Transmission of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea), the causative organism of salmonid proliferative kidney disease, to the freshwater bryozoan Fredericella sultana

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the malacosporean parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, causes significant losses among salmonids in Western Europe and North America. The role of salmonid fish in the life-cycle of this parasite has been conjectured upon for over a quarter of a century. To examine whether fish can transmit the infection to bryozoans, the known invertebrate host, water containing parasitized brown trout Salmo trutta was pumped into tanks containing colonies of Fredericella sultana collected from the wild. The specific parasite-free status of these colonies being first assessed, by PCR and prolonged laboratory culture. After 6 weeks exposure to the brown trout aquarium effluent, portions of these colonies displayed overt infections with T. bryosalmonae. This was in contrast to control bryozoans, derived from the experimental colonies prior to exposure, which remained T. bryosalmonae negative. In addition, spores obtained from the experimentally infected colonies were exposed to naive rainbow trout, resulting in clinical PKD, thus completing a cycle of transmission. During the experiments, the infection was noted to inhibit statoblast formation within bryozoans and appeared to be pathogenic, finally killing the bryozoan host. These findings indicate that fish can transmit the parasite to bryozoans and are an integral part of this parasite’s life-cycle

Vacuna frente a acinetobacter baumannii.

Vacuna frente a Acinetobacter baumannii.La presente invención se refiere a una composición que comprende proteínas de la membrana externa de A. baumannii y a su uso como vacuna para la prevención de infecciones causadas por este patógeno, así como al pro

Rapid and sustained reduction of treatment-resistant PTSD symptoms after intravenous ketamine in a real-world, psychedelic paradigm

Background: Traditional treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) often show limited success with high dropout. Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist known for rapid antidepressant effects, has decreased PTSD symptoms in some studies but not others. Administering ketamine in ways that parallel psychedelic-assisted treatments—including preparatory, integration, sensory immersion, and psychotherapy sessions—could decrease PTSD symptoms meaningfully. Methods: A sample of 117 screened outpatients with elevated scores on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) received intravenous ketamine in highly supportive environments. The protocol included sessions focusing on preparation, setting intentions, and integration for each of at least six administrations. Administration sessions included eye shades and evocative music in ways that paralleled facets of MDMA trials for PTSD. Results: Mean PCL scores decreased from 52.39 (SD = 11.90) to 29.42 (SD = 16.52; Cohen’s d = 1.60). Patients tolerated treatment well, with no serious adverse events. Covariates, including age, gender, days between PCL assessments, number of psychiatric medications, and suicidal ideation were not significant moderators; concomitant psychotherapy did reach significance, d = 0.42. Conclusion: Intravenous ketamine in supportive environments, with hallmarks of psychedelic therapy, preceded large reductions in PTSD symptoms. These results highlight ketamine’s potential when delivered in this manner, suggesting that environmental factors might account for some of the variation that has appeared in previous work. Given the molecule’s cost, minimal interaction with other psychiatric medications, and legal status, intravenous ketamine in a psychedelic paradigm may be a promising new option for PTSD that has not responded to other treatments

Emperipolesis of lymphoid cells in vagal efferent neurons following an intraneural injection of ricin into the vagus nerve in rats

10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00490-5Neuroscience Letters2703153-156NELE