Early medieval sculpture in the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland

This thesis places the early medieval sculpture of the West Highlands and Islands, which has previously been studied primarily in relation to either Pictish or Irish sculpture, in its own cultural context. The region is separated from the rest of Scotland by the watershed of Druimalban (the "Spine of Britain") and formed a distinctive cultural area between the late sixth and the twelfth century. Four major categories of sculpture are discussed: Pictish symbol stones, cross-marked and cruciform stones, the sculptured stone crosses of the Iona School, and monuments carved after the devastating Viking attack on Iona in 806. A review of place-name, archaeological and historical evidence establishes the existence of a Pictish province west of Druimalban, which was lost to the Gaelic kingdom of Dal Riata at the end of the seventh century. Typological examination dates the western Pictish symbol stones to the period when control of the Pictish western province passed to Dal Riata. The lateness of the western symbol stones is used to argue for an emergence date of c. 600 for the symbol stone series east of Druimalban. The establishment of the kingdom of Dal Riata provides the background for the introduction of Christianity from Ireland. Cross-marked and cruciform stones are found throughout the region and illustrate the spread of Gaelic Christianity, beginning in the late sixth century. Simple incised crosses are seen to exemplify the "white martyrdom" of monastic and eremitic life. Iona's central role in the development of Gaelic monasticism provides the context for the Iona School of crosses, which is dated between the mid-eighth century and the beginning of the ninth. The iconography and decoration of the Iona School crosses reflect artistic contact with Pictland and Northumbria, but it is argued that they were carved by Gaelic sculptors influenced by native metalwork and iconographical sources brought from the Continent of Europe. Viking raids and settlement in the first half of the ninth century led to the removal of the centre of the Columban paruchia from Iona to Kells in Ireland, the unification of the Dalriadic and Pictish kingdoms and the transference of royal rule to the east of Druimalban. Sculpture carved west of Druimalban between the mid-ninth and the eleventh century was, for the most part, outside the mainstream of Gaelic art and represents fusions in varying combinations of Gaelic, Pictish and Scandinavian taste. The Scandinavian contribution was minimal and only one monument of inferior quality, which may be as late as the early twelfth century, was carved in one of the principal Viking styles. Sculpture carved in the West Highlands and Islands between the late sixth and the twelfth centuries provides a record in stone of an area in the process of developing cultural unity. The cohesion achieved by Dal Riata in the late seventh and eighth centuries was destroyed by the Vikings and a new synthesis was achieved by the kindred of Somerled, beginning in the mid-twelfth century. Artistically, the late medieval sculpture of the Lordship of the Isles is of provincial importance, but the West Highlands and Islands made a major contribution to the early medieval art of northern Britain and Ireland

Quan els dinosaures no deixen de tornar mai...

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Educació en la dolça espera

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Applications of low enthalpy geothermal energy: the case of the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Chile

In recent decades, the industry has observed a significant shift towards the use of renewable energy, such as solar, wind and geothermal. The Chilean scenario has not been an exception, and much progress has been made in sustainable energy prospection and implementation, especially in the electricity sector, where solar and wind power amount 2300 MW, and since April 2017, the first geothermal power plant (48 MW) has come into operation. In the area of low enthalpy geothermal energy, the use is around 19 MW. The Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at the University of Chile has been contributing to this transformational process, with its Sustainable Campus initiative. The first step of this initiative is the introduction of renewable energy on site, which has been achieved through the installation of a solar photovoltaic plant of 15 kW. Along this line, the design and implementation of a geothermal air conditioning system (HAVC) is underway, which will serve the classrooms and offices in the traditional engineering building of the campus. The technology to be used in this project is the Ground Heat Pump (GHP). The present paper includes an introduction of the applications of low enthalpy geothermal energy in Chile, a description of the Office of Engineering for Sustainable Development at the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and the design of a geothermal HAVC system in the university campus, considering economic, environmental, technical and social aspects. Besides the operation of the GHP, the system will be used for teaching purposes to incorporate sustainable development in the curriculum of the university. The expected savings of the geothermal system versus an aerothermal design are 41,070 kWh annually, considering both cooling and heating.This research was partially funded by the Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA) and the Complex Engineering Systems Institute, ISCI (Project CONICYT: FB0816)

