52 research outputs found

    Probability Distributions of Radiocarbon in Open Linear Compartmental Systems at Steady-State

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    Radiocarbon (C-14) is commonly used as a tracer of the carbon cycle to determine how fast carbon moves between different reservoirs such as plants, soils, rivers, or oceans. However such studies mostly emphasize the mean value (as Delta C-14) of an unknown probability distribution. We introduce a novel algorithm to compute Delta C-14 distributions from knowledge of the age distribution of carbon in linear compartmental systems at steady-state. Our results demonstrate that the shape of the distributions might differ according to the speed of cycling of ecosystem compartments and their connectivity within the system, and might contain multiple peaks and long tails. The distributions are also sensitive to the variations of Delta C-14 in the atmosphere over time, as influenced by the counteracting anthropogenic effects of fossil-fuel emissions (C-14-free) and nuclear weapons testing (excess C-14). Lastly, we discuss insights that such distributions can offer for sampling and design of experiments aiming to capture the precise variance of Delta C-14 values present in the multi-compartmental ecosystems

    Efeito de reservatório marinho na costa do Brasil

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    Em estudos cronológicos de processos ocorridos nos últimos 50 mil anos, a datação de carbono 14 é a abordagem mais utilizada em todo o mundo. Para permitir a correta interpretação das idades obtidas, faz-se necessária a calibração dos resultados com base em um robusto banco de dados produzido pela comunidade científica na área de radiocarbono. A calibração objetiva, principalmente, considerar as variações na produção e distribuição do 14C ao longo do tempo e, no caso do ambiente marinho, corrigir ainda que parcialmente o Efeito de Reservatório Marinho (Marine Reservoir Effect – MRE). De fato, dado que a magnitude do fenômeno aumenta com a profundidade e varia espacialmente em função da dinâmica oceânica, a simples calibração com uma curva marinha global é incapaz de lidar com a real variabilidade do efeito, rendendo resultados não acurados. Desse modo, considera-se também umacorreção local, denominada ΔR, com valores disponíveis na literatura para diversas regiões do globo. Assim, no procedimento que é atualmente o padrão adotado em estudos cronológicos, a correção local para o MRE antecede a calibração de uma idade de 14C marinha com a curva global. Aqui objetivamoselencar os valores de ΔR disponíveis para a costa brasileira, mostrando o impacto causado na calibração das idades de radiocarbono e a importância desse tipo de correção para estudos cronológicos baseados na datação de 14C de material marinho. Discutimos, finalmente, os problemas causados pela falta oupelo uso equivocado dessa correçã

    Forest fire history in Amazonia inferred from intensive soil charcoal sampling and radiocarbon dating

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    This study was supported by funding from the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, NE/N011570/1 and NE/R017980/1) and a radiocarbon dating allocation (allocation 2122.0818) from the NERC-funded NEIF Radiocarbon Laboratory.Fire has a historical role in tropical forests related to past climate and ancient land use spanning the Holocene; however, it is unclear from charcoal records how fire varied at different spatiotemporal scales and what sampling strategies are required to determine fire history and their effects. We evaluated fire variation in structurally intact, terra-firme Amazon forests, by intensive soil charcoal sampling from three replicate soil pits in sites in Guyana and northern and southern Peru. We used radiocarbon (14C) measurement to assess (1) locally, how the timing of fires represented in our sample varied across the surface of forest plots and with soil depth, (2) basin-wide, how the age of fires varies across climate and environmental gradients, and (3) how many samples are appropriate when applying the 14C approach to assess the date of last fire. Considering all 14C dates (n = 33), the most recent fires occurred at a similar time at each of the three sites (median ages: 728–851 cal years BP), indicating that in terms of fire disturbance at least, these forests could be considered old-growth. The number of unique fire events ranged from 1 to 4 per pit and from 4 to 6 per site. Based upon our sampling strategy, the N-Peru site—with the highest annual precipitation—had the most fire events. Median fire return intervals varied from 455 to 2,950 cal years BP among sites. Based on available dates, at least three samples (1 from the top of each of 3 pits) are required for the sampling to have a reasonable likelihood of capturing the most recent fire for forests with no history of a recent fire. The maximum fire return interval for two sites was shorter than the time since the last fire, suggesting that over the past ∼800 years these forests have undergone a longer fire-free period than the past 2,000–3,500 years. Our analysis from terra-firme forest soils helps to improve understanding of changes in fire regime, information necessary to evaluate post-fire legacies on modern vegetation and soil and to calibrate models to predict forest response to fire under climate change.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

    TECNOLOGIA LÍTICA E CADEIAS OPERATÓRIAS NO SÍTIO SAMBAQUI DA PRAINHA, SUDOESTE DA BAÍA DE GUANABARA, RIO DE JANEIRO

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    O presente artigo inaugura o estudo de cadeias operatórias de pescadores-coletores no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresentando uma discussão a partir de objetos líticos, relacionados a pelo menos três cadeias operatórias. Embora a amostra seja pequena ela sugere a adoção de distintas áreas fontes de matérias-primas, demonstra escolhas técnicas pertinentes à distintos modelos mentais idealizados para os instrumentos e indicam a existência de áreas de atividades específicas no sítio
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