlight that researches developed in competence management can be more assertive if they consider the scene in which the studies of the area are. In addition, it is emphasized that the development of resilience-oriented competences can result in economic and social benefits to organizations. The competences model that can contribute to the resilience of public organizations, in turn, is characterized by five dimensions of action: people management; development of individual competencies; risk management; preparedness; and responsiveness. The results also indicates that, where it is not possible to use quantitative and qualitative assessments of individual competences together, it should first be identified whether the objective of the instrument is to assess performance or develop staff. Finally, it is highlighted that the results of this study should contribute to the operationalization of people management models that focus on the concepts of competence and resilience

Power Block Off-design Control Strategies for Indirect Solar ORC Cycles

AbstractThe performance of a 5MWel indirect ORC cycle coupled to linear solar collectors with different technologies is assessed, aiming at evaluating the effect of different control strategies on annual electricity output. Two different solutions are considered for solar collectors: a state-of-the-art parabolic trough collector with Therminol VP1 as heat transfer fluid (HTF), reaching 390°C as maximum temperature within the solar field, and a cheaper Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) with Therminol 55, limited to an operating temperature of 310°C. A simplified procedure is firstly proposed in order to identify the organic fluid that guarantees the highest performance under design conditions. Toluene is the selected working fluid in a saturated regenerative Rankine cycle configuration. After fluid selection, a more detailed analysis involving turbine sizing and piping estimate is carried on in order to set optimal on-design parameters such as the evaporating pressure of the working fluid. Finally, yearly electricity production is calculated taking into account off-design performance of all plant components as a function of the effective solar radiation. Two different off-design control strategies are considered for the turbine, namely sliding pressure and constant pressure at the turbine inlet. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is computed for both cases. For high temperature collectors the LCOE results respectively about 180 €/MWh with partial admission and 175 €/MWh with sliding pressure off-design control strategy. LFR technology leads to similar LCOE when its specific cost is about half than the parabolic trough collector

On-off cyclic testing of a micro-cogeneration Stirling unit

Stirling engines are a promising candidate for micro-cogeneration in residential and small-scale tertiary applications. Due to the variability of energy demand profiles and electricity tariffs, real applications often require to operate the cogeneration unit with multiple daily starts and stops, especially during summer and intermediate seasons. This work focuses on the experimental analysis of a commercial 1 kWel Stirling unit, burning natural gas and generating 8 kWth of useful heat through hot water and up to 12 kWth with an auxiliary burner, when subjected to cyclic on-off operation. The scope is collecting useful data about energy balances and emissions during on-off transients, which can be later used to optimize the management of the cogeneration unit when coupled with real users. Different cyclic tests are experimented (with intermediate stops and operation of either one or two burners), keeping the temperature of the cogeneration water at the unit inlet at 50°C and its mass flow rate at the nominal value of 0.194 kg/s. The Stirling unit has shown an electrical efficiency of 8.9%, based on Lower Heating Value (LHV), in the most favorable cyclic test and 8.2% in the worst case, while thermal efficiency ranges between 91.0 and 92.6%. For comparison, the steady state electrical efficiency is 10.8% (LHV) while the thermal is 90.1% with only one burner running in full cogeneration mode. Steady state efficiencies become 7.2% and 92.0% (LHV), respectively, with the auxiliary burner running. The significant reduction of average electrical efficiency suggests the necessity to limit the frequency of starts and stops in real operation. Emissions show modest peaks in NOx and CO, which do not compromise the environmental impact, confirming the low emission combustion features of the Stirling unit

Experimental and Numerical Study of a Micro-cogeneration Stirling Engine for Residential Applications☆

Abstract Micro-cogeneration Stirling engines are considered promising for residential applications. The present work covers the experimental and numerical analysis of a commercial Stirling unit capable of 8 kW of hot water and 1 kW of electricity. A previously concluded experimental campaign that focused on external measurements is extended here to include internal measurements. The scope is collecting useful data to validate a detailed numerical model. Three test cases are considered by fixing the temperature of the cogeneration water at the unit inlet at alternatively: 30, 50 and 70 °C. Mass flow rate of the water is kept at the nominal value of 0.194 kg/s. This numerical model is an extension of the well-known work by Urieli and Berchowitz. The model is calibrated on the 50 °C case and compared in the other two cases. Maximum deviations with respect to experiments are about 4% on net power output, whereas they remain below 1% on heat input and rejection. The Stirling unit has shown an electrical efficiency exceeding slightly 9% and a thermal efficiency of 90% (both based on the Higher Heating Value) if the cogeneration water inlet temperature is 30 °C, which decreases down to about 84% with water inlet at 70 °C. The Primary Energy Index is remarkably positive for all cases, ranging from 17% to 22% as the temperature of the water inlet goes from 70 °C to 30 °C