L1 use for classroom management purposes in EFL chilean contex

Tesis (Profesor de Inglés para la Enseñanza Básica y Media y al grado académico de Licenciado en Educación)The current study investigated the purposes of the L1 use in the L2 classes for classroom management. The aims of this research were to identify the uses of the L1 in the L2 class, also to find out teachers’ purposes for the use of the L1 in the L2 classroom, and finally to determine in which instances of L1 use are effective for classroom management. The qualitative study was conducted in a public school in the south part of Santiago de Chile. Four in-service teachers (two from elementary and two from secondary levels) participated in the investigation. The four participants’ lessons were audio recorded and field notes were taken. Then, four interviews were conducted using the method of stimulated recall interviews. The results suggest that the L1 is used mainly in a conscious manner for classroom management purposes such as reduce disruptions, give instructions, and to create a good relationship between teacher and students. Moreover, two of the four teachers find out that the use of the L1 in their English lessons was effective for classroom management purposes. We wrap up the study with pedagogical implication and suggestions for further research in this field.El presente estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los propósitos del uso de L1 en las clases de L2 para el manejo de la clase. Según el contexto educativo chileno, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar cuán efectivo es el uso de la lengua materna en las lecciones de inglés. El estudio cualitativo se realizó en una escuela pública en la zona sur de Santiago de Chile. Cuatro maestros en servicio (dos de primaria y dos de secundaria) participaron en la investigación. Las lecciones de los cuatro participantes fueron grabadas en audio a través de notas de campo para luego ser entrevistadas usando el método de entrevistas estimuladas por el recuerdo. Los resultados sugieren que el L1 se usa principalmente de manera consciente para fines de manejo de la clase, como reducir las interrupciones, dar instrucciones y crear una buena relación entre el maestro y los estudiantes. Además, uno de los cuatro profesores descubrió que el uso de L1 en sus clases de Inglés era efectivo con propósito de manejo de la clase. Concluimos el estudio con implicaciones pedagógicas y sugerencias para futuras investigaciones en este campo

Derecho y Sociedad.

El derecho es un fenómeno social. Creación propia de la, sociedad, que lo forja y lo impone para su garantía y salvaguarda, varía con ella en función de tres factores: a) tiempo, b) espacio, y c) psicología del grupo

Efeito de metabólitos secretados por Cryptococcus neoformans na interação com macrófagos murinos