Experimental and numerical study of a micro-cogeneration Stirling unit under diverse conditions of the working fluid

Micro-cogeneration Stirling units are promising for residential applications because of high total efficiencies, favorable ratios of thermal to electrical powers and low CO as well as NOx emissions. This work focuses on the experimental and the numerical analysis of a commercial unit generating 8 kW of hot water (up to 15 kW with an auxiliary burner) and 1 kW of electricity burning natural gas. In the experimental campaign, the initial pressure of the working fluid is changed in a range from 9 to 24 barg – 20 barg being the nominal value – while the inlet temperature of the water loop and its mass flow rate are kept at the nominal conditions of, respectively, 50°C and 0.194 kg/s. The experimental results indicate clearly that the initial pressure of the working fluid – Nitrogen – affects strongly the net electrical power output and efficiency. The best performance for the output and efficiency of 943 W and 9.6% (based on the higher heating value of the burnt natural gas) are achieved at 22 barg. On the other hand, the thermal power trend indicates a maximum value of 8420 W at the working pressure of 24 barg, which corresponds to a thermal efficiency of 84.7% (again based on higher heating value). Measurements are coupled to a detailed model based on a modification of the work by Urieli and Berchowitz. Thanks to the tuning with the experimental results, the numerical model allows investigating the profiles of the main thermodynamic parameters and heat losses during the cycle, as well as estimating those physical properties that are not directly measurable. The major losses turn to be the wall parasitic heat conduction from heater to cooler and the non-unitary effectiveness of the regenerator

Modeling and Testing of a Micro-cogeneration Stirling Engine Under Diverse Conditions of the Working Fluid

Abstract Micro-cogeneration Stirling engines are promising for residential applications. This work focuses on the experimental and numerical analyses of a commercial unit generating 8 kW of hot water and 1 kW of electricity burning natural gas. Measurements are coupled to a detailed model based on a modification of Urieli and Berchowitz's work. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency is influenced by the water loop inlet temperature, varying from 90% at 30 °C to 84% at 70 °C (HHV-based). The measured and simulated powers of the engine are in the 900-964 W range depending on the water temperature and differ by less than 4%. Net electric efficiency of the engine is 15% and of the whole cogeneration unit above 9% (HHV-based). Helium instead of Nitrogen as working fluid is expected to increase the performance

Susceptibility of Primary HTLV-1 Isolates from Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy to Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Since human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated diseases are associated with a high HTLV-1 load, reducing this load may treat or prevent disease. However, despite in vitro evidence that certain nucleoside/nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are active against HTLV-1, in vivo results have been disappointing. We therefore assayed the sensitivity of HTLV-1 primary isolates to a panel of RT inhibitors. HTLV-1 primary isolates were obtained, pre- and post- NRTI treatment, from patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. Sensitivity to azidothymidine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), tenofovir (TDF) and three phosphonated carbocyclic 2’-oxa-3’aza nucleosides (PCOANs) was assessed in a RT inhibitor assay. With the exception of 3TC, HTLV RT from primary isolates was less sensitive to all tested inhibitors than HTLV-1 RT from MT-2 cells. HTLV-1 RT from primary isolates and from chronically infected, transformed MT-2 cells was insensitive to 3TC. Sensitivity of primary isolates to RT inhibitors was not reduced following up to 12 months of patient treatment with AZT plus 3TC. The sensitivity of HTLV-1 primary isolates to NRTIs differs from that of cell lines and may vary among patients. Failure of NRTIs to reduce HTLV-1 viral load in vivo was not due to the development of phenotypic NRTI resistance. AZT and the three PCOANs assayed all consistently inhibited primary isolate HTLV-1 RT