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical, 2017.Texto parcialmente liberado pelo autor. Conteúdo restrito: Capítulos 5,6,7 e 8.O fungo Cryptococcus neoformans é um agente causador da micose sistêmica criptococose, que tem levado a óbito cerca de 181 mil pessoas por ano ao redor do mundo. A doença atinge principalmente pessoas imunodeprimidas e adquiriu maior importância clínica a partir da década de 1980, com o aparecimento da AIDS. Como em outras doenças fúngicas, o diagnóstico e o tratamento dessa doença ainda não são ideais, reforçando a necessidade de estudar-se melhor a relação parasito-hospedeiro na busca por melhores estratégias para reverter esses problemas. Nos últimos anos tem se mostrado que pequenos metabólitos podem ter um importante papel na interação parasita-hospedeiro. Demonstrou-se previamente, que moléculas de baixo peso molecular (menor que 1 KDa) presentes no meio condicionado (CM) de culturas estacionários de C. neoformans da linhagem H99, afetavam o crescimento planctônico e em biofilmes desse fungo, bem como a produção de melanina e a secreção de polissacarídeos capsulares por esse fungo. Em continuidade a esses estudos, no presente trabalho analisou-se a influência dessas mesmas moléculas secretadas pelo fungo na sua interação com macrófagos murinos primários. Fungos e macrófagos foram co-incubados por períodos de 2h ou 24h em uma razão de infecção de 2:1 na presença ou não do CM e foram analisados os possíveis efeitos na fagocitose dos fungos, na sobrevivência fúngica pós-interação e na produção de citocinas por esses macrófagos (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6 e MCP-1, e IL-10). Observou-se uma potencial atividade antifagocítica de metabólitos presentes no CM, uma vez que na presença do CM houve um menor percentual de fagocitose dos fungos. Além disso, o CM produziu um aumento significativo no número de unidades formadoras de colônia do fungo após a interação com os macrófagos por 24h, sugerindo, portanto, a possibilidade de existir nessas amostras, moléculas capazes de estimular o crescimento extra e/ou intracelular do fungo. Interessantemente, após 24 h de fagocitose, observa-se um número bem menor de fungos intracelulares nos macrófagos contendo fungo, do que nas amostras controle sem CM. A produção de citocinas só foi avaliada no período de 2h de interação e não foram observadas diferenças significativas na produção de TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, apenas uma diminuição da produção de MCP-1 na presença de CM indicando um potencial papel anti-inflamatório de moléculas presentes nessa amostra. Em resumo, foi possível constatar que os pequenos metabólitos presentes no CM podem afetar a viabilidade e/ou crescimento fúngico na sua interação com macrófagos, possivelmente inibindo a sua internalização por fagócitos e inibindo a produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Dessa maneira, um maior conhecimento das moléculas presentes no CM bem com o melhor detalhamento de suas atividades podem ajudar no melhor entendimento das interações fungo-hospedeiro na criptococcose.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).The fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a causative agent of the systemic mycosis cryptococcosis, a disease leading to about 181 thousand deaths per year worldwide. The disease affects mainly immunocompromised individuals and gained greater clinical importance from the 1980s, with the onset of AIDS. As in other fungal diseases, the diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is still far from ideal, reinforcing the need to better study the host-parasite interaction in the seek for best strategies to revert these problems. In the recent years, small metabolites were shown to play important roles in host-parasite interactions. It was previously demonstrated that low molecular weight molecules (lower than 1 KDa), present in conditioned medium (CM) from stationary cultures of C. neoformans strain H99, affected the planktonic and biofilm growth of this fungus, as well the production of melanin and secretion of capsular polysaccharides by this fungus. To further study the role of those molecules, in the present work we analyzed the influence of these secreted molecules, during fungal interaction with primary murine macrophages. Fungal cells and macrophages were co-incubated for periods of 2h or 24h in an infection ratio of 2:1, in the presence or absence of CM. Then we analyzed the possible effects of these molecules on fungal phagocytosis by macrophages, fungal survival, and macrophage cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-12, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-10). We observed a potential anti-phagocytic activity of metabolites present in CM, which samples showed a lower percentage of fungal internalization. In addition, the CM produced a significant increase in the number of colony forming units of the fungus, obtained after 24h interaction with macrophages. This suggests that molecules capable to stimulate the extra and/or intracellular growth of the fungus might exist in these samples. Interestingly, after 24h phagocytosis, a significantly lower number of intracellular fungi were observed in fungus-containing macrophages when compared to control samples without CM. The production of cytokines was evaluated only within a period of 2h interaction and no significant differences were observed in the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6. Only a decrease in the production of MCP-1 in the presence of CM was detected, suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role of the molecules present in this sample. In summary, it was possible to confirm that small metabolites present in CM might affect fungal viability and/or growth while interacting with macrophages, possibly inhibiting their internalization by these phagocytes and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, a better characterization of the molecules present in CM and of their activities could improve the understanding of fungus-host interactions in cryptococcosis

Cronología y secuencia eruptiva de dentición permanente en pacientes de Clínica Odontológica UNAB Viña del Mar, Chile

Trabajo de titulación (Cirujano Dentista, Licenciado en Odontología)Objetivo: Se determinó la cronología y secuencia de erupción de la dentición permanente a través de la observación de radiografías panorámicas digitales de la Clínica Odontológica UNAB, Viña del Mar. La importancia de esta investigación fue obtener un acercamiento a la estimación de la edad de cronología de erupción en la población chilena, ya que actualmente existe poca información sobre la cronología eruptiva en Chile. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. La muestra contempló una población de individuos que van desde los 5 a 15 años. Se utilizó el universo total de radiografías, que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se analizó la edad media de erupción, secuencia de erupción, diferencias entre sexo, entre hueso maxilar y mandíbula y la relación con otros países. El método utilizado para la obtención de datos fue el de Kärber y la prueba t de Student. Resultados: La erupción de los dientes permanentes ocurrió entre los 6,13 y 12,42 años, comenzando con la erupción del primer molar inferior izquierdo y terminando con la erupción del segundo molar superior derecho. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los tiempos de erupción entre dientes homólogos contralaterales. Los dientes mandibulares erupcionan antes que sus homólogos maxilares. Las niñas presentan tiempos de erupción anticipados en comparación con los niños y las secuencias de erupción maxilar en la misma entre niñas y niños, en el caso de la mandíbula se encontró una diferencia en la zona canino-premolar. Conclusión: Las edades medias de erupción coincidieron con la mayoría de los estudios analizados. Se requiere de investigaciones adicionales que contemplen una muestra representativa de la población, para obtener estándares chilenos de erupción.Objective: The chronology and sequence of the eruption of the permanent dentition was determined by observing digital panoramic x-rays from the UNAB Dental Clinic, Viña del Mar. The importance of this investigation is to obtain an approximation to the estimation of the age of chronology of eruption in the Chilean population, given that currently there is scarce information about eruptive chronology in Chile. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. The sample contemplated a population of individuals from 5 to 15 years old. The total universe of radiographs was used, which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The average age of eruption, sequence of eruption, differences between sexes, between maxillary bone and jaw, and the relation to other countries were analised. The methods used to collect data were Karber’s and Student’s t test. Results: The eruption of permanent teeth happened between 6,13 and 12,42 years of age, beginning with the eruption of the lower left first molar and ending with the eruption of the upper right second molar. There were no statistically significant differences found in the times of eruption between contralateral counterparts. Mandibular teeth erupt before their maxillary counterparts. Girls present anticipated times of eruption in comparison to boys. In sequences of eruption, in the maxilla it is the same between girls and boys, and a difference in the canine pre-molar was found in the jaw. Conclusion: The mean ages of eruption match most of the analysed studies. Additional investigations which contemplate a representative sample of the population are needed in order to obtain Chilean standards of eruption

Acuerdo comercial del Perú con la Unión Europea y su efecto en las exportaciones del sector agrícola 2015-2020

El sector agrícola ha tenido un crecimiento progresivo respecto a su participación en las exportaciones hacia el mercado europeo, sin embargo, su valor total no ha sido el óptimo, por ello el presente trabajo tiene como interrogante de investigación ¿Cómo los acuerdos comerciales del Perú con la unión europea influyen en las exportaciones del sector agrícola en el periodo 2015-2020? El estudio tiene como objetivo principal determinar en qué medida los acuerdos comerciales del Perú influyen en las exportaciones del sector agrícola hacia la Unión Europa, y como objetivos específicos determinar de qué manera los acuerdos comerciales del Perú influyen en las empresas exportadoras y/o agricultores peruanos y el nivel de influencia del acuerdo comercial de mercancías no tradicionales exportados hacia la Unión Europea en los años 2015-2020 Para el progreso de averiguación se aplica la metodología cualitativa, empleando como técnica de estudio el análisis documentario aplicando el nivel explicativo con un diseño no experimental puesto que, no se manipularán las variables y se analizarán los datos existentes relacionados al tema de investigación. El instrumento por utilizar serán las entrevistas realizadas a las empresas agroexportadoras, con una población de 20 empresas del sector, de las cuales la unidad de análisis será la empresa Noval Company SAC. Por último, se efectúa un breve análisis acerca de la circunstancia actual del sector y se plantean diversos métodos para mejorar el desarrollo de las exportaciones de los productos agrícolas.Campus Lima Centr